Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in
SpringerLink
Log in

Nanostructures for Spin Electronics

  • Chapter
Advanced Magnetic Nanostructures

Abstract

This chapter covers recent advances in spin electronic devices. Several topics will be addressed, starting with two terminal, metallic devices, from read head stacks for advanced magnetic data storage, where current in plane spin valve technology is reaching its limits in device performance (at 100–120 Gbit/in2) and may be soon replaced by tunnel junction readers, and later by current perpendicular to the plane spin valves, to MRAMs, where new switching mechanisms will be discussed including spin transfer and thermally assisted switching, and finally field sensors, including recent applications to magnetoresistive biochips. New hybrid three terminal semiconductor-ferromagnetic devices are then discussed where polarized electrons are injected from a ferromagnet into a semiconductor. Examples are hot-electron devices such as the spin-valve transistor with a metallic GMR base, and magnetic tunnel transistors and devices where spin dependent transport in a semiconductor is analyzed, such as spin LEDs.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. B. Dieny, V. S. Speriosu, S. S. Parkin, B. A. Gurney, D. R. Wilhoit, and D. Mauri, Phys. Rev. B 43, 1297 (1991).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  2. D. E. Heim, R. E. Fontana, C. Tsang, V. S. Speriosu, B. A. Gurney, and M. L. Williams, IEEE Trans. Magn. 30, 316 (1994).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  3. P. P. Freitas, J. L. Leal, L. V. Melo, N. J. Oliveira, L. Rodrigues, and A. T. Sousa, Appl. Phys. Lett. 65, 493 (1994).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  4. C. Tsang, R. E. Fontana, T. Lin, D. E. Heim, V. S. Speriosu, B. A. Gurney, and M. L. Williams, IEEE Trans. Magn. 30, 3801 (1994).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  5. B. Dieny, “Spin Valves”, in Magnetoelectronics, Ed. M. Johnson, Elsevier Academic Press, 2004.

    Google Scholar 

  6. M. Baibich, J. M. Broto, A. Fert, Van Dau Nguyen, F. Petroff, P. Etienne, G. Creuzet, A. Friederich, and J. Chazelas, Phys. Rev. Lett. 61, 2472 (1988).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  7. M. Lederman, IEEE Trans. Magn. 35, 794 (1999).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  8. B. Dieny, J. Phys. Condens. Matter. 4, 8009 (1992).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  9. S. A. Parkin, Phys. Rev. Lett. 71,1641(1993).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  10. Ch.-L. Lee, A. J. Devasahayam, Chih-Ching Hu, Yingbo Zhang, and Ming Mao, J. C. S. Kools, K. Rook, IEEE Trans. Magn. 40, 2209 (2004).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  11. Y. Kamiguchi, H. Yuasa, H. Fukuzawa, K. Koui, H. Iwasaki, and M. Sahashi, Digest DB-01, presented at INTERMAG 1999, Korea.

    Google Scholar 

  12. H. Sakakima, M. Satomi, Y. Sugita, and Y. Kawawake, J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 210, L20 (2000).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  13. A. Veloso, P. P. Freitas, P. Wei, N. P. Barradas, J. C. Soares, B. Almeida, J. B. Sousa, Appl. Phys. Lett. 77, 1020 (2000).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  14. S. Cardoso, Zhongzi Zhang, Haohua Li, R. Ferreira, P. P. Freitas, Peng Wei, J. C. Soares, E. Snoeck, X. Battle, IEEE Trans. Magn. 38, 2755 (2002).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  15. Y. M. Huai, Z. T. Diao, and J. Zhang, IEEE Trans.Magn. 38, 20 (2002).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  16. N. Hasegawa, F. Koile, K. Ikarashi, M. Ishizone, M. Lawamura, Y. Nakazawa, and A. Takahashi, J. Appl. Phys. 91, 8774 (2002).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  17. W. F. Egelhoff, T. Ha, R. D. K. Misra, Y. Kadmon, J. Nir, J. C Powell, M. D. Stiles, R McMichael, C. L. Lin, J. M. Silversten, J. H. Judy, K. Takano, A. E. Berkowitz, T. C. Anthony, and J. A. Brugg, J. Appl. Phys. 78, 273 (1995).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  18. A. Veloso, N. J. Oliveira, and P. P. Freitas, IEEE Trans. Magn. 34, 2343 (1998).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  19. J. C. S. Kools, Th. G. S. M. Rijks, A. E. M. de Veirman, and R. Coehoorn, IEEE Trans. Magn. 31, 3918 (1995).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  20. L. Néel, C. R. Acad. Sci. 255, 1545 (1962).

    Google Scholar 

  21. P. Bruno and C. Chappert, Phys. Rev. Lett. 67, 1602 (1991)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  22. G. B. Albuquerque and P. P. Freitas, Physica B233, 294 (1997).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  23. K. R. Coffey, B. A. Gurney, D. E. Heim, H. Lefakis, D. Mauri, V. S. Speriosu, and D. R. Wilhoit, U.S.Patent No. 5 583 725, 10 December 1996.

    Google Scholar 

  24. H. van den Berg, W. Clemens, G. Gieres, G. Rupp, W. Schelter, and M. Vieth, IEEE Trans. Magn. 32, 4624 (1996).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  25. J. G. Zhu, IEEE Trans. Magn. 35, 655 (1999).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  26. J. L. Leal and M. Kryder, IEEE Trans. Magn. 35, 800 (1999).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  27. M. Rickart, A. Guedes, B. Negulescu, P. P. Freitas, J. Ventura, J. B. Sousa, P. Diaz, M. MacKenzie, and J. N. Chapman, Eur. Phys. Journ. B, in press.

    Google Scholar 

  28. A. Veloso and P. P. Freitas, J. Appl. Phys. 87, 5744 (2000).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  29. A. Veloso, R. H. Dee, and P. P. Freitas, IEEE Trans. Magn. 38, 1928 (2002).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  30. H. N. Bertram, IEEE Trans. Magn. 31, 2573 (1995).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  31. C. D. Mee and E. D. Daniel, in “Magnetic Recording Technology”, McGraw-Hill, New York 1995, pp.6.45–6.48.

    Google Scholar 

  32. J. Hong, J. Hashimoto, M. Yamagishi, K. Noma, and H. Kanai, IEEE Trans. Magn. 38, 15 (2002).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  33. J. Moodera, J. Nassar, and G. Mathon, Annu. Rev. Mater. Sci. 29, 381 (1999).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  34. M. Julliere, Phys. Lett. 54A, 225 (1975).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  35. S. S. Parkin, K. P. Roche, M. G. Sammant, P. M. Rice, R. B. Beyers, R. E. Scheurlein, E. J. O’Sullivan, S. L. Brown, J. Bucchiganno, D. W. Abraham, Y. Lu, M. Rooks, P. L. Trouiloud, R. A. Wanner, and W. J. Gallagher, J. Appl. Phys. 85, 5828 (1999).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  36. R. C. Sousa, J. J. Sun, V. Soares, P. P. Freitas, A. Kling, M. F. daSilva, and J. C. Soares, Appl. Phys. Lett. 73, 3288 (1998).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  37. S. Cardoso, V. Gehanno, R. Ferreira, and P. P. Freitas, IEEE Trans. Magn. 35, 2952 (1999).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  38. Z.-Zh. Zhang, S. Cardoso, P. P. Freitas, X. Battle, P. Wei, N. Barradas, and J. C. Soares, J. Appl. Phys. 89, 6665 (2001).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  39. D. Wang, C. Nordman, J. M. Daughton, Z. Qian, and J. Fink, IEEE Trans. Magn. 40, 2269 (2004).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  40. S. Yuasa, T. Nagahama, A. Fukushima, Y. Suzuki, and K. Ando, Nature Mater. 3, 868 (2004).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  41. S. S. Parkin, C. Kaiser, A. Panchula, P. M. Rice, B. Hughes, M. Samant, and S.-H. Tang, Nature Mater. 3, 862 (2004).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  42. J.-G. Wang, P. P. Freitas, and E. Snoeck, Appl. Phys. Lett. 79, 4553 (2001).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  43. Zh.-G. Zhang, P. P. Freitas, A. R. Ramos, N. P. Barradas, and J. C. Soares, Appl. Phys. Lett. 79, 2219 (2001).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  44. Zh.-G. Zhang, P. P. Freitas, A. R. Ramos, N. P. Barradas, and J. C. Soares, J. Appl. Phys. 91, 8786 (2002).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  45. J.-G. Wang, P. P. Freitas, E. Snoeck, X. Battle, and J. Quadra, IEEE Trans. Magn. 38, 2703 (2002).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  46. R. Ferreira, P. P. Freitas, M. MacKenzie, and J. Chapman, J. Appl. Phys. 97, 10C903 (2005).

    Google Scholar 

  47. J. J. Ruigrok, R. Coehoorn, S. R. Cumpson, and H. van Kesteren, J. Appl. Phys. 87, 5398 (2000).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  48. J. J. Sun, K. Shimazawa, N. Kasahara, K. Sato, S. Saruki, T. Kagami, O. Redon, S. Araki, H. Morita, and N. Marsuzaki, Appl. Phys. Lett. 76, 2424 (2000).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  49. P. P. Freitas, S. Cardoso, R. Sousa, Wanjun Ku, R. Ferreira, V. Chu, J. P. Conde, IEEE Trans. Magn. 36, 2796 (2000).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  50. S. Araki, K. Sato, T. Kagami, S. Saruki, T. Uesugi, N. Kasahara, T. Kuwashima, N. Ohta, Jijun Sun, K. Nagai, Sh.-X. Li, N. Hashisuka, H. Hatate, T. Kagonati, N. Takahasi, K. Ueda, and M. Matsuzaki, IEEE Trans. Magn. 38, 72 (2002).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  51. S.-N. Mao, J. Nowak, D. Song, P. Kolbo, Lei Wang, E. Linville, D. Saunders, E. Murdock, and P. Ryan, IEEE Trans.Magn. 38, 78 (2002).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  52. M. Mackenzie, J. N. Chapman, H.-H. Li, R. Ferreira, P. P. Freitas, Eur. Phys. Journ. B, in press.

    Google Scholar 

  53. B. Oliver, G. Turtle, Q. He, X.-F. Tang, and J. Nowak, J. Appl. Phys. 95, 1315 (2004).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  54. K. B. Klaassen, X.-Zh. Xing, and J. C. L. van Peppen, IEEE Trans.Magn. 40, 195 (2004).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  55. N. Smith and P. Arnett, Appl.Phys.Lett. 78, 1448 (2001).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  56. J. C. Jury, K. B. Klaassen, J. C. L. van Peppen, and S. X. Wang. IEEE Trans. Magn. 38, 3545 (2002).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  57. M. Mallary, A. Torabi, and M. Benakli, IEEE Trans.Magn. 38, 1719 (2002).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  58. A. Vedyayev, M. Chshiev, N. Ryzhanova, B. Dieny, C. Cowache, F. Brouers, J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 172, 53 (1997).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  59. W. P. Pratt, Jr., S.-F. Lee, J. M. Slaughter, R. Loloee, P. A. Schroeder, and J. Bass, Phys. Rev. Lett. 66, 3060 (1991).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  60. T. Valet and A. Fert, Phys. Rev. B 48, 7099 (1993).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  61. A. Tanaka, Y. Shimizu, Y. Seyama, K. Nagasaka, R. Kondo, H. Oshima, Sh. Eguchi, and Hitoshi Kanai, IEEE Trans. Magn. 38, 84 (2002).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  62. H. Oshima, K. Nagasaka, Y. Seyama, A. Jogo, Y. Shimizu, A. Tanaka, and Y. Miura, IEEE Trans. Magn. 39, 2377 (2003).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  63. H.-H. Li, R. Ferreira, P. P. Freitas, M. MacKenzie, J. N. Chapman, PhD Thesis, Institute Superior Tecnico, Lisbon, 2005.

    Google Scholar 

  64. H. Fukuzawa, H. Yuasa, S. Hashimoto, K. Koi, H. Iwasaki, M. Takagashi, Y. Tanaka, and M. Sahashi, IEEE Trans. Magn. 40, 2236 (2004).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  65. X.-Ch. Zhu, J.-G.. Zhu, and R. M. White, J. Appl. Phys. 95, 6630 (2004).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  66. L. Berger, Phys. Rev. B 54, 9353 (1996)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  67. J. C. Slonczewski, J.Magn.Magn.Mater. 159, L1 (1996)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  68. K. J. Lee, Y. Liu, A. Deac, M. Li, J. W. Chang, S. Liao, K. Ju, O. Redon, J. P. Nozieres, and B. Dieny, IEEE Trans. Magn., in press.

    Google Scholar 

  69. G. Grynkewich, J. Akerman, P. Brown, B. Butcher, R. W. Dave, M. DeHerrera, M. Durlam, B. N. Engel, J. Janesky, S. Pietambaram, N. D. Rizzo, J. M. Slaughter, K. Smith, J. J. Sun, and S. Tehrani, MRS Bulletin 29, 818 (2004).

    Google Scholar 

  70. H. Goronkin and Y. Yang, MRS Bulletin 29, 805 (2004).

    Google Scholar 

  71. E. C. Stoner and E. P. Wohlfarth, Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. A240, 599 (1948).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  72. J. Ackerman, M. DeHerrera, M. Durlam, B. Engel, J. Janesky, F. Mancoff, J. Slaughter, and S. Tehrani, “Magnetoelectronics” in Magnetic Tunnel Junction Based Magnetoresistive Random Access Memory”, Ed. M. Johnson, Elsevier Academic Press, 2004.

    Google Scholar 

  73. H. W. Schumacher, C. Chappert, R. C. Sousa, and P. P. Freitas, Appl. Phys. Lett. 83, 2205 (2003).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  74. H. W. Schumacher, C. Chappert, P. Crozat, R. C. Sousa, and P. P. Freitas, Appl. Phys. Lett. 80, 3781 (2002).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  75. M. Durlam, P. Naji, A. Omair, M. DeHerrera, J. Calder, J. M. Slaughter, B. Engel, N. Rizzo, G. Grynkewich, B. Butcher, C. Tracy, K. Smith, K. Kyler, J. Ren, J. Molla, B. Feil, R. Williams, and S. Tehrani, IEEE 2002 Symp. VLSI Circuits 12.4, 158 (2002).

    Google Scholar 

  76. W. J. Gallagher, S. S. Parkin, Y. Lu, X. P. Bian, A. Marley, R. A Altman, S. A. Rishton, K. P. Roche, C. Jahnes, T. M. Shaw, and G. Xiao, J. Appl. Phys. 81, 3741 (1997).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  77. J. Shi, S. Tehrani, M. R. Scheinfein, Appl. Phys. Lett. 76, 2588 (2000).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  78. E. Chen, S. Tehrani, M. Durlam, and T. Zhu, US Patent 5659499, Aug. 1997.

    Google Scholar 

  79. L. Savtcenko, B. N. Engel, N. D. Rizzo, M. F. DeHerrera, and J. Janesky, U.S. Patent No. 6,545,906 (April 8, 2003).

    Google Scholar 

  80. R. C. Sousa, Zh.-Zh. Zhang, and P. P. Freitas, J. Appl. Phys. 91, 7700 (2002).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  81. J.-G. Zhu, IEEE Trans.Magn. 35, 655 (1999).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  82. B. N. Engel, J. Akerman, B. Butcher, R. W. Dave, M. DeHerrera, M. Durlam, G. Grinkewich, J. Janesky, S. V. Pietambaram, N. D. Rizzo, J. M. Slaughter, K. Smith, J. J. Sun, and S. Tehrani, IEEE Trans.Magn. 41, 132 (2005).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  83. J. Janesky, N. D. Rizzo, B. N. Engel, and S. Tehrani, Appl. Phys. Lett. 85, 2289 (2004).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  84. K. Inomata, N. Koike, T. Nozaki, S. Abe, and N. Tezuka, Appl. Phys. Lett. 82, 2667 (2003).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  85. R. S. Beech, J. A. Anderson, A. V. Pohm, and J. M. Daughton, J. Appl. Phys. 87, 6403 (2000).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  86. J. M. Daughton and A. V. Pohm, US Patent 6,535,416 Bl (2003).

    Google Scholar 

  87. J. M. Daughton and A. V. Pohm, J. Appl. Phys. 93, 7304 (2003).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  88. J.-G. Wang and P. P. Freitas, Appl. Phys. Lett. 84, 945 (2004).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  89. R. C. Sousa, I. L. Prejbeanu, D. Stanescu, B. Rodmacq, O. Redon, and B. Dieny, J.-G. Wang, and P. P. Freitas, J. Appl. Phys. 95, 6783 (2004).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  90. M. Kerekes, R. C. Sousa, I. L. Prejbeanu, O. Redon, U. Ebels, C. Baraduc, B. Dieny, J.-P. Nozières, P. P. Freitas, P. Xavier, J. Appl. Phys. 97, 10P501 (2005).

    Google Scholar 

  91. Y. Huai, F. Albert, P. Nguyen, M. Pakala, and T. Valet, Appl. Phys. Lett. 84, 3118 (2004).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  92. G. D. Fuchs, N. C. Embley, I. N. Krivorotov, M. P. Bragança, E. M. Ryan, S. I. Kiselev, J. C. Sankey, D. C. Ralph, R. A. Buhrmam, and J. A. Katine, Appl. Phys. Lett. 85, 1205 (2004).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  93. J.-G. Wang, C. Boubeta, and P. P. Freitas, unpublished

    Google Scholar 

  94. Yaowen Liu, Zongzhi Zhang, Jianguo Wang, P. P. Freitas, J. L. Martins, J. Appl. Phys. 93, 8385 (2003).

    Google Scholar 

  95. A. Deac, O. Redon, R. C. Sousa, B. Dieny, and J. P. Nozières, Z. Zhang, Y. Liu, and P. P. Freitas, J. Appl. Phys. 95, 6792 (2004).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  96. Y.-W. Liu, Zh,-Zh. Zhang, and P.P. Freitas, IEEE Trans. Magn., 39, 2833 (2003).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  97. D. R. Baselt, G. U. Lee, M. Natesan, S. W. Metzger, P. E. Sheehan, and R. J. Colton, Biosens. Bioelectron 13, 731 (1998).

    Google Scholar 

  98. R. L. Edelstein, C. R. Tamanaha, P. E. Sheehan, M. M. Miller, D. R. Baselt, L. J. Whitman, and R. J. Colton, Biosens. Bioelectron. 14, 805 (2000).

    Google Scholar 

  99. M. M. Miller, P. E. Sheehan, R. L. Edelstein, C. R. Tamanaha, L. Zhong, S. Bounnak, L. J. Whitman, and R. J. Colton, J. Magn. Magn. Mater., 225, 138 (2001).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  100. J. C. Rife, M. M. Miller, P. E. Sheehan, C. R. Tamanaha, M. Tondra, and L. J. Whitman, Sens. Actuators A 107, 209 (2003).

    Google Scholar 

  101. J. Schotter, P. B. Kamp, A. Becker, A. Puhler, D. Brinkmann, W. Schepper, H. Bruckl, and G. Reiss, IEEE Trans. Magn. 38, 3365 (2002).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  102. J. Schotter, P. B. Kamp, A. Becker, A. Puhler, G. Reiss, and H. Bruckl, Biosens. Bioelectron. 19, 1149 (2004).

    Google Scholar 

  103. D. L. Graham, H. Ferreira, J. Bernardo, P. P. Freitas, and J. M. S. Cabral, J. Appl. Phys. 91, 7786 (2002).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  104. L. Lagae, R. Wirix-Speetjens, J. Das, D. Graham, H. Ferreira, P. P. Freitas, G. Borghs, and J. D. Boeck, J. Appl. Phys. 91, 7445 (2002).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  105. G. Li, V. Joshi, R. L. White, S. X. Wang, J. T. Kemp, C. Webb, R. W. Davis, and S. Sun, J. Appl. Phys. 93, 7557 (2003).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  106. G. Li, S. X. Wang, and S. Sun, IEEE Trans. Magn. 40, 3000 (2004).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  107. A. Anguelouch, D. H. Reich, C. L. Chien, and M. Tondra, IEEE Trans. Magn. 40, 2997 (2004).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  108. H. A. Ferreira, D. L. Graham, N. Feliciano, L. A. Clarke, M. D. Amaral, and P. P. Freitas, IEEE Trans. Magn. (in press).

    Google Scholar 

  109. M. M. Miller, G. A. Prinz, S. F. Cheng, and S. Bounnak, Appl. Phys. Lett. 81, 2211 (2002).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  110. L. Ejsing, M. F. Hansen, A. K. Menon, H. A. Ferreira, D. L. Graham, and P. P. Freitas, Appl. Phys. Lett. 84, 4729 (2004).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  111. Y. Huai, F. Albert, P. Nguyen, M. Pakala, and T. Valet, Appl. Phys. Lett. 84, 3118 (2004).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  112. G. D. Fuchs, N. C. Embley, I. N. Krivorotov, M. P. Bragança, E. M. Ryan, S. I. Kiselev, J. C. Sankey, D. C. Ralph, R. A. Buhrmam, and J. A. Katine, Appl. Phys. Lett. 85, 1205 (2004).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  113. J.-G. Wang, C. Boubeta, and P. P. Freitas, unpublished

    Google Scholar 

  114. Yaowen Liu, Zongzhi Zhang, Jianguo Wang, P. P. Freitas, J. L. Martins, J. Appl. Phys. 93, 8385 (2003).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  115. A. Deac, O. Redon, R. C. Sousa, B. Dieny, and J. P. Nozières, Z. Zhang, Y. Liu, and P. P. Freitas, J. Appl. Phys. 95, 6792 (2004).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  116. Y.-W. Liu, Zh,-Zh. Zhang, and P.P. Freitas, IEEE Trans. Magn., 39, 2833 (2003).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  117. D. R. Baselt, G. U. Lee, M. Natesan, S. W. Metzger, P. E. Sheehan, and R. J. Colton, Biosens. Bioelectron 13, 731 (1998).

    Google Scholar 

  118. R. L. Edelstein, C. R. Tamanaha, P. E. Sheehan, M. M. Miller, D. R. Baselt, L. J. Whitman, and R. J. Colton, Biosens. Bioelectron. 14, 805 (2000).

    Google Scholar 

  119. M. M. Miller, P. E. Sheehan, R. L. Edelstein, C. R. Tamanaha, L. Zhong, S. Bounnak, L. J. Whitman, and R. J. Colton, J. Magn. Magn. Mater., 225, 138 (2001).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  120. J. C. Rife, M. M. Miller, P. E. Sheehan, C. R. Tamanaha, M. Tondra, and L. J. Whitman, Sens. Actuators A 107, 209 (2003).

    Google Scholar 

  121. J. Schotter, P. B. Kamp, A. Becker, A. Puhler, D. Brinkmann, W. Schepper, H. Bruckl, and G. Reiss, IEEE Trans. Magn. 38, 3365 (2002).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  122. J. Schotter, P. B. Kamp, A. Becker, A. Puhler, G. Reiss, and H. Bruckl, Biosens. Bioelectron. 19, 1149 (2004).

    Google Scholar 

  123. D. L. Graham, H. Ferreira, J. Bernardo, P. P. Freitas, and J. M. S. Cabral, J. Appl. Phys. 91, 7786 (2002).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  124. L. Lagae, R. Wirix-Speetjens, J. Das, D. Graham, H. Ferreira, P. P. Freitas, G. Borghs, and J. D. Boeck, J. Appl. Phys. 91, 7445 (2002).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  125. G. Li, V. Joshi, R. L. White, S. X. Wang, J. T. Kemp, C. Webb, R. W. Davis, and S. Sun, J. Appl. Phys. 93, 7557 (2003).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  126. G. Li, S. X. Wang, and S. Sun, IEEE Trans. Magn. 40, 3000 (2004).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  127. A. Anguelouch, D. H. Reich, C. L. Chien, and M. Tondra, IEEE Trans. Magn. 40, 2997 (2004).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  128. H. A. Ferreira, D. L. Graham, N. Feliciano, L. A. Clarke, M. D. Amaral, and P. P. Freitas, IEEE Trans. Magn. (in press).

    Google Scholar 

  129. M. M. Miller, G. A. Prinz, S. F. Cheng, and S. Bounnak, Appl. Phys. Lett. 81, 2211 (2002).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  130. L. Ejsing, M. F. Hansen, A. K. Menon, H. A. Ferreira, D. L. Graham, and P. P. Freitas, Appl. Phys. Lett. 84, 4729 (2004).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  131. L. Ejsing, M. F. Hansen, A. K. Menon, H. A. Ferreira, D. L. Graham, and P. P. Freitas, J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 293, 677 (2005).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  132. W. Shen, X. Liu, D. Mazumdar, and G. Xiao, in Proceedings, 49th Annual Conference on Magnetism and Magnetic Materials (Jacksonville, Florida, USA, 2004).

    Google Scholar 

  133. D. L. Graham, H. A. Ferreira, N. Feliciano, P. P. Freitas, L. A. Clarke, and M. D. Amaral, Sens. Actuators B (in press).

    Google Scholar 

  134. P. P. Freitas, H. A. Ferreira, D. L. Graham, L. A. Clarke, M. D. Amaral, V. Martins, L. Fonseca, and J. S. Cabral, “Magnetoresistive DNA Chips”, in “Magnetoelectronics”, Ed. M. Johnson, Academic Press, New York 2004, p. 331–373.

    Google Scholar 

  135. D. L. Graham, H. A. Ferreira, and P. P. Freitas, Trends Biotechnol. 22, 455 (2004).

    Google Scholar 

  136. D. L. Graham, H. A. Ferreira, N. Feliciano, P. P. Freitas, and P. Galvin, patent pending.

    Google Scholar 

  137. T. Deng, G. M. Whitesides, M. Radhakrishnan, G. Zabow, and M. Prentiss, Appl. Phys. Lett. 78, 1775 (2001).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  138. C. S. Lee, H. Lee, and R. M. Westervelt, Appl. Phys. Lett. 79, 3308 (2001).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  139. R. Wirix-Speetjens and J. D. Boeck, IEEE Trans. Magn. 40, 1944 (2004).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  140. M. Brzeska, M. Panhorst, P. B. Kamp, J. Schotter, G. Reiss, A. Puhler, A. Becker, and H. Bruckl, J. Biotechnol. 112, 25 (2004).

    Google Scholar 

  141. M. Tondra, M. Porter, and R. J. Lipert, J. Vac. Sci. Technol. 18, 1125 (2000).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  142. B. Raquet, in “Spin Electronics”, Eds. M. Ziese and M. J. Thornton, Springer, Berlin 2001, p. 232.

    Google Scholar 

  143. E. R. Nowak, M. B. Weissman, and S. S. P. Parkin, Appl. Phys. Lett. 74, 600 (1999).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  144. D. L. Graham, H. A. Ferreira, P. P. Freitas, and J. M. S. Cabral, Biosens. Bioelectron. 18, 483 (2003).

    Google Scholar 

  145. H. A. Ferreira, D. L. Graham, P. P. Freitas, and J. M. S. Cabral, J. Appl. Phys. 93, 7281 (2003).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  146. V. Martins, L. P. Fonseca, H. A. Ferreira, D. L. Graham, P. P. Freitas, and J. M. S. Cabral, (unpublished).

    Google Scholar 

  147. A. Clarke, C. Braz, and M. D. Amaral, Pediatric Pulmonol. 38, 219 (2004).

    Google Scholar 

  148. D. J. Monsma, J. C. Lodder, T. J. A. Popma, and B. Dieny, Phys. Rev. Lett. 74, 5260 (1995).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  149. D. J. Monsma, R. Vlutters, and J. C. Lodder, Science 281, 407 (1998).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  150. K. Mizushima, T. Kinno, T. Yamauchi, and K. Tanaka, IEEE Trans. Magn. 33, 3500 (1997).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  151. K. Mizushima, T. Kinno, K. Tanaka, and T. Yamauchi, Phys. Rev. B 58, 4660 (1998).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  152. R. Sato and K. Mizushima, Appl. Phys. Lett. 79, 1157 (2001).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  153. S. van Dijken, X. Jiang, and S. S. P. Parkin, Appl. Phys. Lett. 80, 3364 (2002).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  154. D. P. Pappas, K. P. Kämper, B. P. Miller, H. Hopster, D. E. Fowler, C. R. Brundle, A C. Luntz, and Z. X. Shen, Phys. Rev. Lett. 66, 504 (1991).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  155. G. Schönhense and H. C. Siegmann, Ann. Phys. (Leipzig) 2, 465 (1993).

    Google Scholar 

  156. M. Getzlaff, J. Bansmann, and G. Schonhense, Solid State Commun. 87, 467 (1993).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  157. J. C. Gröbli, D. Oberli, and F. Meier, Phys. Rev. B 52, R13095 (1995).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  158. E. Vescovo, C. Carbone, U. Alkemper, O. Rader, T. Kachel, W. Gudat, and W. Eberhardt, Phys. Rev. B 52, 13497 (1995).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  159. H. J. Drouhin, A. J. v. d. Sluijs, Y. Lassailly, and G. Lampel, J. Appl. Phys. 79, 4734 (1996).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  160. M. Aeschlimann, M. Bauer, S. Pawlik, W. Weber, R. Burgermeister, D. Oberli, and H. C. Siegmann, Phys. Rev. Lett. 79, 5158 (1997).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  161. A. Filipe, H.-J. Drouhin, G. Lampel, Y. Lassailly, J. Nagle, J. Peretti, V. I. Safarov, and A. Schuhl, Phys. Rev. Lett. 80, 2425 (1998).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  162. D. Oberli, R. Burgermeister, S. Riesen, W. Weber, and H. C. Siegmann, Phys. Rev. Lett. 81, 4228 (1998).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  163. R. Knorren, K. H. Bennemann, R. Burgermeister, and M. Aeschlimann, Phys. Rev. B 61, 9427 (2000).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  164. W. H. Rippard and R. A. Buhrman, Phys. Rev. Lett. 84, 971 (2000).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  165. W. Weber, S. Riesen, and H. C. Siegmann, Science 291, 1015 (2001).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  166. R. Vlutters, R. Jansen, O. M. J. van’ t Erve, S. D. Kim, and J. C. Lodder, J. Appl. Phys. 89, 7305 (2001).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  167. R. Vlutters, O. M. J. van’ t Erve, S. D. Kim, R. Jansen, and J. C. Lodder, Phys. Rev. Lett. 88, 027202 (2002).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  168. S. van Dijken, X. Jiang, and S. S. P. Parkin, Phys. Rev. B 66, 094417 (2002).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  169. S. van Dijken, X. Jiang, and S. S. P. Parkin, Appl. Phys. Lett. 83, 951 (2003).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  170. D. J. Monsma and S. S. P. Parkin, Appl. Phys. Lett. 77, 720 (2000).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  171. P. S. Anil Kumar, R. Jansen, O. M. J. van’ t Erve, R. Vlutters, P. de Haan, and J. C. Lodder, J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 214, L1 (2000).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  172. R. Jansen, P. S. Anil Kumar, O. M. J. van’ t Erve, R. Vlutters, P. de Haan, and J. C. Lodder, Phys. Rev. Lett. 85, 3277 (2000).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  173. S. van Dijken, X. Jiang, and S. S. P. Parkin, Phys. Rev. Lett. 90, 197203 (2003).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  174. X. Jiang, S. van Dijken, and S. S. P. Parkin, Phys. Rev. B 69, 014413 (2004).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  175. S. van Dijken, X. Jiang, and S. S. P. Parkin, Appl. Phys. Lett. 82, 775 (2003).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  176. R. Jansen, H. Gokcan, O. M. J. van’ t Erve, F. M. Postma, and J. C. Lodder, J. Appl. Phys. Lett. 95, 6927 (2004).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  177. O. M. J. van’ t Erve, R. Vlutters, P. S. A. Kumar, S. D. Kim, F. M. Postma, R. Jansen, and J. C. Lodder, Appl. Phys. Lett. 80, 3787 (2002).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  178. O. M. J. van’ t Erve, Ph.D. Thesis, University of Twente, The Netherlands (2002).

    Google Scholar 

  179. S. van Dijken, X. Jinag, and S. S. P. Parkin, submitted to J. Appl. Phys.

    Google Scholar 

  180. I. Appelbaum, K. J. Russell, D. J. Monsma, V. Narayanamurti, C. M. Marcus, M. P. Hanson, and A. C. Gossard, Appl. Phys. Lett. 83, 4571 (2003).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  181. V. Ya. Kravchenko and E. I. Rashba, Phys. Rev. B 67, 121310 (2003).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  182. E. I. Rashba, Phys. Rev. B 68, 241310 (2003).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  183. G. Schmidt, D. Ferrand, L. W. Molenkamp, A. T. Filip, and B. J. van Wees, Phys. Rev. B 62, R4790 (2000).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  184. X. Jiang, R. Wang, S. van Dijken, R. Shelby, R. Macfarlane, G. S. Solomon, J. Harris, and S. S. P. Parkin, Phys. Rev. Lett. 90, 256603 (2003).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  185. F. Meier and B. P. Zakharchenya, “Optical Orientation”, North-Holland, New York 1984.

    Google Scholar 

  186. C. Weisbuch and B. Vinter, “Quantum Semiconductor Structures: Fundamentals and Applications”, Academic, New York 1991.

    Google Scholar 

  187. J. F. Gregg, W. D. Allen, N. Viart, R. Kirschman, C. Sirisathitkul, J-P. Schille, M. Gester, S. M. Thompson, P. Sparks, V. da Costa, K. Ounadjela, M. Skvarla, J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 175, 1 (1997).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  188. J. F. Gregg and P. D. Sparks, British Patent Application No 9608716.8

    Google Scholar 

  189. J. M. Kikkawa and D. D. Awschalom, Nature 397, 139 (1999)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  190. M. Oestreich, J. Hubner, D. Hagele, P. J. Klar, W. Heimbrodt, W. W. Ruhle, D. E. Ashenford, and B. Lunn, Appl. Phys. Lett. 74, 1251 (1999).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  191. R. Fiederling, M. Keim, G. Reuscher, W. Ossau, G. Schmidt, A. Waag, and L. W. Molenkamp, Nature 402, 787 (1999).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  192. Y. Ohno, D. K. Young, B. Beschoten, F. Matsukura, H. Ohno, and D. D. Awschalom, Nature 402, 790 (1999).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  193. B. T. Jonker, Y. D. Park, B. R. Bennett, H. D. Cheong, G. Kioseoglou, and A. Petrou, Phys. Rev. B 62, 8180 (2000).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  194. G. Schmidt D. Ferrand, L. W. Molenkamp, A. T. Filip, and B. J. van Wees, Phys. Rev. B 62, 4790 (2000).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  195. R. P. Borges, C. Dennis, J. F. Gregg, E. Jouguelet, K. Ounadjela, I. Petej, S. M. Thompson, and M. J. Thornton, J. Phys. D 35, 186 (2002).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  196. E. I. Rashba, Phys. Rev. B 62, R16267 (2000).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  197. C. L Dennis et al. Proc of JEMS’ 04, JMMM

    Google Scholar 

  198. C. L. Dennis et al. J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 36, 81 (2003).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  199. S. Datta and B. Das, Appl.Phys.Lett. 56, 665 (1990).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  200. R. Mattana, J.-M. George, H. Jaffres, F. Nguyen van Dau, A. Fert, B. Lepine, A. Guivarc’h, and G. Jezequel, Phys. Rev. Lett. 90, 166601 (2003).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. INESC Microsystems and Nanotechnologies, Rua Alves Redol 9, 1000, Lisbon, Portugal

    P. P. Freitas, H. Ferreira, R. Ferreira & S. Cardoso

  2. Physics Department, Instituto Superior Tecnico, Avenida Rovisco Pais, 1000, Lisbon, Portugal

    P. P. Freitas, H. Ferreira, R. Ferreira & S. Cardoso

  3. SFI Trinity Nanoscience Laboratory, Physics Department, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland

    Sebastiaan van Dijken

  4. Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, Parks Road, 0X1 3PU, UK

    John Gregg

Authors
  1. P. P. Freitas
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. H. Ferreira
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. R. Ferreira
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. S. Cardoso
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Sebastiaan van Dijken
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. John Gregg
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA

    David Sellmyer  & Ralph Skomski  & 

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2006 Springer Science+Business Media, Inc.

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Freitas, P.P., Ferreira, H., Ferreira, R., Cardoso, S., van Dijken, S., Gregg, J. (2006). Nanostructures for Spin Electronics. In: Sellmyer, D., Skomski, R. (eds) Advanced Magnetic Nanostructures. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/0-387-23316-4_14

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation