Abstract
Temporal lobe epilepsy, the most common form of human epilepsy,1 is most often associated with hippocampal sclerosis (HS), the most common epileptogenic lesion.2 This condition is referred to as mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (MTLE) with HS.3 Perhaps in recognition of the importance of MTLE with HS as a major health burden worldwide, a large percentage of research on epilepsy now utilizes animal models of this disorder. Whereas kindling was the most popular model of MTLE during the 1970s and’ 80s, it has been largely replaced in recent years by chronic post status epilepticus models induced by excitotoxic substances such as kainic acid (KA) and pilocarpine (Pilo), or tetanic hippocampal stimulation to produce self-sustained status epilepticus (SSSE).4 This chapter will briefly review MTLE with HS and examine the strengths and weaknesses of these various experimental models for investigating mechanisms underlying this human condition.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsPreview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
5. References
J. Engel Jr., Etiology as a risk factor for medically refractory epilepsy: A case for early surgical intervention, Neurology 51, 1243–1244 (1998).
J. Engel Jr., P. D. Williamson, and H.-G. Wieser, in: Epilepsy: A Comprehensive Textbook, edited by J. Engel Jr. and T. A. Pedley (Lippincott-Raven, New York, 1997), pp. 2417–2426.
G. W. Mathern, T. L. Babb, and D. L. Armstrong, in: Epilepsy: A Comprehensive Textbook, edited by J. Engel Jr. and T. A. Pedley (Lippincott-Raven, New York, 1997), pp. 135–155.
J. Engel Jr., Models of focal epilepsy. Proceedings of the 27th International Congress of Clinical Neurophysiology (in press).
J. Engel Jr., R. Bandler, N. C. Griffith, and S. Caldecott-Hazard, in: Advances in Neurology, vol. 55, edited by D. Smith, D. Treiman, and M. Trimble (Raven Press, New York, 1991), pp. 97–111.
P. D. Williamson and J. Engel Jr., in Epilepsy: A Comprehensive Textbook, edited by J. Engel Jr. and T.A. Pedley (Lippincott-Raven, New York, 1997), pp. 557–566.
M. W. Risinger, J. Engel Jr., P. C. Van Ness, T. R. Henry, and P. H. Crandall, Ictal localization of temporal lobe seizures with scalp/sphenoidal recordings, Neurology 39, 1288–1293 (1989).
A. L. Velasco, C. L. Wilson, T. L. Babb, and J. Engel Jr. Functional and anatomic correlates of two frequently observed temporal lobe seizure-onset patterns, Neural Plasticity 7, 49–63 (2000).
G. D. Cascino, C. R. Jack Jr., J. E. Parisi, F. W. Sharbrough, K. A. Hirschorn, F. B. Meyer, W. R. Marsh, and P. C. O’Brien, Magnetic resonance imaging-based volume studies in temporal lobe epilepsy: pathological considerations, Ann. Neurol. 30, 31–36 (1991).
J. Engel Jr., W. J. Brown, D. E. Kuhl, M. E. Phelps, J. C. Mazziotta, and P. H. Crandall, Pathological findings underlying focal temporal lobe hypometabolism in partial epilepsy, Ann. Neurol. 12, 518–528 (1982).
M.R. Newton, S. F. Berkovic, M. C. Austin, C. C. Rowe, W. J. McKay, and P. F. Bladin, SPECT in the localisation of extratemporal and temporal seizure foci, J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatr. 59, 26–30 (1995).
J. S. Duncan, in Epilepsy: A Comprehensive Textbook, edited by J. Engel Jr. and T.A. Pedley (Lippincott-Raven, New York, 1997), pp. 1045–1051.
J. Engel Jr., Research on the human brain in an epilepsy surgery setting, Epilepsy Research 32, 1–11 (1998).
H.-G. Wieser, Ç. Özkara, J. Engel Jr., A. W. Hauser, S. L. Moshé, G. Avanzini, C. Helmstaedter, T. R. Henry, and M. R. Sperling, Mesial temporal lobe epilepsy with hippocampal sclerosis: Report of the Commission on Neurosurgery, Epilepsia (in press).
M. A. Falconer, Genetic and related aetiological factors in temporal lobe epilepsy: A review, Epilepsia 12, 13–31 (1971).
J. A. Kearney, N. W. Plummer, M. R. Smith, J. Kapur, T. R. Cummins, S. G. Waxman, A. L. Goldin, and M. H. Meisler, A gain-of-function mutation in the sodium channel gene Scn2a results in seizures and behavioral abnormalities, Neuroscience 102, 307–317 (2001).
E. Kobayashi, L. M. Li, I. Lopes-Cendes, and F. Cendes, Magnetic resonance imaging evidence of hippocampal sclerosis in asymptomatic, first-degree relatives of patients with familial mesial temporal lobe epilepsy, Arch. Neurol. 59, 1891–1894 (2002).
G. W. Mathern, T. L. Babb, B. G. Vickrey, M. Melendez, and J. K. Pretorius, The clinical-pathogenic mechanisms of hippocampal neuron loss and surgical outcomes in temporal lobe epilepsy, Brain 118, 105–118 (1995).
C. L. Wilson, S. U. Khan, J. Engel Jr., M. Isokawa, T. L. Babb, and E. J. Behnke, Paired pulse suppression and facilitation in human epileptogenic hippocampal formation, Epilepsy Research 31, 211–230 (1998).
A. Bragin, J. Engel Jr., C. L. Wilson, I. Fried, and G. W. Mathern, Hippocampal and entorhinal cortex high frequency oscillations (100–500 Hz) in kainic acid-treated rats with chronic seizures and human epileptic brain, Epilepsia 40, 127–137 (1999).
T. Sutula and A. Pitkänen, editors, Do Seizures Damage the Brain? Progress in Brain Research, Vol. 135 (Elsevier, Amsterdam, 2002).
F. Semah, M.-C. Picot, C. Adam, D. Broglin, A. Arzimanoglou, B. Bazin, D. Cavalcanti, and M. Baulac, Is the underlying cause of epilepsy a major prognostic factor for recurrence?, Neurology 51, 1256–1262 (1998).
L. J. Stephen, P. Kwan, and M. J. Brodie, Does the cause of localisation-related epilepsy influence the response to antiepileptic drug treatment?, Epilepsia 42, 357–362 (2001).
A. T. Berg, J. Langfitt, S. Shinnar, B. G. Vickrey, M. R. Sperling, T. Walczak, C. Bazil, S. V. Pacia, and S. S. Spencer, How long does it take for partial epilepsy to become intractable?, Neurology 60, 186–190 (2003).
J. R. Hughes, Long-term clinical and EEG changes in patients with epilepsy, Arch. Neurol. 42, 213–223 (1985).
R. Kalviainen and T. Salmenpera, in Do Seizures Damage the Brain? Progress in Brain Research 135, edited by T. Sutula and A. Pitkanen (Elsevier, Amsterdam, 2002), pp. 279–295.
J. Engel Jr., Experimental animal models of epilepsy: Classification and relevance to human epileptic phenomena, Epilepsy Research (Suppl. 8), 9–20 (1992).
R. S. Fisher, W. van Emde Boas, W. Blume, C. Elger, J. Engel Jr., P. Genton, and P. Lee, Epileptic seizures and epilepsy: Definitions proposed by the International League against Epilepsy (ILAE) and the International Bureau for Epilepsy (IBE), Epilepsia (in press).
M. F. Levesque, N. Nakasato, H. V. Vinters, and T. L. Babb, Surgical treatment of limbic epilepsy associated with extratemporal lesions: The problem of dual pathology, J. Neurosurg. 75, 364–370 (1991).
J. P. J. Pinel and L. I. Rovner, Experimental epileptogenesis: Kindling-induced epilepsy in rats, Exp. Neurol. 58, 190–202 (1978).
W. Löscher and D. Honack, Profile of ucb L059, a novel anticonvulsant drug, in models of partial and generalized epilepsy in mice and rats, Eur. J. Pharmacol. 232, 147–158 (1993).
A. Bragin, C. L. Wilson, J. Almajano, I. Mody, and J. Engel Jr., High frequency oscillations after status epilepticus: Epileptogenesis and seizure genesis, Epilepsia (in press).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2005 Springer Science+Business Media, Inc.
About this paper
Cite this paper
Engel, J. (2005). Natural History of Mesial Temporal Lobe Epilepsy with Hippocampal Sclerosis. In: Corcoran, M.E., Moshé, S.L. (eds) Kindling 6. Advances in Behavioral Biology, vol 55. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/0-387-26144-3_37
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/0-387-26144-3_37
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-0-387-24380-1
Online ISBN: 978-0-387-26144-7
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)