This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Agatsuma, T., Iwagami, M., Liu, C.X., Rajapakse, R.P.V.J., Mondal, M.M.H., Kitikoon, V., Ambu, S. Agatsuma, Y., Blair, D., Higuchi, T., 2002, Affinities between Asian non-human Schistosoma species, the S. indicum group, and the African human schistosomes, J. Helminthol. 76:7–19.
Agatsuma, T., Iwagami, M., Liu, C.X., Saitoh, Y., Kawanaka, M., Upatham, S., Qui, D. and Higuchi, T., 2001, Molecular phylogenetic position of Schistosoma sinensium in the genus Schistosoma, J. Helminthol. 75:215–221.
Attwood, S.W., Upatham, E.S., Meng, X.H., Qiu, D.C., Southgate, V.R., 2002, The phylogeography of Asian Schistosoma (Trematoda: Schistosomatidae), Parasitology 125: 99–112.
Barker, S.C., and Blair, D., 1996, Molecular phylogeny of Schistosoma species support traditional groupings within the genus, J. Parasitol. 82:292–298.
Blair, D., Davis, G.M., and Wu, B., 2001, Evolutionary relationships between trematodes and snails emphasizing schistosomes and paragonimids, Parasitology 123:S229–S243.
Brooks, D.R., O’Grady, R.T., and Glen, D.R., 1985, Phylogenetic analysis of the Digenea (Platyhelminthes, Cercomeria) with comments on their adaptive radiation, Can. J. Zool. 63:411–443.
Carmichael, A.C., 1984, Phylogeny and historical biogeography of the Schistosomatidae. Ph.D. Dissertation, Michigan State University, pp 224.
Chitsulo, L., Engels, D., Montresor, A., and Savioli, L., 2000, The global status of schistosomiasis and its control, Acta Tropica 77: 41–51.
Combes, C., 1990, Where do human schistosomes come from? An evolutionary approach. Trends Ecol. Evol. 5:334–337.
Combes, C., and Jourdane, J., 1991, Immunodeficieincies in humans — a possible cause of hybridizations and gene introgressions in bisexual parasites, Acta Oecologica — Int. J. Ecol. 12:829–830.
Cribb, T.H., Bray, R.A., Olson, P.D., and Littlewood, D.T.J., 2003, Life cycle evolution in the Digenea: a new perspective from phylogeny, Adv. Parasitol. (in press).
Davis, G.M., 1980, Snail hosts of Asian Schistosoma infecting man: Evolution and coevolution, in: The Mekong Schistosome, J. Bruce, and S. Sornmani, eds., Malacological Review, Michigan, USA, pp. 195–238.
Davis, G.M., 1992, Evolution of Prosobranch snails transmitting Asian Schistosoma; coevolution with Schistosoma: A review, Prog. Clin. Parasitol. 3:145–204.
DeBont, J., and Vercruysse, J., 1998, Schistosomiasis in cattle, Adv. Parasitol. 41:285–364.
DeJong, R.J., Morgan, J.A.T., Paraense, W.L., Pointier, J-P., Amarista, M., Ayeh-Kumi. P.F.K., Babiker, A., Barbosa, C.S., Bremond, P., Canese, A.P., de Souza, C.P., Dominguez, C., File, S., Gutierrez, A., Incani, R.N., Kawano, T., Kazibwe, F., Kpikpi, J., Lwambo, N.J.S., Mimpfoundi, R., Poda, J-N., Sene, M., Velasquez, L.E., Yong, M., Adema, C.M., Hofkin, B.V., Mkoji, G.M. and Loker, E.S., 2001, Evolutionary relationships and biogeography of Biomphalaria (Gastropoda: Planorbidae) with implications regarding its role as host of the human bloodfluke, Schistosoma mansoni. Mol. Biol. Evol. 18:2225–2239.
Després, L., Kruger, F. J., Imbert-Establet, D., and Adamson, M. L., 1995, ITS2 ribosomal RNA indicates Schistosoma hippopotami is a distinct species, Int. J. Parasitol. 25:1509–1514.
Hirai, H., Taguchi, T., Saitoh, Y., Kawanaka, M., Sugiyama, H, Habe, S., Okamoto, M., Hirata, M., Shimada, M., Tiu, W.U., Lai, K., Upatham, E.S. and Agatsuma, T., 2000, Chromosomal differentiation of the Schistosoma japonicum complex, Int. J. Parasitol. 30: 441–452.
Le, T.H., Humair, P.F., Blair, D., Agatsuma, T., Littlewood, D.T.J. and McManus, D.P., 2001, Mitochondrial gene content, arrangement and composition compared in African and Asian schistosomes, Mol. Biochem. Parasitol. 117: 61–71.
Lockyer, A. E., Olson, P. D., Østergaard, P., Rollinson, D., Johnston, D. A., Attwood, S. W., Southgate V. R., Horak, P., Snyder, S. D., Le, T. H., Agatsuma, T., McManus, D. P., Carmichael, A. C., Naem, S., and Littlewood, D. T. J., 2003, The phylogeny of the Schistosomatidae based on three genes with emphasis on the interrelationships of Schistosoma Weinland, 1858, Parasitology 126:203–224.
McCully, R., Niekerk, J., and Kruger, S., 1967, Observations on the pathology of bilharziasis and other parasitic infestations of Hippopotamus amphibius Linnaeus, 1758, from the Kruger National Park, Onderstepoort J. Vet. Res. 34: 563–618.
McLaren, D.J., and Hockley, D.J., 1977, Blood flukes have a double outer membrane, Nature 269:147–149.
Morgan, J.A.T., DeJong, R.J., Jung, Y., Khallaayoune, K., Kock, S., Mkoji, G.M., and Loker, E.S., 2002, A phylogeny of planorbid snails, with implications for the evolution of Schistosoma parasites, Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 25:477–488.
Morgan, J.A.T., DeJong, R.J., Kazibwe, F., Mkoji, G.M. and Loker, E.S., 2003, A new lineage of Schistosoma. Int. J. Parasitol. 33:977–985.
Morgan, J.A.T., DeJong, R.J., Snyder, S.D., Mkoji, G.M. and Loker, E.S. 2001. Schistosoma mansoni and Biomphalaria: past history and future trends. Parasitology 123: S211–S228.
Olson, P.D., Cribb, T.H., Tkach, V.V., Bray, R.A., and Littlewood, D.T.J., 2003, Phylogeny and classification of the Digenea (Platyhelminthes:Trematoda), Int. J. Parasitol. (in press).
Platt, T.R., Blair, D., Purdie, J., and Melville, L., 1991, Griphobilharzia amoena n. gen, n. sp. (Digenea, Schistosomatidae), a parasite of the freshwater crocodile Crocodylus johnstoni (Reptilia, Crocodylia) from Australia, with the erection of a new subfamily, Griphobilharziinae, J. Parasitol. 77:65–68.
Platt, T.R., and Brooks, D.R., 1997, Evolution of the schistosomes (Digenea: Schistosomatoidea): The origin of dioecy and colonization of the venous system. J. Parasitol. 83:1035–1044.
Snyder, S. D., and Loker, E. S., 2000, Evolutionary relationships among the Schistosomatidae (Platyhelminthes: Digenea) and an Asian origin for Schistosoma, J. Parasitol. 86:283–288.
Ulmer, M.J., and Vande Vusse, F.J., 1970, Morphology of Dendritobilharzia pulverulenta (Braun, 1901) with notes on secondary hermaphroditism in males, J. Parasitol. 56:67–74.
Zhang, G.J., Verneau, O., Qiu, C.P., Jourdane, J., and Xia, M.Y., 2001, An African or Asian evolutionary origin for human schistosomes? C. R. Acad. Sci. III 324:1001–1010.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2005 Springer Science + Business Media, Inc.
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Loker, E.S., Mkoji, G.M. (2005). Schistosomes and Their Snail Hosts. In: Secor, W.E., Colley, D.G. (eds) Schistosomiasis. World Class Parasites, vol 10. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/0-387-23362-8_1
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/0-387-23362-8_1
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-0-387-23277-5
Online ISBN: 978-0-387-23362-8
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)