Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in
Book cover

Apoptotic Pathways as Targets for Novel Therapies in Cancer and Other Diseases pp 213–228Cite as

Therapeutic Inhibition of Apoptosis Caused by Stroke

  • Chapter

  • 655 Accesses

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD   169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

5. References

  • Adibhatla RM, Hatcher JF & Dempsey RJ. (2002). Citicoline: neuroprotective mechanisms in cerebral ischemia. J Neurochem, 80:12–23.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Akins PT & Atkinson RP. (2002). Glutamate AMPA receptor antagonist treatment for ischaemic stroke. Curr Med Res Opin, 18:s9–13.

    Google Scholar 

  • Arvin KL, Han BH, Du Y, et al. (2002). Minocycline markedly protects the neonatal brain against hypoxic-ischemic injury. Ann Neurol, 52:54–61.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ay I, Sugimori H & Finklestein SP. (2001). Intravenous basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) decreases DNA fragmentation and prevents downregulation of Bcl-2 expression in the ischemic brain following middle cerebral artery occlusion in rats. Molec Brain Res, 87:71–80.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Banasiak KJ, Xia Y & Haddad GG. (2000). Mechanisms underlying hypoxia-induced neuronal apoptosis. Prog Neurobiol, 62:215–49.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Barone FC & Parsons AA. (2000). Therapeutic potential of anti-inflammatory drugs in focal stroke. Exp Opin Investig Drugs, 9:2281–306.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bartus RT, Baker KL, Heiser AD, et al. (1994). Postischemic administration of AK275, a calpain inhibitor, provides substantial protection against focal ischemic brain damage. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab, 14:537–44.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Basu A, Krady JK, O’Malley M, et al. (2002). The type 1 interleukin-1 receptor is essential for the efficient activation of microglia and the induction of multiple proinflammatory mediators in response to brain injury. J Neurosci, 22:6071–82.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bath PM, Willmot M, Leonardi-Bee J, et al. (2002). Nitric oxide donors (nitrates), L-arginine, or nitric oxide synthase inhibitors for acute stroke. Cochrane Database Syst Rev:CD000398.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bernard SA, Gray TW, Buist MD, et al. (2002). Treatment of comatose survivors of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest with induced hypothermia. New Engl J Med, 346:557–63.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bonventre JV, Huang Z, Taheri MR, et al. (1997). Reduced fertility and postischaemic brain injury in mice deficient in cytosolic phospholipase A2. Nature, 390:622–5.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Borsello T, Clarke PG, Hirt L, et al. (2003). A peptide inhibitor of c-Jun N-terminal kinase protects against excitotoxicity and cerebral ischemia. Nat Med, 9:1180–6.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Broderick J, Brott T, Kothari R, et al. (1998). The Greater Cincinnati/Northern Kentucky Stroke Study: preliminary first-ever and total incidence rates of stroke among blacks. Stroke, 29:415–21.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Candelise L & Ciccone A. (2001). Gangliosides for acute ischaemic stroke. Cochrane Database Syst Rev:CD000094.

    Google Scholar 

  • Charriaut-Marlangue C, Margaill I, Represa A, et al. (1996). Apoptosis and necrosis after reversible focal ischemia: An in situ DNA fragmentation analysis. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab, 16:186–94.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chen J, Nagayama T, Jin K, et al. (1998). Induction of caspase-3-like protease may mediate delayed neuronal death in the hippocampus after transient cerebral ischemia. J Neurosci, 18:4914–28.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cheng Y, Deshmukh M, D’Costa A, et al. (1998). Caspase inhibitor affords neuroprotection with delayed administration in a rat model of neonatal hypoxic-ischemic brain injury. J Clin Invest, 101:1992–9.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chopp M, Li Y & Jiang N. (1999). Increase in apoptosis and concomitant reduction of ischemic lesion volume and evidence for synaptogenesis after transient focal cerebral ischemia in rat treated with staurosporine. Brain Res, 828:197–201.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chopp M, Li Y, Jiang N, et al. (1996). Antibodies against adhesion molecules reduce apoptosis after transient middle cerebral artery occlusion in rat brain. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab, 16:578–84.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Correia M, Silva M & Veloso M. (2000). Cooling therapy for acute stroke. Cochrane Database Syst Rev:CD001247.

    Google Scholar 

  • Culmsee C, Zhu X, Yu QS, et al. (2001). A synthetic inhibitor of p53 protects neurons against death induced by ischemic and excitotoxic insults, and amyloid [beta]-peptide. J Neurochem, 77:220–8.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Davalos A, Castillo J, Alvarez-Sabin J, et al. (2002). Oral citicoline in acute ischemic stroke: an individual patient data pooling analysis of clinical trials. Stroke, 33:2850–7.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • de Murcia JM, Niedergang C, Trucco C, et al. (1997). Requirement of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase in recovery from DNA damage in mice and in cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 94:7303–7.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • de Paulis T. (2003). ONO-2506. Ono. Curr Opin Investig Drugs, 4:863–7.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Deckwerth TL, Adams LM, Wiessner C, et al. (2001). Long-term protection of brain tissue from cerebral ischemia by peripherally administered peptidomimetic caspase inhibitors. Drug Dev Res, 52:579–86.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • DeGraba TJ. (1998). The role of inflammation after acute stroke: utility of pursuing anti-adhesion molecule therapy. Neurology, 51:S62–8.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ding-Zhou L, Marchand-Verrecchia C, Palmier B, et al. (2003). Neuroprotective effects of (S)-N-[4-[4-[(3,4-Dihydro-6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethyl-2H-1-benzopyran-2-yl)carbonyl]-1-piperazinyl]phenyl]-2-thiophenecarboximid-amide (BN 80933), an inhibitor of neuronal nitric-oxide synthase and an antioxidant, in model of transient focal cerebral ischemia in mice. J Pharmacol Exp Ther, 306:588–94.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dirnagl U, Iadecola C & Moskowitz MA. (1999). Pathobiology of ischaemic stroke: an integrated view. TINS, 22:391–7.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Edaravone Acute Infarction Study G. (2003). Effect of a novel free radical scavenger, edaravone (MCI-186), on acute brain infarction. Randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind study at multicenters. Cerebrovasc Dis, 15:222–9.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eliasson MJ, Sampei K, Mandir AS, et al. (1997). Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase gene disruption renders mice resistant to cerebral ischemia. Nat Med, 3:1089–95.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Endres M, Namura S, Shimizu-Sasamata M, et al. (1998). Attenuation of delayed neuronal death after mild focal ischemia in mice by inhibition of the caspase family. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab, 18:238–47.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Endres M, Wang ZQ, Namura S, et al. (1997). Ischemic brain injury is mediated by the activation of poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab, 17:1143–51.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Enlimomab Acute Stroke Trial I. (2001). Use of anti-ICAM-1 therapy in ischemic stroke: results of the Enlimomab Acute Stroke Trial. Neurology, 57:1428–34.

    Google Scholar 

  • Erecinska M & Silver IA. (1994). Ions and energy in mammalian brain. Prog Neurobiol, 43:37–71.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fink K, Zhu J, Namura S, et al. (1998). Prolonged therapeutic window for ischemic brain damage caused by delayed caspase activation. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab, 18:1071–6.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fujimura M, Morita-Fujimura Y, Murakami K, et al. (1998). Cytosolic redistribution of cytochrome c after transient focal cerebral ischemia in rats. J Cerebl Blood Flow Metab, 18:1239–47.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Georgiadis D, Schwarz S, Aschoff A, et al. (2002). Hemicraniectomy and moderate hypothermia in patients with severe ischemic stroke. Stroke, 33:1584–8.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gillardon F, Kiprianova I, Sandkuhler J, et al. (1999). Inhibition of caspases prevents cell death of hippocampal CA1 neurons, but not impairment of hippocampal long-term potentiation following global ischemia. Neuroscience, 93:1219–22.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ginsberg MD, Becker DA, Busto R, et al. (2003). Stilbazulenyl nitrone, a novel antioxidant, is highly neuroprotective in focal ischemia. Ann Neurol, 54:330–42.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gu Z, Jiang Q & Zhang G. (2001). c-Jun N-terminal kinase activation in hippocampal CA1 region was involved in ischemic injury. Neuroreport, 12:897–900.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gusev EI, Skvortsova VI, Dambinova SA, et al. (2000). Neuroprotective effects of glycine for therapy of acute ischaemic stroke. Cerebrovasc Dis, 10:49–60.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ha HC, Hester LD & Snyder SH. (2002). Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 dependence of stress-induced transcription factors and associated gene expression in glia. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 99:3270–5.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ha HC & Snyder SH. (2000). Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 in the nervous system. Neurobiol Dis, 7:225–39.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Herr I, Martin-Villalba A, Kurz E, et al. (1999). FK506 prevents stroke-induced generation of ceramide and apoptosis signaling. Brain Res, 826:210–19.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Horn J & Limburg M. (2001). Calcium antagonists for ischemic stroke: a systematic review. Stroke, 32:570–6.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Huang J, Kim LJ, Mealey R, et al. (1999). Neuronal protection in stroke by an sLex-glycosylated complement inhibitory protein. Science, 285:595–9.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hypothermia after Cardiac Arrest Study G. (2002). Mild therapeutic hypothermia to improve the neurologic outcome after cardiac arrest. New Engl J Med, 346:549–56.

    Google Scholar 

  • Iadecola C and Alexander M. (2001). Cerebral ischemia and inflammation. Curr Opin Neurol, 14:89–94.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ji C, Amarnath V, Pietenpol JA, et al. (2001). 4-hydroxynonenal induces apoptosis via caspase-3 activation and cytochrome c release. Chem Res Toxicol, 14:1090–6.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kagansky N, Levy S & Knobler H. (2001). The role of hyperglycemia in acute stroke. Arch Neurol, 58:1209–12.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Katchanov J, Harms C, Gertz K, et al. (2001). Mild cerebral ischemia induces loss of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors and activation of cell cycle machinery before delayed neuronal cell death. J Neurosci, 21:5045–53.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kerr JF, Wyllie AH & Currie AR. (1972). Apoptosis: a basic biological phenomenon with wide-ranging implications in tissue kinetics. Br J Cancer, 26:239–57.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kruman I, Bruce-Keller AJ, Bredesen D, et al. (1997). Evidence that 4-hydroxynonenal mediates oxidative stress-induced neuronal apoptosis. J Neurosci, 17:5089–100.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kuroda S, Tsuchidate R, Smith ML, et al. (1999). Neuroprotective effects of a novel nitrone, NXY-059, after transient focal cerebral ischemia in the rat. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab, 19:778–87.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lapchak PA & Araujo DM. (2003). Development of the nitrone-based spin trap agent NXY-059 to treat acute ischemic stroke. CNS Drug Reviews, 9:253–62.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Leclerc JR. (2002). Platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa antagonists: lessons learned from clinical trials and future directions. Crit Care Med, 30:S332–40.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lees KR, Barer D, Ford GA, et al. (2003). Tolerability of NXY-059 at higher target concentrations in patients with acute stroke. Stroke, 34:482–7.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lees KR, Lavelle JF, Cunha L, et al. (2001). Glycine antagonist (GV150526) in acute stroke: a multicentre, double-blind placebo-controlled phase II trial. Cerebrovasc Dis, 11:20–9.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Li Y, Chopp M, Powers C, et al. (1997). Apoptosis and protein expression after focal cerebral ischemia in rat. Brain Res, 765:301–12.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Li Y, Powers C, Jiang N, et al. (1998). Intact, injured, necrotic and apoptotic cells after focal cerebral ischemia in the rat. J Neurol Sci, 156:119–32.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lindsberg PJ, Carpen O, Paetau A, et al. (1996). Endothelial ICAM-1 expression associated with inflammatory cell response in human ischemic stroke. Circulation, 94:939–45.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Liu M, Counsell C, Zhao XL, et al. (2003). Fibrinogen depleting agents for acute ischaemic stroke. Cochrane Database Syst Rev:CD000091.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lo EH, Dalkara T & Moskowitz MA. (2003). Mechanisms, challenges and opportunities in stroke. Nature Rev Neurosci, 4:399–415.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lodder J, Luijckx G, van Raak L, et al. (2000). Diazepam treatment to increase the cerebral GABAergic activity in acute stroke: a feasibility study in 104 patients. Cerebrovasc Dis, 10:437–40.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Love S. (1999a). Oxidative stress in brain ischemia. Brain Pathol, 9:119–31.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Love S. (1999b). Perspective on the potential of sCR1sLex for the treatment of ischemic strokes. Curr Practice Med, 2:221–4.

    Google Scholar 

  • Love S. (2003). Apoptosis and brain ischaemia. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry, 5801:1–16.

    Google Scholar 

  • Love S & Barber R. (2001). Expression of P-selectin and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 in human brain after focal infarction or cardiac arrest. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol, 27:465–73.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Love S, Barber R & Wilcock GK. (1998). Apoptosis and expression of DNA repair proteins in ischaemic brain injury in man. Neuroreport, 9:955–9.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Love S, Barber R & Wilcock GK. (1999). Neuronal accumulation of poly(ADP-ribose) after brain ischaemia. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol, 25:98–103.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Love S, Barber R & Wilcock GK. (2000). Neuronal death in brain infarcts in man. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol, 26:55–66.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Maier CM, Ahem Kv B, Cheng ML, et al. (1998). Optimal depth and duration of mild hypothermia in a focal model of transient cerebral ischemia: Effects on neurologic outcome, infarct size, apoptosis, and inflammation. Stroke, 29:2171–80.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Markgraf CG, Velayo NL, Johnson MP, et al. (1998). Six-hour window of opportunity for calpain inhibition in focal cerebral ischemia in rats. Stroke, 29:152–8.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Marshall JW, Cummings RM, Bowes LJ, et al. (2003a). Functional and histological evidence for the protective effect of NXY-059 in a primate model of stroke when given 4 hours after occlusion. Stroke, 34:2228–33.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Marshall JW, Duffin KJ, Green AR, et al. (2001). NXY-059, a free radical-trapping agent, substantially lessens the functional disability resulting from cerebral ischemia in a primate species. Stroke, 32:190–8.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Marshall JW, Green AR & Ridley RM. (2003b). Comparison of the neuroprotective effect of clomethiazole, AR-R15896AR and NXY-059 in a primate model of stroke using histological and behavioural measures. Brain Research, 972:119–26.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Martin-Villalba A, Hahne M, Kleber S, et al. (2001). Therapeutic neutralization of CD95-ligand and TNF attenuates brain damage in stroke. Cell Death Differ, 8:679–86.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Miyazaki H, Okuma Y, Fujii Y, et al. (1999). Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor protects against delayed neuronal death after transient forebrain ischemia in rats. Neuroscience, 89:643–7.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mocco J, Choudhri T, Huang J, et al. (2002). HuEP5C7 as a humanized monoclonal anti-E/P-selectin neurovascular protective strategy in a blinded placebo-controlled trial of nonhuman primate stroke. Circ Res, 91:907–14.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Moroni F, Meli E, Peruginelli F, et al. (2001). Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitors attenuate necrotic but not apoptotic neuronal death in experimental models of cerebral ischemia. Cell Death Differ, 8:921–32.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Morris DC, Silver B, Mitsias P, et al. (2003). Treatment of acute stroke with recombinant tissue plasminogen activator and abciximab. Acad Emerg Med, 10:1396–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Muir KW. (2002). Magnesium in stroke treatment. Postgrad Med J, 78:641–5.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Muir KW & Lees KR. (2003). Excitatory amino acid antagonists for acute stroke. Cochrane Database Syst Rev:CD001244.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mulcahy NJ, Ross J, Rothwell NJ, et al. (2003). Delayed administration of interleukin-1 receptor antagonist protects against transient cerebral ischaemia in the rat. Br J Pharmacol, 140:471–6.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Newcomb-Fernandez JK, Zhao X, Pike BR, et al. (2001). Concurrent assessment of calpain and caspase-3 activation after oxygen-glucose deprivation in primary septo-hippocampal cultures. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab, 21:1281–94.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nicotera P, Leist M, Fava E, et al. (2000). Energy requirement for caspase activation and neuronal cell death. Brain Pathol, 10:276–82.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ogawa A, Yoshimoto T, Kikuchi H, et al. (1999). Ebselen in acute middle cerebral artery occlusion: a placebo-controlled, double-blind clinical trial. Cerebrovasc Dis, 9:112–8.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • OntAniente B, Couriaud C, Braudeau J, et al. (2003). The mechanisms of cell death in focal cerebral ischemia highlight neuroprotective perspectives by anti-caspase therapy. Biochem Pharmacol, 66:1643–9.

    Google Scholar 

  • Osuga H, Osuga S, Wang F, et al. (2000). Cyclin-dependent kinases as a therapeutic target for stroke. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 97:10254–9.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Park DS, Obeidat A, Giovanni A, et al. (2000). Cell cycle regulators in neuronal death evoked by excitotoxic stress: implications for neurodegeneration and its treatment. Neurobiol Aging, 21:771–81.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Prakasa Babu P, Yoshida Y, Su M, et al. (2000). Immunohistochemical expression of Bcl-2, Bax and cytochrome c following focal cerebral ischemia and effect of hypothermia in rat. Neurosci Lett, 291:196–200.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rabuffetti M, Sciorati C, Tarozzo G, et al. (2000). Inhibition of caspase-1-like activity by Ac-Tyr-Val-Ala-Asp-chloromethyl ketone induces long-lasting neuroprotection in cerebral ischemia through apoptosis reduction and decrease of proinflammatory cytokines. J Neurosci, 20:4398–404.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rami A, Agarwal R, Botez G, et al. (2000). mu-Calpain activation, DNA fragmentation, and synergistic effects of caspase and calpain inhibitors in protecting hippocampal neurons from ischemic damage. Brain Res, 866:299–312.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Richter C & Ghafourifar P. (1999). Ceramide induces cytochrome c release from isolated mitochondria. Biochem Soc Symp, 66:27–31.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rordorf G, Uemura Y & Bonventre JV. (1991). Characterization of phospholipase A2 (PLA2) activity in gerbil brain: enhanced activities of cytosolic, mitochondrial, and microsomal forms after ischemia and reperfusion. J Neurosci, 11:1829–36.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rosamond WD, Folsom AR, Chambless LE, et al. (1999). Stroke incidence and survival among middle-aged adults: 9-year follow-up of the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) cohort. Stroke, 30:736–43.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sacco RL, DeRosa JT, Haley EC, Jr., et al. (2001). Glycine antagonist in neuroprotection for patients with acute stroke: GAIN Americas: a randomized controlled trial. Jama, 285:1719–28.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sareen D. (2002). Neuroprotective agents in acute ischemic stroke. J Assoc Physicians India, 50:250–8.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schoepfer R, Monyer H, Sommer B, et al. (1994). Molecular biology of glutamate receptors. Prog Neurobiol, 42:353–7.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schulz JB, Weller M & Moskowitz MA. (1999). Caspases as treatment targets in stroke and neurodegenerative diseases. Ann Neurol, 45:421–9.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Scott JF, Robinson GM, French JM, et al. (1999). Glucose potassium insulin infusions in the treatment of acute stroke patients with mild to moderate hyperglycemia: the Glucose Insulin in Stroke Trial (GIST). Stroke, 30:793–9.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Scott JF, Robinson GM, French JM, et al. (2001). Blood pressure response to glucose potassium insulin therapy in patients with acute stroke with mild to moderate hyperglycaemia. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry, 70:401–4.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Seitz RJ, Hamzavi M, Junghans U, et al. (2003). Thrombolysis with recombinant tissue plasminogen activator and tirofiban in stroke: preliminary observations. Stroke, 34:1932–5.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sherman DG. (2004). Antithrombotic and hypofibrinogenetic therapy in acute ischemic stroke: what is the next step? Cerebrovasc Dis, 1:138–43.

    Google Scholar 

  • Silver IA. (1976). Tissue responses to hypoxia, shock and stroke. Adv Exp Med Biol, 75:325–33.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Silver IA & Erecinska M. (1992). Ion homeostasis in rat brain in vivo: intra-and extracellular [Ca2+] and [H+] in the hippocampus during recovery from short-term, transient ischemia. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab, 12:759–72.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Siren AL, Fratelli M, Brines M, et al. (2001). Erythropoietin prevents neuronal apoptosis after cerebral ischemia and metabolic stress. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 98:4044–9.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Skaper SD. (2003). Poly(ADP-Ribose) polymerase-1 in acute neuronal death and inflammation: a strategy for neuroprotection. Ann N Y Acad Sci, 993:217–28.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sydserff SG, Borelli AR, Green AR, et al. (2002). Effect of NXY-059 on infarct volume after transient or permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion in the rat; studies on dose, plasma concentration and therapeutic time window. Br J Pharmacol, 135:103–12.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Szabo C. (1996). DNA strand breakage and activation of poly-ADP ribosyltransferase: a cytotoxic pathway triggered by peroxynitrite. Free Radic Biol Med, 21:855–69.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tagami M, Ikeda K, Nara Y, et al. (1997). Insulin-like growth factor-1 attenuates apoptosis in hippocampal neurons caused by cerebral ischemia and reperfusion in stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats. Lab Invest, 76:613–18.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Takamatsu H, Tsukada H, Noda A, et al. (2001). FK506 attenuates early ischemic neuronal death in a monkey model of stroke. J Nucl Med, 42:1833–40.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tamatani M, Ogawa S & Tohyama M. (1998). Roles of Bcl-2 and caspases in hypoxia-induced neuronal cell death: A possible neuroprotective mechanism of peptide growth factors. Molec Brain Res, 58:27–39.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tateishi N, Mori T, Kagamiishi Y, et al. (2002). Astrocytic activation and delayed infarct expansion after permanent focal ischemia in rats. Part II: suppression of astrocytic activation by a novel agent (R)-(−)-2-propyloctanoic acid (ONO-2506) leads to mitigation of delayed infarct expansion and early improvement of neurologic deficits. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab, 22:723–34.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Thorvaldsen P, Asplund K, Kuulasmaa K, et al. (1995). Stroke Incidence, Case Fatality, and Mortality in the WHO MONICA Project. Stroke, 26:361–7.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tiainen M, Roine RO, Pettila V, et al. (2003). Serum neuron-specific enolase and S-100B protein in cardiac arrest patients treated with hypothermia. Stroke, 34:2881–6

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tikka TM & Koistinaho JE. (2001). Minocycline provides neuroprotection against N-methyl-D-aspartate neurotoxicity by inhibiting microglia. J Immunol, 166:7527–33.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tontchev AB & Yamashima T. (1999). Ischemic delayed neuronal death: Role of the cysteine proteases calpain and cathepsins. Neuropathology, 19:356–65.

    Google Scholar 

  • Umemura A, Mabe H, Nagai H, et al. (1992). Action of phospholipases A2 and C on free fatty acid release during complete ischemia in rat neocortex. Effect of phospholipase C inhibitor and N-methyl-D-aspartate antagonist. J Neurosurg, 76:648–51.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vexler ZS, Roberts TPL, Bollen AW, et al. (1997). Transient cerebral ischemia. Association of apoptosis induction with hypoperfusion. J Clin Invest, 99:1453–9.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Villa P, Bigini P, Mennini T, et al. (2003). Erythropoietin selectively attenuates cytokine production and inflammation in cerebral ischemia by targeting neuronal apoptosis. J Exp Med, 198:971–5.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wang DZ, Wang H, Lanzino G, et al. (2003). The American Stroke Association 28th International Stroke Conference: Phoenix, Arizona, http://www.strokeconference.org/sc_incIudes/pdfs/CTP3.pdf.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wang KK, Nath R, Posner A, et al. (1996). An alpha-mercaptoacrylic acid derivative is a selective nonpeptide cell-permeable calpain inhibitor and is neuroprotective. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 93:6687–92.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wardlaw JM, Zoppo G, Yamaguchi T, et al. (2003). Thrombolysis for acute ischaemic stroke. Cochrane Database Syst Rev:CD000213.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weber UJ, Olsen TS, Indredavik B, et al. (2003). The American Stroke Association 28th International Stroke Conference: Phoenix, Arizona, http://www.strokeconference.org/sc_includes/pdfs/CTP8.pdf.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weishaupt JH, Neusch C & Bahr M. (2003). Cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (CDK5) and neuronal cell death. Cell Tiss Res, 312:1–8.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wisden W & Seeburg PH. (1993). Mammalian ionotropic glutamate receptors. Curr Opin Neurobiol, 3:291–8.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wolf PA & D’Agostino RB. (1993). Secular trends in stroke in the Framingham Study. Ann Epidemiol, 3:471–5.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wolf PA, D’Agostino RB, O’Neal MA, et al. (1992). Secular trends in stroke incidence and mortality. The Framingham Study. Stroke, 23:1551–5.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wyllie AH, Beattie GJ & Hargreaves AD. (1981). Chromatin changes in apoptosis. Histochem J, 13:681–92.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yamaguchi T, Sano K, Takakura K, et al. (1998). Ebselen in acute ischemic stroke: a placebo-controlled, double-blind clinical trial. Ebselen Study Group. Stroke, 29:12–7.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yamashima T. (2000). Implication of cysteine proteases calpain, cathepsin and caspase in ischemic neuronal death of primates. Prog Neurobiol, 62:273–95.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yang J & Adams JD. (2004). Nicotinamide and its pharmacological properties for clinical therapy. Drug Design Rev-Online, 1:43–52.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yenari MA, Zhao H, Giffard RG, et al. (2003). Gene therapy and hypothermia for stroke treatment. Ann NY Acad Sci, 993:54–68; discussion 79–81.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yoshimoto T, Kanakaraj P, Ying Ma J, et al. (2002a). NXY-059 maintains Akt activation and inhibits release of cytochrome C after focal cerebral ischemia. Brain Res, 947:191–8.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yoshimoto T, Kristian T, Hu B, et al. (2002b). Effect of NXY-059 on secondary mitochondrial dysfunction after transient focal ischemia; comparison with cyclosporin A. Brain Res, 932:99–109.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yrjanheikki J, Keinanen R, Pellikka M, et al. (1998). Tetracyclines inhibit microglial activation and are neuroprotective in global brain ischemia. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 95:15769–74.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang L, Zhang ZG, Zhang R, et al. (2003). Adjuvant treatment with a glycoprotein Ilb/IIIa receptor inhibitor increases the therapeutic window for low-dose tissue plasminogen activator administration in a rat model of embolic stroke. Circulation, 107:2837–43.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang Z, Sobel RA, Cheng D, et al. (2001). Mild hypothermia increases Bcl-2 protein expression following global cerebral ischemia. Molec Brain Res, 95:75–85.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhao H, Yenari MA, Cheng D, et al. (2003). Bcl-2 overexpression protects against neuron loss within the ischemic margin following experimental stroke and inhibits cytochrome c translocation and caspase-3 activity. J Neurochem, 85:1026–36.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhao Z, Cheng M, Maples KR, et al. (2001). NXY-059, a novel free radical trapping compound, reduces cortical infarction after permanent focal cerebral ischemia in the rat. Brain Res, 909:46–50.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Neuropathology, Institute of Clinical Neurosciences, Frenchay Hospital, BS16 1LE, Bristol, UK

    Seth Love

Authors
  1. Seth Love
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Manitoba Institute of Cell Biology, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada

    Marek Los  & Spencer B. Gibson  & 

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2005 Springer

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Love, S. (2005). Therapeutic Inhibition of Apoptosis Caused by Stroke. In: Los, M., Gibson, S.B. (eds) Apoptotic Pathways as Targets for Novel Therapies in Cancer and Other Diseases. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/0-387-23695-3_10

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation