Skip to main content

Immunopathology in Experimental Schistosomiasis

  • Chapter
Schistosomiasis

Part of the book series: World Class Parasites ((WCPA,volume 10))

  • 921 Accesses

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Pearce, E. J., and A. S. MacDonald. 2002. The immunobiology of schistosomiasis. Nat Rev Immunol 2:499.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Grzych, J. M., E. J. Pearce, A. Cheever, Z. A. Caulada, P. Caspar, S. Heiny, F. Lewis, and A. Sher. 1991. Egg deposition is the major stimulus for the production of Th2 cytokines in murine schistosomiasis mansoni. J.Immunol. 146:1322.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Wynn, T. A., I. Eltoum, I. P. Oswald, A. W. Cheever, and A. Sher. 1994. Endogenous interleukin 12 (IL-12) regulates granuloma formation induced by eggs of Schistosoma mansoni and exogenous IL-12 both inhibits and prophylactically immunizes against egg pathology. J Exp Med 179:1551.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Wynn, T. A., A. W. Cheever, D. Jankovic, R. W. Poindexter, P. Caspar, F. A. Lewis, and A. Sher. 1995. An IL-12-based vaccination method for preventing fibrosis induced by schistosome infection. Nature 376:594.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Hoffmann, K. F., P. Caspar, A. W. Cheever, and T. A. Wynn. 1998. IFN-γ, and TNF-αare required to maintain reduced liver pathology in mice vaccinated with Schistosoma mansoni eggs and IL-12. J. Immunol. 161:4201.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Boros, D. L., and J. R. Whitfield. 1999. Enhanced Th1 and dampened Th2 responses synergize to inhibit acute granulomatous and fibrotic responses in murine schistosomiasis mansoni. Infect Immun 67:1187.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Hoffmann, K. F., T. A. Wynn, and D. W. Dunne. 2002. Cytokine-mediated host responses during schistosome infections; walking the fine line between immunological control and immunopathology. Adv Parasitol 52:265.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Fallon, P. G. 2000. Immunopathology of schistosomiasis: a cautionary tale of mice and men. Immunol Today 21:29.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Wynn, T. A., D. Jankovic, S. Hieny, K. Zioncheck, P. Jardieu, A. W. Cheever, and A. Sher. 1995. IL-12 exacerbates rather than suppresses T helper 2-dependent pathology in the absence of endogenous IFN-gamma. J Immunol 154:3999.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Yap, G., A. Cheever, P. Caspar, D. Jankovic, and A. Sher. 1997. Unimpaired downmodulation of the hepatic granulomatous response in CD8 T-cell-and gamma interferondeficient mice chronically infected with Schistosoma mansoni. Infect Immun 65:2583.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Kaplan, M. H., J. R. Whitfield, D. L. Boros, and M. J. Grusby. 1998. Th2 cells are required for the Schistosoma mansoni egg-induced granulomatous response. J Immunol 160:1850.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Szabo, S. J., B. M. Sullivan, S. L. Peng, and L. H. Glimcher. 2003. Molecular mechanisms regulating Th1 immune responses. Annu Rev Immunol 21:713.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Pearce, E. J., A. La Flamme, E. Sabin, and L. R. Brunet. 1998. The initiation and function of Th2 responses during infection with Schistosoma mansoni. Adv Exp Med Biol 452:67.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Coffman, R. L., and T. von der Weid. 1997. Multiple pathways for the initiation of T helper 2 (Th2) responses. J Exp Med 185:373.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Jankovic, D., M. C. Kullberg, N. Noben-Trauth, P. Caspar, W. E. Paul, and A. Sher. 2000. Single cell analysis reveals that IL-4 receptor/Stat6 signaling is not required for the in vivo or in vitro development of CD4+ lymphocytes with a Th2 cytokine profile. J Immunol 164:3047.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. MacDonald, A. S., A. D. Straw, N. M. Dalton, and E. J. Pearce. 2002. Cutting edge: Th2 response induction by dendritic cells: a role for CD40. J Immunol 168:537.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Hoffmann, K. F., A. W. Cheever, and T. A. Wynn. 2000. IL-10 and the dangers of immune polarization: excessive type 1 and type 2 cytokine responses induce distinct forms of lethal immunopathology in murine schistosomiasis. J. Immunol. 164:6406.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Hesse, M., C. A. Piccirillo, Y. Belkaid, J. Prufer, M. Mentink-Kane, M. Leusink, A. W. Cheever, E. M. Shevach, and T. A. Wynn. 2004. The pathogenesis of schistosomiasis is controlled by cooperating IL-10-producing innate effector and regulatory T cells. J. Immunol 172:00.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Hiatt, R. A., Z. R. Sotomayor, G. Sanchez, M. Zambrana, and W. B. Knight. 1979. Factors in the pathogenesis of acute schistosomiasis mansoni. J Infect Dis 139:659.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Hiatt, R. A., E. A. Ottesen, Z. R. Sotomayor, and T. J. Lawley. 1980. Serial observations of circulating immune complexes in patients with acute schistosomiasis. J Infect Dis 142:665.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. de Jesus, A. R., A. Silva, L. B. Santana, A. Magalhaes, A. A. de Jesus, R. P. de Almeida, M. A. Rego, M. N. Burattini, E. J. Pearce, and E. M. Carvalho. 2002. Clinical and immunologic evaluation of 31 patients with acute schistosomiasis mansoni. J Infect Dis 185:98.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Dunne, D. W., F. M. Jones, and M. J. Doenhoff. 1991. The purification, characterization, serological activity and hepatotoxic properties of two cationic glycoproteins (alpha 1 and omega 1) from Schistosoma mansoni eggs. Parasitology 103 Pt 2:225.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Cheever, A. W., J. A. Lenzi, H. L. Lenzi, and Z. A. Andrade. 2002. Experimental models of Schistosoma mansoni infection. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 97:917.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Cheever, A. W., K. F. Hoffmann, and T. A. Wynn. 2000. Immunopathology of schistosomiasis mansoni in mice and men. Immunol Today 21:465.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Kanamura, H. Y., K. Hancock, V. Rodrigues, and R. T. Damian. 2002. Schistosoma mansoni heat shock protein 70 elicits an early humoral immune response in S. mansoni infected baboons. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 97:711.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Sadun, E. H., F. von Lichtenberg, A. W. Cheever, and D. G. Erickson. 1970. Schistosomiasis mansoni in the chimpanzee. The natural history of chronic infections after single and multiple exposures. Am J Trop Med Hyg 19:258.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Brunet, L. R., F. D. Finkelman, A. W. Cheever, M. A. Kopf, and E. J. Pearce. 1997. IL-4 protects against TNF-alpha-mediated cachexia and death during acute schistosomiasis. J Immunol 159:777.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Fallon, P. G., E. J. Richardson, G. J. McKenzie, and A. N. McKenzie. 2000. Schistosome infection of transgenic mice defines distinct and contrasting pathogenic roles for IL-4 and IL-13: IL-13 is a profibrotic agent. J. Immunol. 164:2585.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. La Flamme, A. C., E. A. Patton, B. Bauman, and E. J. Pearce. 2001. IL-4 plays a crucial role in regulating oxidative damage in the liver during schistosomiasis. J Immunol 166:1903.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. La Flamme, A. C., E. A. Patton, and E. J. Pearce. 2001. Role of gamma interferon in the pathogenesis of severe schistosomiasis in interleukin-4-deficient mice. Infect Immun 69:7445.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Patton, E. A., L. R. Brunet, A. C. La Flamme, J. Pedras-Vasconcelos, M. Kopf, and E. J. Pearce. 2001. Severe schistosomiasis in the absence of interleukin-4 (IL-4) is IL-12 independent. Infect Immun 69:589.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Metwali, A., D. Elliott, A. M. Blum, J. Li, M. Sandor, R. Lynch, N. Noben-Trauth, and J. V. Weinstock. 1996. The granulomatous response in murine schistosomiasis mansoni does not switch to Th1 in IL-4-deficient C57BL/6 mice. J Immunol 157:4546.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Pearce, E. J., A. Cheever, S. Leonard, M. Covalesky, R. Fernandez-Botran, G. Kohler, and M. Kopf. 1996. Schistosoma mansoni in IL-4-deficient mice. Int Immunol 8:435.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Wynn, T. A., A. W. Cheever, M. E. Williams, S. Hieny, P. Caspar, R. Kühn, W. Müller, and A. Sher. 1998. IL-10 regulates liver pathology in acute murine schistosomiasis mansoni but is not required for immune down-modulation of chronic disease. J Immunol 160:5000.

    Google Scholar 

  35. Hoffmann, K. F., T. C. McCarty, D. H. Segal, M. Chiaramonte, M. Hesse, E. M. Davis, A. W. Cheever, P. S. Meltzer, H. C. Morse, 3rd, and T. A. Wynn. 2001. Disease fingerprinting with cDNA microarrays reveals distinct gene expression profiles in lethal type 1 and type 2 cytokine-mediated inflammatory reactions. Faseb J 15:2545.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Brunet, L. R., M. Beall, D. W. Dunne, and E. J. Pearce. 1999. Nitric oxide and the Th2 response combine to prevent severe hepatic damage during Schistosoma mansoni infection. J Immunol 163:4976.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Gryseels, B., and S. J. de Vlas. 1996. Worm burdens in schistosome infections. Parasitology Today 12:115.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Mwinzi, P. N., D. M. Karanja, D. G. Colley, A. S. Orago, and W. E. Secor. 2001. Cellular immune responses of schistosomiasis patients are altered by human immunodeficiency virus type 1 coinfection. J Infect Dis 184:488.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Cheever, A. W., and Z. A. Andrade. 1967. Pathological lesions associated with Schistosoma mansoni infection in man. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 61:626.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Booth, M., J. K. Mwatha, S. Joseph, F. M. Jones, H. Kadzo, E. Ireri, F. Kazibwe, J. Kemijumbi, C. Kariuki, G. Kimani, J. H. Ouma, N. B. Kabatereine, B. J. Vennervald, and D. W. Dunne. 2004. Periportal fibrosis in human Schistosoma mansoni infection is associated with low IL-10, low IFN-gamma, high TNF-alpha, or low RANTES, depending on age and gender. J Immunol 172:1295.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Henri, S., C. Chevillard, A. Mergani, P. Paris, J. Gaudart, C. Camilla, H. Dessein, F. Montero, N. E. Elwali, O. K. Saeed, M. Magzoub, and A. J. Dessein. 2002. Cytokine Regulation of Periportal Fibrosis in Humans Infected with Schistosoma mansoni: IFNgamma Is Associated with Protection Against Fibrosis and TNF-alpha with Aggravation of Disease. J Immunol 169:929.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Mwatha, J. K., G. Kimani, T. Kamau, G. G. Mbugua, J. H. Ouma, J. Mumo, A. J. Fulford, F. M. Jones, A. E. Butterworth, M. B. Roberts, and D. W. Dunne. 1998. High levels of TNF, soluble TNF receptors, soluble ICAM-1, and IFN-gamma, but low levels of IL-5, are associated with hepatosplenic disease in human schistosomiasis mansoni. J Immunol 160:1992.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Chiaramonte, M. G., D. D. Donaldson, A. W. Cheever, and T. A. Wynn. 1999. An IL-13 inhibitor blocks the development of hepatic fibrosis during a T-helper type 2-dominated inflammatory response. J Clin Invest 104:777.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Oriente, A., N. S. Fedarko, S. E. Pacocha, S. K. Huang, L. M. Lichtenstein, and D. M. Essayan. 2000. Interleukin-13 modulates collagen homeostasis in human skin and keloid fibroblasts. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 292:988.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Wynn, T. A. 2003. IL-13 effector functions. Annu Rev Immunol 21:425.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Vaillant, B., M. G. Chiaramonte, A. W. Cheever, P. D. Soloway, and T. A. Wynn. 2001. Regulation of hepatic fibrosis and extracellular matrix genes by the Th response: New insight into the role of tissue inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinases. J. Immunol 157:00.

    Google Scholar 

  47. Chiaramonte, M. G., A. W. Cheever, J. D. Malley, D. D. Donaldson, and T. A. Wynn. 2001. Studies of murine schistosomiasis reveal interleukin-13 blockade as a treatment for established and progressive liver fibrosis. Hepatology 34:273.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Stadecker, M. J., J. K. Kamisato, and S. M. Chikunguwo. 1990. Induction of T helper cell unresponsiveness to antigen by macrophages from schistosomal egg granulomas. A basis for immunomodulation in schistosomiasis? J Immunol 145:2697.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Flores Villanueva, P. O., T. S. Harris, D. E. Ricklan, and M. J. Stadecker. 1994. Macrophages from schistosomal egg granulomas induce unresponsiveness in specific cloned Th-1 lymphocytes in vitro and down-regulate schistosomal granulomatous disease in vivo. J Immunol 152:1847.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Flores Villanueva, P. O., H. Reiser, and M. J. Stadecker. 1994. Regulation of T helper cell responses in experimental murine schistosomiasis by IL-10. Effect on expression of B7 and B7-2 costimulatory molecules by macrophages. J Immunol 153:5190.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Sher, A., D. Fiorentino, P. Caspar, E. Pearce, and T. Mosmann. 1991. Production of IL-10 by T lymphocytes correlates with down-regulation of Th1 cytokine synthesis in helminth infection. J.Immunol. 147:2713.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Stadecker, M. J. 1999. The regulatory role of the antigen-presenting cell in the development of hepatic immunopathology during infection with Schistosoma mansoni. Pathobiology 67:269.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Bosshardt, S. C., G. L. Freeman, Jr., W. E. Secor, and D. G. Colley. 1997. IL-10 deficit correlates with chronic, hypersplenomegaly syndrome in male CBA/J mice infected with Schistosoma mansoni. Parasite Immunol 19:347.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Estaquier, J., M. Marguerite, F. Sahuc, N. Bessis, C. Auriault, and J. C. Ameisen. 1997. Interleukin-10-mediated T cell apoptosis during the T helper type 2 cytokine response in murine Schistosoma mansoni parasite infection. Eur Cytokine Netw 8:153.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Sadler, C. H., L. I. Rutitzky, M. J. Stadecker, and R. A. Wilson. 2003. IL-10 is crucial for the transition from acute to chronic disease state during infection of mice with Schistosoma mansoni. Eur J Immunol 33:880.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Henderson, G. S., N. A. Nix, M. A. Montesano, D. Gold, G. L. Freeman, Jr., T. L. McCurley, and D. G. Colley. 1993. Two distinct pathological syndromes in male CBA/J inbred mice with chronic Schistosoma mansoni infections. Am J Pathol 142:703.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Montesano, M. A., G. L. Freeman, Jr., W. E. Secor, and D. G. Colley. 1997. Immunoregulatory idiotypes stimulate T helper 1 cytokine responses in experimental Schistosoma mansoni infections. J Immunol 158:3800.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Montesano, M. A., D. G. Colley, S. Eloi-Santos, G. L. Freeman, Jr., and W. E. Secor. 1999. Neonatal idiotypic exposure alters subsequent cytokine, pathology, and survival patterns in experimental Schistosoma mansoni infections. J Exp Med 189:637.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Montesano, M. A., D. G. Colley, M. T. Willard, G. L. Freeman, Jr., and W. E. Secor. 2002. Idiotypes Expressed Early in Experimental Schistosoma mansoni Infections Predict Clinical Outcomes of Chronic Disease. J Exp Med 195:1223.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Cheever, A. W., J. E. Byram, S. Hieny, F. von Lichtenberg, M. N. Lunde, and A. Sher. 1985. Immunopathology of Schistosoma japonicum and S. mansoni infection in B cell depleted mice. Parasite Immunol 7:399.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Jankovic, D., A. W. Cheever, M. C. Kullberg, T. A. Wynn, G. Yap, P. Caspar, F. A. Lewis, R. Clynes, J. V. Ravetch, and A. Sher. 1998. CD4+ T cell-mediated granulomatous pathology in schistosomiasis is downregulated by a B cell-dependent mechanism requiring Fc receptor signaling. J Exp Med 187:619.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Hernandez, H. J., Y. Wang, and M. J. Stadecker. 1997. In infection with Schistosoma mansoni, B cells are required for T helper type 2 cell responses but not for granuloma formation. J Immunol 158:4832.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Lundy, S. K., S. P. Lerman, and D. L. Boros. 2001. Soluble egg antigen-stimulated T helper lymphocyte apoptosis and evidence for cell death mediated by FasL(+) T and B cells during murine Schistosoma mansoni infection. Infect Immun 69:271.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Lundy, S. K., and D. L. Boros. 2002. Fas ligand-expressing B-1a lymphocytes mediate CD4(+)-T-cell apoptosis during schistosomal infection: induction by interleukin 4 (IL-4) and IL-10. Infect Immun 70:812.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Rutitzky, L. I., G. A. Mirkin, and M. J. Stadecker. 2003. Apoptosis by neglect of CD4+ Th cells in granulomas: a novel effector mechanism involved in the control of egg-induced immunopathology in murine schistosomiasis. J Immunol 171:1859.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Wood, N., M. J. Whitters, B. A. Jacobson, J. Witek, J. P. Sypek, M. Kasaian, M. J. Eppihimer, M. Unger, T. Tanaka, S. J. Goldman, M. Collins, D. D. Donaldson, and M. J. Grusby. 2003. Enhanced interleukin (IL)-13 responses in mice lacking IL-13 receptor alpha 2. J Exp Med 197:703.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Chiaramonte, M. G., M. Mentink-Kane, B. A. Jacobson, A. W. Cheever, M. J. Whitters, M. E. Goad, A. Wong, M. Collins, D. D. Donaldson, M. J. Grusby, and T. A. Wynn. 2003. Regulation and function of the interleukin 13 receptor alpha 2 during a T helper cell type 2-dominant immune response. J Exp Med 197:687.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Mentink-Kane, M. M., A. W. Cheever, R. W. Thompson, D. M. Hari, N. B. Kabatereine, B. J. Vennervald, J. H. Ouma, J. K. Mwatha, F. M. Jones, D. D. Donaldson, M. J. Grusby, D. W. Dunne, and T. A. Wynn. 2004. IL-13 receptor alpha 2 down-modulates granulomatous inflammation and prolongs host survival in schistosomiasis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 101:586.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Hesse, M., A. W. Cheever, D. Jankovic, and T. A. Wynn. 2000. NOS-2 mediates the protective anti-inflammatory and antifibrotic effects of the Th1-inducing adjuvant, IL-12, in a Th2 model of granulomatous disease. Am J Pathol 157:945.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Hesse, M., M. Modolell, A. C. La Flamme, M. Schito, J. M. Fuentes, A. W. Cheever, E. J. Pearce, and T. A. Wynn. 2001. Differential Regulation of Nitric Oxide Synthase-2 and Arginase-1 by Type 1/Type 2 Cytokines In Vivo: Granulomatous Pathology Is Shaped by the Pattern of L-Arginine Metabolism. J Immunol 167:6533.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Modolell, M., I. M. Corraliza, F. Link, G. Soler, and K. Eichmann. 1995. Reciprocal regulation of the nitric oxide synthase/arginase balance in mouse bone marrow-derived macrophages by TH1 and TH2 cytokines. Eur J Immunol 25:1101.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Gordon, S. 2003. Alternative activation of macrophages. Nat Rev Immunol 3:23.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Dessein, A. J., D. Hillaire, N. E. Elwali, S. Marquet, Q. Mohamed-Ali, A. Mirghani, S. Henri, A. A. Abdelhameed, O. K. Saeed, M. M. Magzoub, and L. Abel. 1999. Severe hepatic fibrosis in Schistosoma mansoni infection is controlled by a major locus that is closely linked to the interferon-gamma receptor gene. Am J Hum Genet 65:709.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. van der Pouw Kraan, T. C., A. van Veen, L. C. Boeije, S. A. van Tuyl, E. R. de Groot, S. O. Stapel, A. Bakker, C. L. Verweij, L. A. Aarden, and J. S. van der Zee. 1999. An IL-13 promoter polymorphism associated with increased risk of allergic asthma. Genes Immun 1:61.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Ahmed, S., K. Ihara, Y. Sasaki, F. Nakao, S. Nishima, T. Fujino, and T. Hara. 2000. Novel polymorphism in the coding region of the IL-13 receptor alpha’ gene: association study with atopic asthma in the Japanese population. Exp Clin Immunogenet 17:18.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2005 Springer Science + Business Media, Inc.

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Thomas, W.A., Allen, C.W., Mallika, K., Robert, T.W., Margaret, MK.M., Matthias, H. (2005). Immunopathology in Experimental Schistosomiasis. In: Secor, W.E., Colley, D.G. (eds) Schistosomiasis. World Class Parasites, vol 10. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/0-387-23362-8_9

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics