Skip to main content

Gait

  • Chapter
Book cover Cerebral Palsy
  • 7422 Accesses

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 499.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Perry J. Gait Analysis: Normal and Pathologic Function. Thorofare, NJ: Slack, 1992.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Harris G, Smith PA. Human Motion Analysis; Current Applications and Future Directions. New York: The Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers, 1996.

    Google Scholar 

  3. Gage J. Gait analysis in Cerebral Palsy. London: Mac Keith Press, 1991.

    Google Scholar 

  4. Burke RE, Levine DN, Tsairis P, Zajac FE III. Physiological types and histochemical profiles in motor units of the cat gastrocnemius. J Physiol (Lond) 1973;234:723–48.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Gordon DA, Enoka RM, Stuart DG. Motor-unit force potentiation in adult cats during a standard fatigue test. J Physiol (Lond) 1990;421:569–82.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Chamberlain S, Lewis DM. Contractile characteristics and innervation ratio of rat soleus motor units. J Physiol (Lond) 1989;412:1–21.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Cavagna GA, Dusman B, Margaria R. Positive work done by a previously stretched muscle. J Appl Physiol 1968;24:21–32.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Miller F, Moseley CF, Koreska J. Spinal fusion in Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Dev Med Child Neurol 1992;34:775–86.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Jozsa L, Kannus P, Jarvinen TA, Balint J, Jarvinen M. Number and morphology of mechanoreceptors in the myotendinous junction of paralysed human muscle. J Pathol 1996;178:195–200.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Castle ME, Reyman TA, Schneider M. Pathology of spastic muscle in cerebral palsy. Clin Orthop 1979:223–32.

    Google Scholar 

  11. Ito J, Araki A, Tanaka H, Tasaki T, Cho K, Yamazaki R. Muscle histopathology in spastic cerebral palsy. Brain Dev 1996;18:299–303.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Wiley ME, Damiano DL. Lower-extremity strength profiles in spastic cerebral palsy. Dev Med Child Neurol 1998;40:100–7.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Damiano DL, Abel MF. Functional outcomes of strength training in spastic cerebral palsy. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1998;79:119–25.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Damiano DL, Kelly LE, Vaughn CL. Effects of quadriceps femoris muscle strengthening on crouch gait in children with spastic diplegia. Phys Ther 1995;75:658–67; discussion 668–71.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Pearson AM. Muscle growth and exercise. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 1990;29:167–96.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Ziv I, Blackburn N, Rang M, Koreska J. Muscle growth in normal and spastic mice. Dev Med Child Neurol 1984;26:94–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Thompson NS, Baker RJ, Cosgrove AP, Corry IS, Graham HK. Musculoskeletal modelling in determining the effect of botulinum toxin on the hamstrings of patients with crouch gait. Dev Med Child Neurol 1998;40:622–5.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Gros C, Frerebeau P, Perez-Dominguez E, Bazin M, Privat JM. Long term results of stereotaxic surgery for infantile dystonia and dyskinesia. Neurochirurgia (Stuttg) 1976;19:171–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Koman LA, Mooney JF III, Smith BP. Neuromuscular blockade in the management of cerebral palsy. J Child Neurol 1996;11(Suppl 1):S23–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Videman T. An experimental study of the effects of growth on the relationship of tendons and ligaments to bone at the site of diaphyseal insertion. Acta Orthop Scand Suppl 1970:1–22.

    Google Scholar 

  21. Roll JP, Vedel JP, Ribot E. Alteration of proprioceptive messages induced by tendon vibration in man: a microneurographic study. Exp Brain Res 1989;76:213–22.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Booth CM, Cortina-Borja MJ, Theologis TN. Collagen accumulation in muscles of children with cerebral palsy and correlation with severity of spasticity. Dev Med Child Neurol 2001;43:314–20.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Fettweis E. Spasm of the adductor muscles, pre-dislocations and dislocations of the hip joints in children and adolescents with cerebral palsy. Clinical observations on aetiology, pathogenesis, therapy and rehabilitation. Part II. The importance of the iliopsoas tendon, its tenotomy, of the coxa valga antetorta, and correction through osteotomy turning the hip into varus (author’s transl). Z Orthop Ihre Grenzgeb 1979;117:50–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Kolban M. Variability of the femoral head and neck antetorsion angle in ultrasonographic measurements of healthy children and in selected diseases with hip disorders treated surgically. Ann Acad Med Stetin 1999;Suppl:1–99.

    Google Scholar 

  25. Catanese AA, Coleman GJ, King JA, Reddihough DS. Evaluation of an early childhood programme based on principles of conductive education: the Yooralla project. J Paediatr Child Health 1995;31:418–22.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Burtner PA, Woollacott MH, Qualls C. Stance balance control with orthoses in a group of children with spastic cerebral palsy. Dev Med Child Neurol 1999;41:748–57.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Brogren E, Hadders-Algra M, Forssberg H. Postural control in children with spastic diplegia: muscle activity during perturbations in sitting. Dev Med Child Neurol 1996;38:379–88.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Chao EY. Justification of triaxial goniometer for the measurement of joint rotation. J Biomech 1980;13:989–1006.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Grood ES, Suntay WJ. A joint coordinate system for the clinical description of three-dimensional motions: application to the knee. J Biomech Eng 1983;105:136–44.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Spoor CW, Veldpaus FE. Rigid body motion calculated from spatial co-ordinates of markers. J Biomech 1980;13:391–3.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Delp SL, Hess WE, Hungerford DS, Jones LC. Variation of rotation moment arms with hip flexion. J Biomech 1999;32:493–501.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Delp SL, Arnold AS, Speers RA, Moore CA. Hamstrings and psoas lengths during normal and crouch gait: implications for muscle-tendon surgery. J Orthop Res 1996;14:144–51.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Hoffinger SA, Rab GT, Abou-Ghaida H. Hamstrings in cerebral palsy crouch gait. J Pediatr Orthop 1993;13:722–6.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Enoka RM, Rankin LL, Stuart DG, Volz KA. Fatigability of rat hindlimb muscle: associations between electromyogram and force during a fatigue test. J Physiol (Lond) 1989;408:251–70.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Bowen TR, Cooley SR, Castagno PW, Miller F, Richards J. A method for normalization of oxygen cost and consumption in normal children while walking. J Pediatr Orthop 1998;18:589–93.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Bowen TR, Lennon N, Castagno P, Miller F, Richards J. Variability of energyconsumption measures in children with cerebral palsy. J Pediatr Orthop 1998;18:738–42.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Bowen TR, Miller F, Mackenzie W. Comparison of oxygen consumption measurements in children with cerebral palsy to children with muscular dystrophy. J Pediatr Orthop 1999;19:133–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Rose J, Medeiros JM, Parker R. Energy cost index as an estimate of energy expenditure of cerebral-palsied children during assisted ambulation. Dev Med Child Neurol 1985;27:485–90.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Rose SA, DeLuca PA, Davis RB III, Ounpuu S, Gage JR. Kinematic and kinetic evaluation of the ankle after lengthening of the gastrocnemius fascia in children with cerebral palsy. J Pediatr Orthop 1993;13:727–32.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Saraph V, Zwick EB, Uitz C, Linhart W, Steinwender G. The Baumann procedure for fixed contracture of the gastrocsoleus in cerebral palsy. Evaluation of function of the ankle after multilevel surgery. J Bone Joint Surg Br 2000;82:535–40.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Simon SR, Deutsch SD, Nuzzo RM, et al. Genu recurvatum in spastic cerebral palsy. Report on findings by gait analysis. J Bone Joint Surg [Am] 1978;60:882–94.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Ounpuu S, Muik E, Davis RB III, Gage JR, DeLuca PA. Rectus femoris surgery in children with cerebral palsy. Part I: The effect of rectus femoris transfer location on knee motion. J Pediatr Orthop 1993;13:325–30.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Chambers H, Lauer A, Kaufman K, Cardelia JM, Sutherland D. Prediction of outcome after rectus femoris surgery in cerebral palsy: the role of cocontraction of the rectus femoris and vastus lateralis. J Pediatr Orthop 1998;18:703–11.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Ounpuu S, Muik E, Davis RB III, Gage JR, DeLuca PA. Rectus femoris surgery in children with cerebral palsy. Part II: A comparison between the effect of transfer and release of the distal rectus femoris on knee motion. J Pediatr Orthop 1993;13:331–5.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. McCarthy RE, Simon S, Douglas B, Zawacki R, Reese N. Proximal femoral resection to allow adults who have severe cerebral palsy to sit. J Bone Joint Surg [Am] 1988;70:1011–6.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Miller F, Cardoso Dias R, Lipton GE, Albarracin JP, Dabney KW, Castagno P. The effect of rectus EMG patterns on the outcome of rectus femoris transfers. J Pediatr Orthop 1997;17:603–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Thometz J, Simon S, Rosenthal R. The effect on gait of lengthening of the medial hamstrings in cerebral palsy. J Bone Joint Surg [Am] 1989;71:345–53.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Atar D, Zilberberg L, Votemberg M, Norsy M, Galil A. Effect of distal hamstring release on cerebral palsy patients. Bull Hosp Jt Dis 1993;53:34–6.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Damron T, Breed AL, Roecker E. Hamstring tenotomies in cerebral palsy: longterm retrospective analysis. J Pediatr Orthop 1991;11:514–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Hsu LC, Li HS. Distal hamstring elongation in the management of spastic cerebral palsy. J Pediatr Orthop 1990;10:378–81.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. McHale KA, Bagg M, Nason SS. Treatment of the chronically dislocated hip in adolescents with cerebral palsy with femoral head resection and subtrochanteric valgus osteotomy. J Pediatr Orthop 1990;10:504–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. DeLuca PA, Ounpuu S, Davis RB, Walsh JH. Effect of hamstring and psoas lengthening on pelvic tilt in patients with spastic diplegic cerebral palsy. J Pediatr Orthop 1998;18:712–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Sutherland DH, Zilberfarb JL, Kaufman KR, Wyatt MP, Chambers HG. Psoas release at the pelvic brim in ambulatory patients with cerebral palsy: operative technique and functional outcome [see comments]. J Pediatr Orthop 1997;17:563–70.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Tylkowski CM, Rosenthal RK, Simon SR. Proximal femoral osteotomy in cerebral palsy. Clin Orthop 1980:183–92.

    Google Scholar 

  55. Joseph B. Treatment of internal rotation gait due to gluteus medius and minimus overactivity in cerebral palsy: anatomical rationale of a new surgical procedure and preliminary results in twelve hips. Clin Anat1998;11:22–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Metaxiotis D, Accles W, Siebel A, Doederlein L. Hip deformities in walking patients with cerebral palsy. Gait Posture 2000;11:86–91.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Hullin MG, Robb JE, Loudon IR. Gait patterns in children with hemiplegic spastic cerebral palsy [see comments]. J Pediatr Orthop B 1996;5:247–51.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Winters TF Jr, Gage JR, Hicks R. Gait patterns in spastic hemiplegia in children and young adults. J Bone Joint Surg [Am] 1987;69:437–41.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Renders A, Detrembleur C, Rossillon R, Lejeune T, Rombouts JJ. Contribution of electromyographic analysis of the walking habits of children with spastic foot in cerebral palsy: a preliminary study. Rev Chir Orthop Reparatrice Appar Mot 1997;83:259–64.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. O’Malley MJ, Abel MF, Damiano DL, Vaughan CL. Fuzzy clustering of children with cerebral palsy based on temporal-distance gait parameters. IEEE Trans Rehabil Eng 1997;5:300–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Lin CJ, Guo LY, Su FC, Chou YL, Cherng RJ. Common abnormal kinetic patterns of the knee in gait in spastic diplegia of cerebral palsy. Gait Posture 2000;11:224–32.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. McLaughlin JF, Bjornson KF, Astley SJ, et al. Selective dorsal rhizotomy: efficacy and safety in an investigator-masked randomized clinical trial [see comments]. Dev Med Child Neurol 1998;40:220–32.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Boscarino LF, Ounpuu S, Davis RB III, Gage JR, DeLuca PA. Effects of selective dorsal rhizotomy on gait in children with cerebral palsy. J Pediatr Orthop 1993;13:174–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Peacock WJ, Staudt LA. Functional outcomes following selective posterior rhizotomy in children with cerebral palsy. J Neurosurg 1991;74:380–5.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Vaughan CL, Berman B, Peacock WJ. Cerebral palsy and rhizotomy. A 3-year follow-up evaluation with gait analysis. J Neurosurg 1991;74:178–84.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Thomas SS, Aiona MD, Buckon CE, Piatt JH Jr. Does gait continue to improve 2 years after selective dorsal rhizotomy? J Pediatr Orthop 1997;17:387–91.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Marty GR, Dias LS, Gaebler-Spira D. Selective posterior rhizotomy and softtissue procedures for the treatment of cerebral diplegia. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1995;77:713–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Yngve DA, Chambers C. Vulpius and Z-lengthening. J Pediatr Orthop 1996;16:759–64.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Gage JR. Surgical treatment of knee dysfunction in cerebral palsy. Clin Orthop 1990:45–54.

    Google Scholar 

  70. Liggio F, Kruse R. Split tibialis posterior tendon transfer with concomitant distal tibial derotation osteotomy in children with cerebral palsy. J Pedaitr Orthop 2001;21:95–101.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  71. Carmick J. Clinical use of neuromuscular electrical stimulation for children with cerebral palsy. Part 1: Lower extremity [see comments] [published erratum appears in Phys Ther 1993;73(11):809]. Phys Ther 1993;73:505–13; discussion 523–7.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Nene AV, Evans GA, Patrick JH. Simultaneous multiple operations for spastic diplegia. Outcome and functional assessment of walking in 18 patients. J Bone Joint Surg [Br] 1993;75:488–94.

    Google Scholar 

  73. Boyd R, Fatone S, Rodda J, et al. High-or low-technology measurements of energy expenditure in clinical gait analysis? Dev Med Child Neurol 1999;41:676–82.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Novacheck TF, Stout JL, Tervo R. Reliability and validity of the Gillette Functional Assessment Questionnaire as an outcome measure in children with walking disabilities. J Pediatr Orthop 2000;20:75–81.

    Google Scholar 

  75. Schutte LM, Narayanan U, Stout JL, Selber P, Gage JR, Schwartz MH. An index for quantifying deviations from normal gait. Gait Posture 2000;11:25–31.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2005 Springer Science+Business Media, Inc.

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

(2005). Gait. In: Cerebral Palsy. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/0-387-27124-4_7

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/0-387-27124-4_7

  • Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY

  • Print ISBN: 978-0-387-20437-6

  • Online ISBN: 978-0-387-27124-8

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics