Skip to main content

Part of the book series: Handbooks of Sociology and Social Research ((HSSR))

Abstract

Those who study organizational life have begun to discover that religious organizations offer both ample objects for observation and interesting challenges for theorizing. The intersection of organizational theory and the study of religion is a fruitful field of exploration that can yield insight into organizational dynamics, as well as insight into the many ways religion takes empirical social form. As Paul DiMaggio noted, “because much religious activity is institutionalized and carried out through formal organizations “ students of religion may have something to learn from the experience of their colleagues in the organizations field” (DiMaggio, 1998). We will follow his lead in looking to the cultural and ecological turn in organizational studies for insight, drawing on research from diverse religious communities to sketch out an organizational view of religion.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

eBook
USD 16.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 79.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Adams, J. L. (1986). The voluntary principle in the forming of American religion. In J. R. Engel (Ed.), Voluntary associations: Socio-cultural analyses and theological interpretation (pp. 171–200). Chicago: Exploration Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ammerman, N. T. (1987). Bible believers: Fundamentalists in the modern world. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ammerman, N. T. (1993). SBC moderates and the making of a post-modern denomination. Christian Century, 110(26), 896–899.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ammerman, N. T. (1994). Denominations: Who and what are we studying? In R. B. Mullin & R. E. Richey (Eds.), Re-imagining denominationalism. New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ammerman, N. T. (1997a). Congregation and community. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ammerman, N. T. (1997b). Golden rule Christianity: Lived religion in the American mainstream. In D. Hall (Ed.), Lived religion in America: Toward a history of practice (pp. 196–216). Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ammerman, N. T. (2001). Doing good in American communities: Congregations and service organizations working together. Retrieved November 20, 2001, from http://hirr.hartsem.edu/about/about_orw_cong-report.html

    Google Scholar 

  • Ammerman, N. T. (2002). Cooperative baptist fellowship. In J. G. Melton & M. Baumann (Eds.), Religions of the world: A comprehensive encyclopedia of beliefs and practices (pp. 363–364). Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-Clio.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ammerman, N. T. (2004). Porous boundaries and busy intersections: Religious narratives, community service, and everyday public life. In M. J. Bane, B. Coffin, & M. Moore (Eds.), Taking faith seriously: Valuing and evaluating religion in American democracy. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ammerman, N. T. (2005). Pillars of faith: American congregations and their partners. Berkeley: University of California Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ammerman, N. T., Carroll, J. W., Dudley, C. S., & McKinney, W. (Eds.). (1998). Studying congregations: A new handbook. Nashville: Abingdon.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barman, E., & Chaves, M. (2004). Strategy and restructure in the United Church of Christ. In D. Roozen & J. Nieman (Eds.), Adaptive change in national denominational structures: Practiced theology. Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans.

    Google Scholar 

  • Becker, P. E. (1999). Congregations in conflict: Cultural models of local religious life. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bendroth, M. (2002). Growing up protestant: Parents, children, and mainline churches. Piscataway, NJ: Rutgers University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brady, H. E., Verba, S., & Schlozman, K. L. (1995). Beyond SES: A resource model of political participation. American Political Science Review, 89(2), 271–294.

    Google Scholar 

  • Butler, J. (1990). Awash in a sea of faith. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cantrell, R. L., Krile, J. F., & Donohue, G. A. (1983). Parish autonomy: Measuring denominational differences. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 22, 276–287.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carpenter, J. (1980). Fundamentalism institutions and the rise of evangelical protestantism, 1929–1940. Church History, 49, 62–75.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carroll, J.W., Dudley, C. S., & McKinney, W. (1986). Handbook for congregational studies. Nashville: Abingdon Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chaves, M. (1993a). Denominations as dual structures: An organizational analysis. Sociology of Religion, 54(2), 147–169.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chaves, M. (1993b). Intraorganizational power and internal secularization in protestant denominations. American Journal of Sociology, 99(1), 1–48.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chaves, M. (1999a). Congregations’ social service activities. Washington, DC: Urban Institute.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chaves, M. (1999b). Religious congregations and welfare reform: Who will take advantage of ‘charitable choice’? American Sociological Review, 64, 836–846.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chaves, M. (2004). Congregations in America. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chaves, M., & Cann, D. E. (1992). Regulation, pluralism, and religious market structure: Explaining religion’s vitality. Rationality and Society, 4(3), 272–290.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chaves, M., Koneiczny, M. E., Beyerlein, K., & Barman, E. (1999). The national congregational study; background, methods, and selected results. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 38(4), 458–476.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chaves, M., & Sutton, J. R. (2004). Organizational consolidation in American protestant denominations, 1890–1990. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 43(1), 51–66.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cnaan, R. A. (1999). The newer deal: Social work and religion in partnership. New York: Columbia University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • DiMaggio, P. J. (1998). The relevance of organization theory to the study of religion. In N. J. Demerath, P. D. Hall, T. Schmitt, & R. Williams (Eds.), Sacred companies (pp. 7–23). New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • DiMaggio, P. J., & Powell, W. W. (1983). The iron cage revisited: Institutional isomorphism and collective rationality in organizational fields. American Sociological Review, 48, 147–160.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dolan, J. P. (1994). Patterns of leadership in the congregation. In J. P. Wind & J. W. Lewis (Eds.), American congregations (pp. 225–256). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Douglass, H. P. (1927). The church in the changing city. New York: Doran.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dudley, C. S. (1998). Process: Dynamics of congregational life. In N. Ammerman, J. W. Carroll, C. S. Dudley, & W. McKinney (Eds.), Studying congregations: A new handbook. Nashville: Abingdon.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dykstra, C., & Hudnut-Beumler, J. (1992). The national organizational structures of protestant denominations: An invitation to a conversation. In M. J. Coalter, J. M. Mulder, & L. B. Weeks (Eds.), The organizational revolution: Presbyterians and American denominationalism (pp. 307–331). Louisville: Westminster/John Knox.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ebaugh, H. R., & Chafetz, J. S. (1999). Agents for cultural reproduction and structural change: The ironic role of women in immigrant religious institutions. Social Forces, 78(2), 585–613.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ebaugh, H. R., & Chafetz, J. S. (2000). Structural adaptations in immigrant congregations. Sociology of Religion, 61(2), 135–153.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ebaugh, H. R., O’Brien, J., & Chafetz, J. S. (2000). The social ecology of residential patterns and membership in immigrant churches. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 39(1), 107–116.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eiesland, N. (2000). A particular place: Urban restructuring and religious ecology. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ellison, C. G., & George, L. K. (1994). Religious involvement, social ties and social support in a southeastern community. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 33(1), 46–61.

    Google Scholar 

  • Etzioni, A. (1961). A comparative analysis of complex organizations. New York: Free Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Farnsley II, A. E. (2000). Congregations, local knowledge, and devolution. Review of Religious Research, 42(1), 96–110.

    Google Scholar 

  • Farnsley II, A. E. (2003). Rising expectations: Urban congregations, welfare reform, and civic life. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Finke, R. (1994). The quiet transformation: Changes in size and leadership of southern baptist churches. Review of Religious Research, 36(1), 3–22.

    Google Scholar 

  • Franklin, R. M. (1994). The safest place on earth: The culture of Black congregations. In J. P. Wind & J. W. Lewis (Eds.), American congregations (Vol. 2, pp. 257–284). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fraser, N. (1990). Rethinking the public sphere: A contribution to the critique of actually existing democracy. social text, 25(26), 56–80.

    Google Scholar 

  • Friedland, R.,& Alford, R. R. (1991). Bringing society back in: Symbols, practices, and institutional contradictions. In W. Powell & P. DiMaggio (Eds.), The new institutionalism in organizational analysis (pp. 232–263). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gamm, G. (1999). Urban exodus: Why the Jews left Boston and the Catholics stayed. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gillespie, J. B. (1995). Women speak: Of God, congregations and change. Valley Forge, PA: Trinity Press International.

    Google Scholar 

  • Greeley, A. M. (1972). The denominational society. Glenview, IL: Scott-Forsman.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hadaway, C. K., Marler, P. L., & Chaves, M. (1993). What the polls don’t show: A closer look at U. S. church attendance. American Sociological Review, 58(6), 741–752.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hall, P. D. (1998). Religion and the organizational revolution in the United States. In N. J. Demerath III, P. D. Hall, T. Schmitt, & R. Williams (Eds.), Sacred companies (pp. 99–115). New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hamilton, M. S. (2000). More money, more ministry: The financing of American evangelicalism since 1945. In L. Eskridge & M. Noll (Eds.), More money, More ministry: Money and evangelicals in recent North American history (pp. 104–138). Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harrison, P. M. (1959). Authority and power in the Free Church tradition. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hartman, K. (1998). Congregations in conflict: The battle over homosexuality. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Heilman, S. (1973). Synagogue life. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hodgkinson, V. A., & Weitzman, M. S. (1993). From belief to commitment: The community service activities and finances of religious congregations in the United States: 1993 Edition. Washington, DC: Independent Sector.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hoge, D. R., Johnson, B., & Luidens, D. A. (1994). Vanishing boundaries: The religion of mainline Protestant baby boomers. Louisville: Westminster/John Knox.

    Google Scholar 

  • Holifield, E. B. (1994). Toward a history of American congregations. In J. P. Wind & J.W. Lewis (Eds.), American congregations: New perspectives in the study of congregations (pp. 23–53). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hutchison, W. R. (1987). Errand to the world: American Protestant thought and foreign missions. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Iannaccone, L. R. (1991). The consequences of religious market structure: Adam Smith and the economics of religion. Rationality and Society, 3(2), 156–177.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jeavons, T. H. (1998). Identifying characteristics of “religious” organizations: An exploratory proposal. In N. J. Demerath, III, P. D. Hall, T. Schmitt, & R. H. Williams (Eds.), Sacred companies: Organizational aspects of religion and religious aspects of organizations (pp. 79–96). New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kwon, H. Y., Kim, K. C., & Warner, R. S. (Eds.). (2001). Korean Americans and their religions: Pilgrims and missionaries from a different shore. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Liebman, R. C., Sutton, J. R., & Wuthnow, R. (1988). Exploring the social sources of denominationalism: Schisms in American denominations, 1890–1980. American Sociological Review, 53, 343–352.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lincoln, C. E., & Mamiya, L. H. (1990). The Black church in the African American experience. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lindenberg, M., & Bryant, C. (2001). Going global: Transforming relief and development NGOs. Bloomfield, CT: Kumarian Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Livezey, L.W. (2000). Public religion and urban transformation: Faith in the city. New York: New York University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • March, J. (1978). Bounded rationality, ambiguity, and the engineering of choice. Bell Journal of Economics, 9, 587–608.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marler, P. L. (1995). Lost in the fifties: The changing family and the nostalgic church. In N. T. Ammerman & W. C. Roof (Eds.), Work, family, and religion in contemporary society (pp. 23–60). New York: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Martin, D. (1962). The denomination. British Journal of Sociology, 13, 1–14.

    Google Scholar 

  • Martin, D. (1990). Tongues of fire: The explosion of Protestantism in Latin America. Oxford: Blackwell.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mathews, D. G. (1969). The second great awakening as an organizing process, 1780–1830. American Quarterly, 21, 23–43.

    Google Scholar 

  • McGreevy, J. T. (1996). Parish boundaries: The Catholic encounter with race in the twentieth-century urban north. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • McKinney, W. (1998). Resources. In N. T. Ammerman, J. W. Carroll, C. S. Dudley, & W. McKinney (Eds.), Studying congregations: A new handbook (pp. 132–166). Nashville: Abingdon.

    Google Scholar 

  • McKinney, W. J., & Hoge, D. R. (1983). Community and congregational factors in the growth and decline of Protestant churches. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 22, 51–66.

    Google Scholar 

  • McMullen, M. (1994). Religious polities as institutions. Social Forces, 73(2), 709–728.

    Google Scholar 

  • McRoberts, O. M. (1999). Understanding the “new” Black pentecostal activism: Lessons from ecumenical urban ministries in Boston. Sociology of Religion, 60(1), 47–70.

    Google Scholar 

  • McRoberts, O. M. (2003). Streets of glory: Church and community in a Black urban neighborhood. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Monsma, S. V. (1996). When sacred & secular mix: Religious nonprofit organizations and public money. Lanham, MA: Rowman & Littlefield.

    Google Scholar 

  • Morris, A. D., & Lee, S. (2004). The national baptist convention: Traditions and contemporary challenges. In D. Roozen & J. Nieman (Eds.), Adaptive change in national denominational structures: Practiced theology. Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nelson, T. J. (1997). The church and the street: Race, class, and congregation. In P. E. Becker & N. L. Eiesland (Eds.), Contemporary American religion (pp. 169–190). Walnut Creek, CA: AltaMira.

    Google Scholar 

  • Niebuhr, H. R. (1929). The social sources of denominationalism. New York: World Publishing.

    Google Scholar 

  • Olshan, M. A. (1990). The old order amish steering committee: A case study in organizational evolution. Social Forces, 69(2), 603–616.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pattillo-McCoy, M. (1998). Church culture as a strategy of action in the Black community. American Sociological Review, 63, 767–784.

    Google Scholar 

  • Perl, P., & Chang, P. M. Y. (2000). Credentialism across creeds: Clergy education and stratification in Protestant denominations. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 39(2), 171–188.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pinto, L. J., & Crow, K. E. (1982). The effects of size on other structural attributes of congregations within the same denomination. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 21, 304–316.

    Google Scholar 

  • Powell, W. W., & DiMaggio, P. J. (Eds.). (1991). The new institutionalism in organizational analysis. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Prell, R. E. (2000). Communities of choice and memory: Conservative synagogues in the late twentieth century. In J. Wertheimer (Ed.), Jews in the center: Conservative synagogues and their members (pp. 269–358). New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Primer, B. (1978). Protestants and American business methods. Ann Arbor: UMI Research Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Putnam, R. D. (2000). Bowling alone: The collapse and revival of American community. New York: Simon & Schuster.

    Google Scholar 

  • Richey, R. E. (1994). Denominations and denominationalism: An American morphology. In R. B. Mullin & R. E. Richey (Eds.), Re-imagining denominationalism (pp. 74–98). New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Robert, D. L. (1997). Women in mission: A social history of their thought and practice. Macon, GA: Mercer University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Roozen, D. A., Carroll, J. W., & Roof, W. C. (1995). Fifty years of religious change in the United States. In W. Roof, Clark, J. W. Carroll, & D. A. Roozen (Eds.), The post-war generation and establishment religion (pp. 59–85). Boulder, CO: Westview.

    Google Scholar 

  • Roozen, D. A., McKinney, W., & Carroll, J. W. (1984). Varieties of religious presence. New York: Pilgrim Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sack, D. (2000). Whitebread Protestants: Food and religion in American culture. New York: St. Martin’s Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sargeant, K. H. (2000). Seeker churches: Promoting traditional religion in a nontraditional way. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Scott, A. F. (1993). Natural allies: Women’s associations in American history. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sherman, A. (2000). Churches as government partners: Navigating “charitable choice.” Christian Century, 117(20), 716–721.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shin, E. H., & Park, H. (1988). An analysis of causes of schisms in ethnic Churches: The case of Korean-American churches. Sociological Analysis, 49, 234–248.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smidt, C. (Ed.). (2003). Religion as social capital: Producing the common good. Waco, TX: Baylor University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thiemann, R. F. (2004). What’s faith got to do with it? Lutheran social ministry in transition. In M. J. Bane, B. Coffin, & M. Moore (Eds.), Taking faith seriously: Valuing and evaluating religion in American democracy. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thompson, W. L., Carroll, J. W., & Hoge, D. (1993). Growth or decline in presbyterian congregations. In D. Roozen & C.K. Hadaway (Eds.), Church and denominational growth (pp. 188–207). Nashville: Abingdon.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thumma, S. (1999). What God makes free is free indeed: Nondenominational church identity and its networks of support. Retrieved January 4, 2002, from http://www.hirr.hartsem.edu/bookshelf/thumma_article5.html

    Google Scholar 

  • Thung, M. (1976). The precarious organisation: Sociological explorations of the church’s mission and structure. Hague: Mouton.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tocqueville, A. D. (1835). Democracy in America (G. Lawrence, Trans.). Garden City, NY: Doubleday.

    Google Scholar 

  • Troeltsch, E. (1931). The social teaching of the Christian churches. London: George Allen.

    Google Scholar 

  • Verba, S., Schlozman, K. L., & Brady, H. E. (1995). Voice and equality: Civic voluntarism in American politics. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Warner, R. S. (1988). New wine in old wineskins. Berkeley: University of California Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Warner, R. S. (1993). Work in progress toward a new paradigm for the sociological study of religion in the United States. American Journal of Sociology, 98(5), 1044–1093.

    Google Scholar 

  • Warner, R. S. (1994). The place of the congregation in the contemporary American religious configuration. In J. Wind & J. Lewis (Eds.), American congregations: New perspectives in the study of congregations (pp. 54–99). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Warner, R. S. (1999). Changes in the civic role of religion. In N. J. Smelser & J. C. Alexander (Eds.), Diversity and its discontents: Cultural conflict and common ground in contermporary American society (pp. 229–243). Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Warner, R. S., & Wittner, J. G. (1998). Gatherings in diaspora: Religious communities and the new immigration. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Warren, M. R. (2001). Dry bones rattling: Community building to revitalize American democracy. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weber, M. (1964). The theory of social and economic organization. New York: Free Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wedam, E. (2003). The ‘religious district’ of elite congregations: Reproducing spatial centrality and redefining mission. Sociology of Religion, 64(1), 47–64.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weeks, L. B. (1992). The incorporation of the presbyterians. In M. J. Coalter, J. M. Mulder, & L. B. Weeks (Eds.), The organizational revolution: Presbyterians and American denominationalism. Louisville: Westminster/John Knox.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wellman Jr, J. K. (1999). The gold coast church and the ghetto: Christ and culture in mainline Protestantism. Champagne: University of Illinois Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Williams, M. D. (1974). Community in a Black pentecostal church. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wind, J. P., & Lewis, J.W. (Eds.). (1994). American congregations: Portraits of 12 religious communities (Vol. 1). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wineburg, B. (2001). A limited partnership: The politics of religion, welfare, and social service. New York: Columbia University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Winter, G. (1967). Religious organizations. In W. L. Warner (Ed.), The emergent American society (pp. 408–491). New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wood, J. R. (1970). Authority and controversial policy: The church and civil rights. American Sociological Review, 35, 1057–1069.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wood, R. L. (2002). Faith in action: Religion, race, and democratic organizing in America. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wuthnow, R. (1988). The restructuring of American religion. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wuthnow, R. (1994). Producing the sacred. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Young, M. P. (2002). Confessional protest: The religious birth of U.S. national social movements. American Sociological Review, 67(5), 660–688.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zech, C. E. (1997). Determinants of the mission funding crisis. In D. Campbell & R. Richey (Eds.), Connectionalism: Ecclesiology, mission, and identity. Nashville: Abingdon.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zuckerman, P. (1998). Strife in the sanctuary. Walnut Creek, CA: AltaMira.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2006 Springer Science+Business Media, Inc.

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Ammerman, N.T. (2006). Denominationalism/Congregationalism. In: Ebaugh, H.R. (eds) Handbook of Religion and Social Institutions. Handbooks of Sociology and Social Research. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/0-387-23789-5_18

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics