Abstract
The role of infectious agents in the development of cancer is well-established. For example, numerous RNA and DNA viruses express dedicated oncoproteins that are able to transform cells in vitro and induce rapid tumor formation in experimental animals. Curiously, these acutely-transforming viruses are seldom associated with naturally occurring neoplasms of humans or animals. Conversely, the microbial pathogens that are linked to cancers in natural hosts rarely encode acutely transforming proteins. Moreover, they tend to down-regulate most of their genes except for genes affecting cell survival, often via the NF-κB pathway. This allows the pre-neoplastic cell to avoid triggering cytotoxic immunity and the ensuing acute inflammation. These host responses not only kill tumor cells directly, but also strongly suppress the development of new blood vessels (neovascularization), which is absolutely essential for neoplastic growth. Chronic inflammation, on the other hand, promotes neoplastic cell growth and may even be conducive to neovascularization. Thus, cancer-associated microbial pathogens must follow the “less is more” principle. According to this principle, only minor perturbations in cell proliferation and death are tolerated by the host, but in the long run, they are all that is necessary for tumorigenesis.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
6. References
Adams, J.M. et al. (1985). The c-myc oncogene driven by immunoglobulin enhancers induces lymphoid malignancy in transgenic mice. Nature 318: 533–538.
Aiello, S.E. (editor) (1998). The Merck Veterinary Manual. Merck & Co. Inc., Whitehouse Station, NJ.
Aizawa, S. et al. (1990). Env-derived gp55 gene of Friend spleen focus-forming virus specifically induces neoplastic proliferation of erythroid progenitor cells. EMBO J. 9: 2107–2116.
Angiolillo, A.L. et al. (1995). Human interferon-inducible protein-10 is a potent inhibitor of angiogenesis in vivo. J. Exp. Med. 182: 155–162.
Barber, G.N. (2000). The interferons and cell death: guardians of the cell or accomplices of apoptosis? Sem. Cancer Biol. 10: 103–111.
Beers, M.H. and Berkow, R. (1999). The Merck Manual of Diagnosis and Therapy. Merck & Co. Inc., Whitehouse Station, NJ.
Bell, A. and Rickinson, A.B. (2003). Epstein-Barr virus, the TCL-1 oncogene and Burkitt’s lymphoma. Trends Microbiol. 11: 495–497.
Bose, H.R., Jr. and Levine, A.S. (1967). Replication of the reticuloendotheliosis virus (strain T) in chicken embryo cell culture. J. Virol. 1: 1117–1121.
Boshoff, C. and Weiss, R. (2002). AIDS-related malignancies. Nat. Rev. Cancer 2: 373–382.
Bouchard, M.J. and Schneider, R.J. (2004). The enigmatic X gene of hepatitis B virus. J. Virol. 78: 12725–12734.
Brinster, R.L. et al. (1984). Transgenic mice harboring SV40 T-antigen genes develop characteristic brain tumors. Cell 37: 367–379.
Campo, M.S. (2002). Animal models of papillomavirus pathogenesis. Virus Res. 89: 249–261.
Charlton, B.R. (editor) (2000). Whiteman and Bickford’s Avian disease manual. American Association of Avian Pathologists, Kenneth Square, PA.
Chen, C. et al. (1989). FH3, a v-myc avian retrovirus with limited transforming ability. J. Virol. 63: 5092–5100.
Chen, W. et al. (2004). Identification of specific PP2A complexes involved in human cell transformation. Cancer Cell 5: 127–136.
Chisari, F.V. (1996). Hepatitis B virus transgenic mice: models of viral immunobiology and pathogenesis. Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol. 206: 149–173.
Clemens, M.J. (2003). Interferons and apoptosis. J. Interferon Cytokine Res. 23: 277–292.
Cook, W.D. (1982). Rapid thymomas induced by Abelson murine leukemia virus. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 79: 2917–2921.
D’Cruz, C.M. et al. (2001). c-MYC induces mammary tumorigenesis by means of a preferred pathway involving spontaneous Kras2 mutations. Nature Med. 7: 235–239.
Dawe, C.J. et al. (1987). Variations in polyoma virus genotype in relation to tumor induction in mice. Characterization of wild-type strains with widely differing tumor profiles. Am. J. Pathol. 127:243–261.
De Bolle et al. (2005). Update on human herpesvirus 6 biology, clinical features, and therapy. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 18: 217–245.
DiMaio, D. et al. (1986). Translation of open reading frame E5 of bovine papillomavirus is required for its transforming activity. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 83: 1797–1801.
Dranoff, G. et al. (1993). Vaccination with irradiated tumor cells engineered to secrete murine granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor stimulates potent, specific, and long-lasting anti-tumor immunity. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 90: 3539–3543.
Dunn, G.P. et al. (2002). Cancer immunoediting: from immunosurveillance to tumor escape. Nat. Immunol. 3: 991–998.
Dvoretzky, I. et al. (1980), A quantitative in vitro focus assay for bovine papillomavirus. Virology 103: 369–375.
Ellis, L.M. and Fidler, I.J. (1996). Angiogenesis and metastasis. Eur. J. Cancer 32A: 2451–2460.
Engel, A.M. et al. (1997). MCA sarcomas induced in scid mice are more immunogenic than MCA sarcomas induced in congenic, immunocompetent mice. Scand. J. Immunol. 45: 463–470.
Epstein, M.A. et al. (1964). Virus particles in cultured lymphoblasts from Burkitt’s lymphoma. Lancet 1: 702.
Evans, S.M. et al. (1997). Imaging hypoxia in diseased tissues. Adv.Exp.Med.Biol. 428: 595–603.
Ezekowitz, R.A.B. et al. (1992). Interferon α2A therapy for life-threatening hemangiomas of infancy. N. Engl. J. Med. 326: 1456–1463.
Falkow, S. (2004). Molecular Koch’s postulates applied to bacterial pathogenicity—a personal recollection 15 years later. Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 2: 67–72.
Fan, H. et al. (2003). Transformation and oncogenesis by jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus. Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol. 275: 139–177.
Fantone, J.C. and Ward, P.A. (1999) in Pathology, edited by Rubin, E. and Farber, J.L., Lippincott-Raven, Philadelphia and New York, 37–75.
Feitelson, M.A. et al. (1993). Hepatitis B X antigen and p53 are associated in vitro and in liver tissues from patients with primary hepatocellular carcinoma. Oncogene 8: 1109–1117.
Felsher, D.W. and Bishop, J.M. (1999). Reversible tumorigenesis by MYC in hematopoietic lineages. Mol. Cell 4: 199–207.
Fidler, I.J. (1975). Biological behavior of malignant melanoma cells correlated to their survival in vivo. Cancer Res. 35: 218–224.
Flanagan, S.P. (1966). ‘Nude’, a new hairless gene with pleiotropic effects in the mouse. Genet. Res. 8: 295–309.
Form, D.M. and Auerbach, R. (1983). PGE2 and angiogenesis. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 172: 214–218.
Frazer, I.H. et al. (2001). Tolerance or immunity to a tumor antigen expressed in somatic cells can be determined by systemic proinflammatory signals at the time of first antigen exposure. J. Immunol. 167: 6180–6187.
Friesel et al. (1987). Inhibition of endothelial cell proliferation by gamma-interferon. J.Cell Biol. 104: 689–696.
Gaidano G. and Dalla-Favera, R. (1995). Molecular pathogenesis of AIDS-related lymphomas. Adv. Cancer Res. 67: 113–153.
Gallo, R.C. and Reitz, M.S., Jr. (1985). The first human retroviruses: are there others? Microbiol. Sci. 2: 97–98 and 101–104.
Gao, S.J. et al. (1997). KSHV ORF K9 (vIRF) is an oncogene which inhibits the interferon signaling pathway. Oncogene 15: 1979–1985.
Gazdar et al. (2002). SV40 and human tumours: myth, association or causality? Nat. Rev. Cancer 2: 957–964.
Ghosh, S. et al. (1990). Cloning of the p50 DNA binding subunit of NF-kappa B: homology to rel and dorsal. Cell 62: 1019–1029.
Graffi, A. et al. (1969). Induction of transmissible lymphomas in Syrian hamsters by application of DNA from viral hamster papovavirus-induced tumors and by cell-free filtrates from human tumors. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 64: 1172–1175.
Gresser, I. and Belardelli, F. (2002). Endogenous type I interferons as a defense against tumors. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev. 13: 111–118.
Guidoboni, M. et al. (2001). Microsatellite instability and high content of activated cytotoxic lymphocytes identify colon cancer patients with a favorable prognosis. Am. J. Pathol. 159: 297–304.
Haguenau, F. (1981). Comparative ultrastructure of human gliomas and experimental gliomas induced by Rous sarcoma virus (RSV). Neurochirurgie 27: 251–253.
Hahn, W.C. et al. (1999). Creation of human tumour cells with defined genetic elements. Nature 400: 464–468.
Hahn, W.C. et al. (2002). Enumeration of the simian virus 40 early region elements necessary for human cell transformation. Mol. Cell. Biol. 22: 2111–2123.
Hamdane, M. et al. (1997). Activation of p65 NF-κB protein by p210BCR-ABL in a myeloid cell line (P210BCR-ABL activates p65 NF-κB). Oncogene 15: 2267–2275.
Hatakeyama, M. (2004). Oncogenic mechanisms of the Helicobacter pylori CagA protein. Nat. Rev. Cancer 4: 688–694.
Hayward, G.S. (2003). Initiation of angiogenic Kaposi’s sarcoma lesions. Cancer Cell 3: 1–3.
Herberman, R.B. and Holden, H.T. (1978). Natural cell-mediated immunity. Adv. Cancer Res. 27: 305–377.
Hibbs, J.B., Jr. (2002). Infection and nitric oxide. J.Infect.Dis. 185: S9–S17.
Hibbs et al. (1971). Resistance to murine tumors conferred by chronic infection with intracellular protozoa, Toxoplasma gondii and Besnoitia jellisoni. J. Infect. Dis. 124: 587–592.
Hibbs et al. (1972a). Control of carcinogenesis: a possible role for the activated macrophage. Science 177: 998–1000.
Hibbs et al. (1972b). Possible role of macrophage mediated nonspecific cytotoxicity in tumour resistance. Nature New Biol. 235: 48–50.
Higashi, H. et al. (2002). SHP-2 tyrosine phosphatase as an intracellular target of Helicobacter pylori CagA protein. Science 295: 683–686.
Hoffmann, K.F. et al. (2002). Cytokine-mediated host responses during schistosome infections: walking the fine line between immunological control and immunopathology. Adv. Parasitol. 52: 265–307.
Hrdlickova, R. et al. (1994). In vivo evolution of c-rel oncogenic potential. J. Virol. 68: 2371–2382.
Huebner, R.J. and Todaro, G.J. (1969). Oncogenes of RNA tumor viruses as determinants of cancer. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 64: 1087–1094.
Humme, S. et al. (2003). The EBV nuclear antigen 1 (EBNA1) enhances B cell immortalization several thousandfold. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 100: 10989–10994.
Hunig, T. and Bevan, M.J. (1980). Specificity of cytotoxic T cells from athymic mice. J. Exp. Med. 152: 688–702.
Hunter, C.A. and Reichmann, G. (2002) ‘Immunology of toxoplasma infection’ in Toxoplasmosis. A comprehensive clinical guide. Joynson, D.H.M. and Wreghitt, T.G. (eds). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 43–57.
Hunter, C.A. et al. (2001). Cutting edge: Systemic inhibition of angiogenesis underlies resistance to tumors during acute toxoplasmosis. J.Immunol. 166: 5878–5881.
Iacoangeli, A. et al. (1995). Role of mouse polyomavirus late region in the control of viral DNA replication: a review. Biochimie 77: 780–786.
Ikeda, H. et al. (2002). The roles of IFNγ in protection against tumor development and cancer immunoediting. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev. 13: 95–109.
Ikehara, S. et al. (1984). Functional T cells in athymic nude mice. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 81: 886–888.
Imai, K. et al. (2000). Natural cytotoxic activity of peripheral-blood lymphocytes and cancer incidence: an 11-year follow-up study of a general population. Lancet 356: 1795–1799.
Ishigami, S. et al. (2000). Clinical impact of intratumoral natural killer cell and dendritic cell infiltration in gastric cancer. Cancer Lett. 159: 103–108.
Ivanov, X. et al. (1964). Experimental investigations into avian leucoses. V. Transmission, haematology and morphology of avian myelocytomatosis. Bull. Inst. Pathol. Comp. Anim. Acad. Bulg. Sci. 10: 5–38.
Jackson, J.R. et al. (1997). The codependence of angiogenesis and chronic inflammation. FASEB J. 11: 457–465.
Jenner, R.G. and Boshoff, C. (2002). The molecular pathology of Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1602: 1–22.
Jones, D. et al. (1992). Marek disease virus encodes a basic-leucine zipper gene resembling the fos/jun oncogenes that is highly expressed in lymphoblastoid tumors. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 89: 4042–4046.
Kabat, D. (1989). Molecular biology of Friend viral erythroleukemia. Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol. 148: 1–42.
Kagi, D. et al. (1994). Cytotoxicity mediated by T cells and natural killer cells is greatly impaired in perforin-deficient mice. Nature 369: 31–37.
Kaplan, D.H. et al. (1998). Demonstration of an interferon gamma-dependent tumor surveillance system in immunocompetent mice. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 95: 7556–7561.
Kashanchi, F. et al. (1997). Human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6) ORF-1 transactivating gene exhibits malignant transforming activity and its protein binds to p53. Oncogene 14: 359–367.
Kawakami, A. et al. (1999). Inhibition of caspase cascade by HTLV-I tax through induction of NF-κB nuclear translocation. Blood 94: 3847–3854.
Keller, R. et al. (1990). Resistance to a non-immunogenic tumor, induced by Corynebacterium parvum or Listeria monocytogenes, is abrogated by anti-interferon gamma. Int. J. Cancer 46: 687–690.
Kennedy, G. et al. (2003). Epstein-Barr virus provides a survival factor to Burkitt’s lymphomas. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 100: 14269–14274.
Kfoury, Y. et al. (2005). Proapoptotic regimes for HTLV-I-transformed cells: targeting Tax and the NF-κB pathway. Cell Death Differ 12: 871–877.
Kieran, M. et al. (1990). The DNA binding subunit of NF-kappa B is identical to factor KBF1 and homologous to the rel oncogene product. Cell 62: 1007–1018.
Klein, G. (1972) in Nobel Lectures, Physiology or Medicine 1963–1970. Elsevier Publishing Company, Amsterdam.
Klostergaard, J. (1993). Macrophage tumoricidal mechanisms. Res. Immunol. 144: 274–276.
Klostergaard, J. et al. (1991). Cellular models of macrophage tumoricidal effector mechanisms in vitro. Characterization of cytolytic responses to tumor necrosis factor and nitric oxide pathways in vitro. J.Immunol. 147: 2802–2808.
Knudson, A.G. (2001). Two genetic hits (more or less) to cancer. Nat. Rev. Cancer 1: 157–162.
Kornbluth, S. et al. (1986). Transformation of chicken embryo fibroblasts and tumor induction by the middle T antigen of polyomavirus carried in an avian retroviral vector. Mol. Cell Biol. 6: 1545–1551.
Kuhn, R. et al. (1993). Interleukin-10-deficient mice develop chronic enterocolitis. Cell 75: 263–274.
Laubach, V.E. et al. (1995). Mice lacking inducible nitric oxide synthase are not resistant to lipopolysaccharide-induced death. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 92: 10688–10692.
Lee, T.H. et al. (1990). Hepatitis B virus transactivator X protein is not tumorigenic in transgenic mice. J. Virol. 64: 5939–5947.
Levy, A.M. et al. (2003). Characterization of the chromosomal binding sites and dimerization partners of the viral oncoprotein Meq in Marek’s disease virus-transformed T cells. J. Virol. 77: 12841–12851.
Levy, J.P. and Leclerc, J.C. (1977). The murine sarcoma virus-induced tumor: exception or general model in tumor immunology? Adv. Cancer Res. 24: 1–66.
Li, J.P. et al. (1990). Activation of cell growth by binding of Friend spleen focus-forming virus gp55 glycoprotein to the erythropoietin receptor. Nature 343: 762–764.
Liu, J.L. and Kung, H.J. (2000). Marek’s disease herpesvirus transforming protein MEQ: a c-Jun analogue with an alternative life style. Virus Genes 21: 51–64.
Lupiani, B. et al. (2004). Marek’s disease virus-encoded Meq gene is involved in transformation of lymphocytes but is dispensable for replication. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 101: 11815–11820.
MacDougall, J.R. et al. (1990). Demonstration of a splenic cytotoxic effector cell in mice of genotype SCID/SCID.BG/BG. Cell. Immunol. 130: 106–117.
Maeda, N. et al. (2001). Direct transformation of rodent fibroblasts by jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus DNA. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 98: 4449–4454.
Maleckar, J.R. and Sherman, L.A. (1987). The composition of the T cell receptor repertoire in nude mice. J. Immunol. 138: 3873–3876.
Martin, G.S. (1970). Rous sarcoma virus-a function required for maintenance of transformed state. Nature 227: 1021.
Martinez-Hernandez, A. (1999) in Pathology. Rubin, E. and Farber, J.L. (eds). Lippincott-Raven, Philadelphia and New York: 76–103.
Montaner, S. et al. (2003). Endothelial infection with KSHV genes in vivo reveals that vGPCR initiates Kaposi’s sarcomagenesis and can promote the tumorigenic potential of viral latent genes. Cancer Cell 3: 23–36.
Moore, B.E. and Bose, H.R., Jr. (1988). Transformation of avian lymphoid cells by reticuloendotheliosis virus. Mutat. Res. 195: 79–90.
Moore, K.W. et al. (2001). Interleukin-10 and the interleukin-10 receptor. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 19: 683–765.
Mori, N. et al. (2001). Human T-cell leukemia virus type I tax protein induces the expression of anti-apoptotic gene Bcl-xL in human T-cells through nuclear factor-κB and c-AMP responsive element binding protein pathways. Virus Genes 22: 279–287.
Nakachi, K. et al. (2004). Perspectives on cancer immuno-epidemiology. Cancer Sci. 95: 921–929.
Nakamura, H. et al. (2001). Inhibition of p53 tumor suppressor by viral interferon regulatory factor. J. Virol. 75: 7572–7582.
Nanni, O. et al. (2002). Role of biological markers in the clinical outcome of colon cancer. Br. J. Cancer 87: 868–875.
Nerenberg, M.I. (1990). An HTLV-I transgenic mouse model: role of the tax gene in pathogenesis in multiple organ systems. Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol. 160: 121–128.
Nicot, C. (2005). Current views in HTLV-I-associated adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma. Am. J. Hematol. 78: 232–239.
Norioka, K. et al. (1992). Inhibitory effects of cytokines on vascular endothelial cells: synergistic interactions among interferon-gamma, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and interleukin-1. J.Immunotherapy 12: 13–18.
North, R.J. and Havell, E.A. (1988). The Antitumor Function of Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF). II. Analysis of the Role of Endogenous Tnf in Endotoxin-Induced Hemorrhagic Necrosis and Regression of An Established Sarcoma. J. Exp. Med. 167: 1086–1099.
Oliveira, I.C. et al. (1992). Down-regulation of interleukin-8 gene expression in human fibroblasts-unique mechanism of transcriptional inhibition by interferon. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 89: 9049–9053.
Pagano, J.S. et al. (2004). Infectious agents and cancer: criteria for a causal relation. Sem. Cancer Biol. 14: 453–471.
Paglia, P. and Guzman, C.A. (1998). Keeping the immune system alerted against cancer. Cancer Immunol. Immunother. 46: 88–92.
Pajic, A. et al. (2001). Antagonistic effects of c-myc and Epstein-Barr virus latent genes on the phenotype of human B cells. Int. J. Cancer 93: 810–816.
Palmarini, M. et al. (1999). Jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus is necessary and sufficient to induce a contagious lung cancer in sheep. J. Virol. 73: 6964–6972.
Pantelouris, E.M. (1968). Absence of thymus in a mouse mutant. Nature 217: 370–371.
Payne, L.N. (1998). Retrovirus-induced disease in poultry. Poult. Sci. 77: 1204–1212.
Peek, R.M., Jr. and Blaser, M.J. (2002). Helicobacter pylori and gastrointestinal tract adenocarcinomas. Nat. Rev. Cancer 2: 28–37.
Pepper, M.S. et al. (1996). Angiogenesis-regulating cytokines: activities and interactions. Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol. 213: 31–67.
Pham, S.M. et al. (1995). Solid tumors after heart transplantation: lethality of lung cancer. Ann. Thorac. Surg. 60, 1623–1626.
Phelps, W.C. et al. (1988). The human papillomavirus type 16 E7 gene encodes transactivation and transformation functions similar to those of adenovirus E1A. Cell 53: 539–547.
Radke, K. and Martin, G.S. (1979). Transformation by Rous sarcoma virus: effects of src gene expression on the synthesis and phosphorylation of cellular polypeptides. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 76: 5212–5216.
Rankin, E.B. et al. (2004). An essential role of Th1 responses and interferon gamma in infection-mediated suppression of neoplastic growth. Cancer Biol. Ther. 2: 687–693.
Razzaque, A. et al. (1993). Neoplastic transformation of immortalized human epidermal keratinocytes by two HHV-6 DNA clones. Virology 195: 113–120.
Reuther, J.Y. et al. (1998). A requirement for NF-κB activation in Bcr-Abl-mediated transformation. Genes Dev. 12: 968–981.
Robl, M.G. and Olson, C. (1968). Oncogenic action of bovine papilloma virus in hamsters. Cancer Res. 28: 1596–1604.
Rosenberg, N. (2001). New transformation tricks from a barnyard retrovirus: implications for human lung cancer. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 98: 4285–4287.
Ruscetti, S.K. (1999). Deregulation of erythropoiesis by the Friend spleen focus-forming virus. Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol. 31: 1089–1109.
Rygaard, J. and Povlsen, C.O. (1976). The nude mouse vs the hypothesis of immunological surveillance. Transplant. Rev. 28: 43–61.
Sachs, L. and Medina, D. (1961). In vitro transformation of normal cells by polyoma virus. Nature 189: 457–458.
Safak, M. and Khalili, K. (2003). An overview: Human polyomavirus JC virus and its associated disorders. J. Neurovirol. 9: 3–9.
Schat, K.A. et al. (1991). Transformation of T-lymphocyte subsets by Marek’s disease herpesvirus. J. Virol. 65: 1408–1413.
Schat, K.A. and Markowski-Grimsrud, C.J. (2001). Immune responses to Marek’s disease virus infection. Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol. 255: 91–120.
Scherneck, S. et al. (2001). The hamster polyomavirus-a brief review of recent knowledge. Virus Genes 22: 93–101.
Schmitt, C.A. et al. (1999). INK4a/ARF mutations accelerate lymphomagenesis and promote chemoresistance by disabling p53. Genes Dev. 13: 2670–2677.
Schumacher, K. et al. (2001). Prognostic significance of activated CD8(+) T cell infiltrations within esophageal carcinomas. Cancer Res. 61: 3932–3936.
Segal, E.D. et al. (1999). Altered states: involvement of phosphorylated CagA in the induction of host cellular growth changes by Helicobacter pylori. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 96: 14559–14564.
Sgadari, C. et al. (1997). Mig, the monokine induced by interferon-gamma, promotes tumor necrosis in vivo. Blood 89: 2635–2643.
Shankaran, V. et al. (2001). IFN gamma and lymphocytes prevent primary tumour development and shape tumour immunogenicity. Nature 410: 1107–1111.
Shore, S.K. et al. (2002). Transforming pathways activated by the v-Abl tyrosine kinase. Oncogene 21: 8568–8576.
Sidky, Y.A. and Borden, E.C. (1987). Inhibition of angiogenesis by interferons: effects on tumor-and lymphocyte-induced vascular responses. Cancer Res. 47: 5155–5161.
Singh, R.K. et al. (1995). Interferons α and β down-regulate the expression of basic fibroblast growth factor in human carcinomas. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 92: 4562–4566.
Singh, R.K. et al. (1996). Interferon-β prevents the upregulation of interleukin-8 expression in human melanoma cells. J. Interferon Cytokine Res. 16: 577–584.
Small, J.A. et al. (1986). Early regions of JC virus and BK virus induce distinct and tissue-specific tumors in transgenic mice. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 83: 8288–8292.
Small, M.B. et al. (1987). Neoplastic transformation by the human gene N-myc. Mol. Cell. Biol. 7: 1638–1645.
Stark, G.R. et al. (1998). How cells respond to interferons. Ann. Rev. Biochem. 67: 227–264.
Stehelin, D. et al. (1976). DNA related to the transforming gene(s) of avian sarcoma viruses is present in normal avian DNA. Nature 260: 170–173.
Storey, A. et al. (1988). Comparison of the in vitro transforming activities of human papillomavirus types. EMBO J. 7: 1815–1820.
Street, S.E. et al. (2001). Perforin and interferon-gamma activities independently control tumor initiation, growth, and metastasis. Blood 97: 192–197.
Strieter, R.M. et al. (1995). Interferon gamma-inducible protein 10 (IP-10), a member of the C-X-C chemokine family, is an inhibitor of angiogenesis. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm. 210: 51–57.
Stutman, O. (1974). Tumor development after 3-methylcholanthrene in immunologically deficient athymic-nude mice. Science 183: 534–536.
Stutman, O. (1979). Chemical carcinogenesis in nude mice: comparison between nude mice from homozygous matings and heterozygous matings and effect of age and carcinogen dose. J. Natl Cancer Inst. 62: 353–358.
Sunderkotter, C. et al. (1994). Macrophages and angiogenesis. J. Leukoc. Biol. 55: 410–422.
Suprynowicz, F.A. et al. (2005). Are transforming properties of the bovine papillomavirus E5 protein shared by E5 from high-risk human papillomavirus type 16? Virology 332: 102–113.
Svoboda, J. (1986). Rous sarcoma virus. Intervirology 26: 1–60.
Thomas-Tikhonenko, A. and Hunter, C.A. (2003). Infection and cancer: the common vein. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev. 14: 67–77.
Thomas-Tikhonenko, A. et al. (2004). Myc-transformed epithelial cells down-regulate clusterin which inhibits their growth in vitro and carcinogenesis in vivo. Cancer Res 64: 3126–3136.
Thurston, G. et al. (1996). Permeability-related changes revealed at endothelial cell borders in inflamed venules by lectin binding. Amer. J. Physiol. 271: H2547–H2562.
Tikhonenko, A.T. and Linial, M. (1993). Transforming variants of the avian myc-containing retrovirus FH3 arise prior to phenotypic selection. J. Virol. 67: 3635–3638.
Tikhonenko, A.T. and Linial, M. (1992). gag as well as myc sequences contribute to the transforming phenotype of the avian retrovirus FH3. J. Virol. 66: 946–955.
Tindle, R.W. (2002). Immune evasion in human papillomavirus-associated cervical cancer. Nat. Rev. Cancer 2: 59–65.
Todaro, G.J. and Green, H. (1966). High frequency of SV40 transformation of mouse cell line 3T3. Virology 28: 756–759.
Todaro, G.J. et al. (1966). Susceptibility of human diploid fibroblast strains to transformation by SV40 virus. Science 153: 1252–1254.
Tooze, J. (editor), (1979). DNA tumor viruses. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, NY.
Tsutsumi, R. et al. (2003). Attenuation of Helicobacter pylori CagA x SHP-2 signaling by interaction between CagA and C-terminal Src kinase. J. Biol. Chem. 278: 3664–3670.
Ueda, H. et al. (1995). Functional inactivation but not structural mutation of p53 causes liver cancer. Nat. Genet. 9: 41–47.
Uemura, N. et al. (2001). Helicobacter pylori infection and the development of gastric cancer. N. Engl. J. Med. 345: 784–789.
Vakkila, J. and Lotze, M.T. (2004). Inflammation and necrosis promote tumour growth. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 4: 641–648.
van den Broek, M.E. et al. (1996). Decreased tumor surveillance in perforin-deficient mice. J. Exp. Med. 184: 1781–1790.
Venugopal, K. (2000). Marek’s disease: an update on oncogenic mechanisms and control. Res. Vet. Sci. 69: 17–23.
Vermeulen, P.B. et al. (1997). Serum basic fibroblast growth factor and vascular endothelial growth factor in metastatic renal cell carcinoma treated with interferon alfa-2b. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 89: 1316–1317.
Vicari, A.P. and Caux, C. (2002). Chemokines in cancer. Cytokine & Growth Factor Rev 13: 143–154.
Wang, D. et al. (1985). An EBV membrane protein expressed in immortalized lymphocytes transforms established rodent cells. Cell 43: 831–840.
Wang, J. et al. (1998). Myc activates telomerase. Genes Dev. 12: 1769–1774.
Wang, X.W. et al. (1994). Hepatitis B virus X protein inhibits p53 sequence-specific DNA binding, transcriptional activity, and association with transcription factor ERCC3. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 91: 2230–2234.
Wang, X.W. et al. (1995). Abrogation of p53-induced apoptosis by the hepatitis B virus X gene. Cancer Res. 55: 6012–6016.
Weiskirch, L.M. and Paterson, Y. (1997). Listeria monocytogenes: a potent vaccine vector for neoplastic and infectious disease. Immunol. Rev. 158: 159–169.
Weiss R. et al. (editors) (1984). RNA tumor viruses. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, NY
Weissenberger, J. et al. (1997). Development and malignant progression of astrocytomas in GFAP-v-src transgenic mice. Oncogene 14: 2005–2013.
White, M.K. and Khalili, K. (2004). Polyomaviruses and human cancer: molecular mechanisms underlying patterns of tumorigenesis. Virology 324: 1–16.
Wilhelmsen, K.C. et al. (1984). Nucleic acid sequences of the oncogene v-rel in reticuloendotheliosis virus strain T and its cellular homolog, the proto-oncogene c-rel. J. Virol. 52: 172–182.
Wilson, J.B. et al. (1996). Expression of Epstein-Barr virus nuclear antigen-1 induces B cell neoplasia in transgenic mice. EMBO J. 15: 3117–3126.
Wootton, S.K. et al. (2005). Sheep retrovirus structural protein induces lung tumours. Nature 434: 904–907.
Xie, K. and Fidler, I.J. (1998). Therapy of cancer metastasis by activation of the inducible nitric oxide synthase. Cancer Metast. Rev. 17: 55–75.
Youdim, S. and Sharman, M. (1976). Resistance to tumor growth mediated by Listeria monocytogenes: collaborative and suppressive macrophage-lymphocyte interactions in vitro. J.Immunol. 117: 1860–1865.
Young, L.S. and Rickinson, A.B. (2004). Epstein-Barr virus: 40 years on. Nat. Rev. Cancer 4: 757–768.
Yu, D. and Thomas-Tikhonenko, A. (2002). A non-transgenic mouse model for B-cell lymphoma: in vivo infection of p53-null bone marrow progenitors by a Myc retrovirus is sufficient for tumorigenesis. Oncogene 21: 1922–1927.
Zajac, A.J. et al. (1998). Viral immune evasion due to persistence of activated T cells without effector function. J. Exp. Med. 188: 2205–2213.
Zhang, L. et al. (2003). Intratumoral T cells, recurrence, and survival in epithelial ovarian cancer. N. Engl. J. Med. 348: 203–213.
Zilber, L.A. (1961a). On interaction between tumor viruses and cells-a virogenetic concept of tumorigenesis. J. Natl Cancer Inst. 26: 1311–&.
Zilber, L.A. (1961b). Pathogenicity of Rous sarcoma virus for rats and rabbits. J. Natl Cancer Inst. 26: 1295–1309.
Zinkernagel, R.M. et al. (1999). General and specific immunosuppression caused by antiviral T-cell responses. Immunol. Rev. 168: 305–315.
zur Hausen, H. (2003). SV40 in human cancers-an endless tale? Int. J. Cancer 107: 687.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2006 Springer Science+Business Media, Inc.
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Bertout, J., Thomas-Tikhonenko, A. (2006). Infection & Neoplastic Growth 101. In: Dalgleish, A.G., Haefner, B. (eds) The Link Between Inflammation and Cancer. Cancer Treatment and Research, vol 130. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/0-387-26283-0_8
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/0-387-26283-0_8
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-0-387-26282-6
Online ISBN: 978-0-387-26283-3
eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)