Keywords
These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsPreview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Adelson, E. H. and Bergen, J. R. (1991). The plenoptic function and the elements of early vision. In M. Landy and J. A. Movshon (eds.), Computational Models of Visual Processing, pp. 3–20. Cambridge: MIT Press.
Ahissar, M. and Hochstein, S. (1997). Task difficulty and visual hierarchy: Counter-streams in sensory processing and perceptual learning. Nature, 387: 401–406.
Aks, D. J. and Enns, J. T. (1996). Visual search for size is influenced by a background texture gradient. J. Exp. Psych.: Hum. Percept. and Perf., 22: 1467–1481.
Ballard, D., Hayhoe, M. and Pelz, J. (1995). Memory representations in natural tasks. J. Cogn. Neurosci., 7: 66–80.
Ballard, D., Hayhoe, M. and Pook, P. (1995). Deitic Codes for the Embodiment of Cognition. Technical Report 95.1, University of Rochester.
Barlow, H. (1995). The neuron doctrine in perception. In M. S. Gazzaniga (ed.), The Cognitive Neurosciences, pp. 415–435. Cambridge: MIT Press.
Bauer, B., Jolicoeur, P. and Cowan, W. B. (1996a). Distractor heterogeneity versus linear separability in colour visual search. Percept., 25: 1281–1294.
Bauer, B., Jolicoeur, P. and Cowan, W. B. (1996b). Visual search for colour targets that are or are not linearly-separable from distractors. Vis. Res., 36: 1439–1466.
Bauer, B., Jolicoeur, P. and Cowan, W. B. (1998). The linear separability effect in color visual search: ruling out the additive color hypothesis. Percept. and Psychophys., 60: 1083–1093.
Baylis, G. C. and Driver, J. (1993). Visual attention and objects: evidence for hierarchical coding of location. J. Exp. Psychol. Hum. Percept. and Perf., 19: 451–470.
Beck, J. (1966). Perceptual grouping produced by changes in orientation and shape. Science, 154: 538–540.
Blackmore, S. J., Brelstaff, G., Nelson, K. and Troscianko, T. (1995). Is the richness of our visual world an illusion? Transsaccadic memory for complex scenes. Percept., 24: 10750–1081.
Blake, R. (1989). A neural theory of binocular rivalry. Psych. Rev., 96: 145–167.
Brainard, D. H. and Freeman, W. T. (1997). Bayesian color constancy. J. Opt. Soc. Am. A, 14: 1393–1411.
Brainard, D. H., Wandell, B. A. and Chichilnisky, E.-J. (1993). Color constancy: from physics to appearance. Cur. Dir. in Psych. Sci., 2: 165–170.
Braun, J. (1993). Shape-from-shading is independent of visual attention and may be a texton. Spatial Vis., 7: 311–322.
Bravo, M. and Blake, R. (1990). Preattentive vision and perceptual groups. Percept., 19: 515–522.
Breese, B. B. (1909). Binocular rivalry. Psych. Rev., 16: 410–415.
Carlson-Radvansky, L. A. (1999). Memory for relational information across eye movements. Percept. and Psychophys., 61: 919–934.
Carter, R. C. (1982). Visual search with color. J. Exp. Psych.: Hum. Percept. and Perf., 8: 127–136.
Cavanagh, P., Arguin, M. and Treisman, A. (1990). Effect of surface medium on visual search for orientation and size features. J. Exp. Psych.: Hum. Percept. and Perf., 16: 479–492.
Cohen, A., and Ivry, R. B. (1989). Illusory conjunction inside and outside the focus of attention. J. Exp. Psychol. Hum. Percept. and Perf., 15: 650–663.
Cohen, A., and Ivry, R. B. (1991). Density effects in conjunction search: evidence for coarse location mechanism of feature integration. J. Exp. Psychol. Hum. Percept. and Perf., 17: 891–901.
Di Lollo, V., Enns, J. T. and Rensink, R. A. (2000). Competition for consciousness among visual events: the psychophysics of reentrant visual processes. J. Exp. Psych.: Gen., 129: 481–507.
Di Lollo, V., Lark, C. D. and Hogben, J. H. (1988). Separating visible persistence from retinal afterimages. Percept. and Psychophys., 44: 363–368.
Duncan, J. and Humphreys, G. W. (1989). Visual search and stimulus similarity. Psych. Rev., 96: 433–458.
D’Zmura, M. (1991). Color in visual search. Vis. Res., 31: 951–966.
Egly, R., Driver, J. and Rafal, R. D. (1994). Shifting attention between objects and loctions: evidence from normal and parietal lesion subjects. J. Exp. Psych.: Gen., 123: 161–177.
Elder, J. and Zucker, S. (1993). The effect of contour closure on the rapid discrimination of two-dimensional shapes. Vis. Res., 33: 981–991. Enns, J. T. (1992). Sensitivity of early human vision to 3-D orientation in line drawings. Can. J. Psychol., 46: 143–169.
Enns, J. T. and Kingstone, A. (1995). Access to global and local properties in visual search for compound stimuli. Psych. Sci., 6: 283–291.
Enns, J. T. and Rensink, R. A. (1990a). Scene based properties influence visual search. Science, 247: 721–723.
Enns, J. T. and Rensink, R. A. (1990b). Sensitivity to three-dimensional orientation in visual search. Psych. Sci., 1: 323–326.
Foster, D. H. and Ward, P. A. (1991). Asymmetries in oriented-line detection indicate two orthogonal filters in early vision. Proc. Roy. Soc. Lond. B, 243: 75–81.
Foster, D. H. and Westland, S. (1992). Fine structure in the orientation threshold function for preattentive line-target detection. Percept., 22 (Supp. 2 ECVP—Pisa): 6.
Foster, D. H. and Westland, S. (1998). Multiple groups of orientation-selective visual mechanisms underlying rapid oriented-line detection. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B, 265: 1605–1613.
Francis, G., Grossberg, S. and Mingolla, E. (1994). Cortical dynamics of feature binding and reset: control of visual persistence. Vis. Res., 34: 1089–1104.
Freeman, W. T. (1994). The generic viewpoint assumption in a framework for visual perception. Nature, 368: 542–545.
Gilchrist, I. D., Jane, R. M. and Heiko, N. (1997). Luminance and edge information in grouping: a study using visual search. J. Exp. Psych.: Hum. Percept. and Perform., 23: 464–480.
Goldsmith, M. (1998). What’s in a location? Comparing object-based and space-based models of feature integration in visual search. J. Exp. Psych.: Gen., 127: 189–219.
Green, B. F. and Anderson, L. K. (1956). Color coding in a visual search task. J. Exp. Psychol., 51: 19–24.
Grimes, J. (1996). On the failure to detect changes in scenes across saccades. In K. Akins (ed.) Perception, pp. 89–110. New York: Oxford University Press.
Hayhoe, M. M., Bensinger, D. G. and Ballard, D. H. (1998). Task constraints in visual working memory. Vis. Res., 38: 125–137.
von Helmholtz, H. (1924). Treatise on Physiological Optics, J. P. C. Southall, Trans. Trans. from 3rd German ed. of 1909, ed.). Rochester, NY: The Optical Society of America.
Henderson, J. M. (1997). Transsaccadic memory and integration during real-world object perception. Psych. Sci., 8: 51–55.
Hollingworth, A. and Henderson, J. M. (2001). Accurate visual memory for previously attended objects in natural scenes. J. Exp. Psychol: Hum. Percept. and Perf., in press.
Houck, M. R. and Hoffman, J. E. (1986). Conjunction of color and form without attention. Evidence from an orientation-contingent color aftereffect. J. Exp. Psych.: Hum. Percept. and Perf., 12: 186–199.
Intraub, H. (1980). Presentation rate and the representation of briefly glimpsed pictures in memory. J. Exp. Psych.: Hum. Learn. and Mem., 6: 1–12.
Irwin, D. E. (1996). Integrating information across saccadic eye movements. Cur. Dir. in Psych. Sci., 5: 94–100.
Irwin, D. E., Yantis, S. and Jonides, J. (1983). Evidence against visual integration across saccadic eye movements. Percept. Psychophys., 34: 49–57.
Irwin, D. E., Zacks, J. L. and Brown, J. S. (1990). Visual memory and the perception of a stable visual environment. Percept. Psychophys., 47: 35–46.
James, W. (1890). The Principles of Psychology. New York: Henry Holt and Co.
Julesz, B. and Bergen, J. R. (1983). Textons, the fundamental elements in preattentive vision and perceptions of textures. Bell Sys. Tech. J., 62: 1619–1646.
Karn, K. and Hayhoe, M. (2000). Memory representations guide targeting eye movements in a natural task. Vis. Cog., 7: 673–703.
Kellman, P. (1998). An Update on Gestalt Psychology, Perception, Cognition, and Language: Essays in Honor of Henry and Lila Gleitman, Cambridge: MIT Press.
Kleffner, D., Polichar, V. E. and Ramachandran, V. S. (1990). Shape from shading affects motion perception and brightness constancy. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., 31: 524.
Kleffner, D. A. and Ramachandran, V. S. (1992). On the perception of shape from shading. Percept. Psychophys., 52: 18–36.
Kristjansson, A. and Tse, P. U. (2001). Curvature discontinuities are cues for rapid shape analysis. Percept. Psychophys., 41: 390–403.
Lamme, V. A. F., Super, H. and Spekreijse, H. (1998). Feedforward, horizontal, and feedback processing in the visual cortex. Cur. Opinion in Neurobiol., 8: 529–535.
Lee, T. S. (1995). A Bayesian framework for understanding texture segmentation in the primary visual cortex. Vis. Res., 35: 2643–2657.
Lettvin, J. (1995). J. Y. Lettvin on grandmother cells. In M. S. Gazzaniga (ed.), The Cognitive Neurosciences, pp. 434–435. Cambridge: MIT Press.
Logan, G. (1992). Attention and preattention in theories of automaticity. Am. J. Psych., 105: 317–339.
Mack, A. and Rock, I. (1998a). Inattentional Blindness. Cambridge: MIT Press.
Mack, A. and Rock, I. (1998b). Inattentional blindness: perception without attention. In R. D. Wright (ed.) Visual Attention, pp. 55–76. New York: Oxford University Press.
Moore, C. M. and Wolfe, J. M. (2000). Getting beyond the serial/parallel debate in visual search: a hybrid approach. In K. Shapiro (ed.) The Limits of Attention: Temporal Constraints on Human Information Processing. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Moraglia, G. (1989). Display organization and the detection of horizontal lines segments. Percept. Psychophys., 45: 265–272.
Nagy, A. L. and Sanchez, R. R. (1990). Critical color differences determined with a visual search task. J. Opt. Soc. Am. A, 7: 1209–1217.
Nakayama, K. and Shimojo, S. (1992). Experiencing and perceiving visual surfaces. Science, 257: 1357–1363.
Neisser, U. (1967). Cognitive Psychology. New York: Appleton, Century, Crofts.
Nelson, J. I. (1974). Motion sensitivity in peripheral vision. Percept., 3: 151–152.
Neumann, E. and DeSchepper, B. G. (1992). An inhibition-based fan effect: evidence for an active suppression mechanism in selective attention. Canad. J. Psych., 46: 1–40.
Nothdurft, H. C. (1993). Saliency effects across dimensions in visual search, Vis. Res., 33: 839–844.
Noton, D. and Stark, L. (1971). Eye movements and visual perception. Sci. Am., 224: 35–43.
O’Connell, K. M. and Treisman, A. M. (1990). Is all orientation created equal? Invest. Ophth. Vis. Sci., 31: 106.
Oliva, A. and Torralba, A. (2001). Modeling the shape of the scene: a holistic representation of the spatial envelope. Int. J. Comp. Vis., 42: 145–175.
O’Regan, J. K. and Noë, A. (2001). A sensorimotor account of vision and visual consciousness. Behav. and Brain Sci., 24:.
O’Regan, K. (1992). Solving the ‘real’ mysteries of visual perception. The world as an outside memory. Canad. J. Psych., 46: 461–488.
Previc, F. H. and Naegele, P. D. (2001). Target-tilt and vertical-hemifield asymmetries in free-scan search for 3-D targets. Percept. Psychophys., 41: 445–457.
Ramachandran, V. S. (1988). Perception of shape from shading. Nature, 331: 163–165.
Rensink, R. A. (2000). Seeing, sensing, and scrutinizing. Vis. Res., 40: 1469–1487.
Rensink, R. and Cavanagh, P. (1993). Processing of shadows at preattentive levels. Invest. Ophthal. Vis. Sci., 34: 1288.
Rensink, R. and Cavanagh, P. (1994). Identification of highlights in early vision. Invest. Ophthal. Vis. Sci., 35: 1623.
Rensink, R. A. and Enns, J. T. (1995). Pre-emption effects in visual search: evidence for low-level grouping. Psych. Rev., 102: 101–130.
Rensink, R., O’Regan, J. K. and Clark, J. J. (1996). To see or not to see: The need for attention to perceive changes in scenes. Psych. Sci., 8: 368–373.
Rock, I. and Palmer, S. (1990). The legacy of Gestalt psychology. Sci. Am., 263: 84–90.
Roelfsema, P. R., Lamme, V. A. F. and Spekreijse, H. (1998). Object-based attention in the primary visual cortex of the macaque monkey. Nature, 395: 376.
Simons, D. J. (2000). Change Blindness and Visual Memory. A special issue of Vis. Cog., Philadelphia: Psychology Press.
Simons, D. J. and Levin, D. T. (1997). Change blindness. Trends in Cog. Sci., 1: 261–267.
Sun, J. and Perona, P. (1996a). Early computation of shape and reflectance in the visual system. Nature, 379: 165–168.
Sun, J. and Perona, P. (1996b). Where is the sun? Invest. Ophth. Vis. Sci., 37: S935.
Theeuwes, J. and Kooi, J. L. (1994). Parallel search for a conjunction of shape and contrast polarity. Vis. Res., 34:3013–3016.
Thorpe, S., Fize, D. and Marlot, C. (1996). Speed of processing in the human visual system. Nature, 381: 520–552.
Tipper, S. P. and Weaver, B. (1998). The medium of attention: location-based, object-based, or scene-based? In R. D. Wright (ed.) Visual Attention, pp. 77–107. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Tipper, S. P., Weaver, B., Jerreat, L. M. and Burak, A. L. (1994). Object-based and environment-based inhibition of return of visual attention. J. Exp. Psych.: Hum. Percep. Perf., 20: 478–499.
Treisman, A. (1982). Perceptual grouping and attention in visual search for features and for objects. J. Exp. Psych.: Hum. Percep. Perf., 8: 194–214.
Treisman, A. (1996). The binding problem. Cur. Op. Neurobiol., 6: 171–178.
Treisman, A. and Gormican, S. (1988). Feature analysis in early vision: Evidence from search asymmetries. Psych. Rev., 95: 15–48.
Treisman, A. and Souther, J. (1985). Search asymmetry: A diagnostic for preattentive processing of seperable features. J. Exp. Psychol. Gen., 114: 285–310.
Treisman, A. M. and Schmidt, H. (1982). Illusory conjunctions in the perception of objects. Cogn. Psych., 14: 107–141.
Tsotsos, J. K. (1988). A “complexity level” analysis of immediate vision. Int. J. Comp. Vis., 2: 303–320.
Tsotsos, J. K. (1993). An inhibitory beam for attentional selection. In L. Harris and M. Jenkin (eds.) Spatial Vision in Humans and Robots, pp. 313–331).: Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Tsotsos, J. K., Culhane, S., Wai, W. Y. K., Lai, Y., Davis, N. and Nuflo, F. (1995). Modeling visual attention via selective tuning. Artif. Intel., 78: 507–545.
Van Rullen, R. and Thorpe, S. J. (2001). Is it a bird? Is it a plane? Ultra-rapid visual categorisation of natural and artifactual objects. Percept., 30: 655–668.
Williams, L. (1966). The effect of target specification on objects fixed during visual search. Percept. Psychophys., 1: 315–318.
Williams, L. (1985). Tunnel vision induced by a foveal load manipulation. Hum. Fact., 27: 221–227.
Wolfe, J. M. (1986). Stereopsis and binocular rivalry. Psych. Rev., 93: 269–282.
Wolfe, J. M. (1992). “Effortless” texture segmentation and “parallel” visual search are not the same thing. Vis. Res., 32: 757–763.
Wolfe, J. M. (1998). Visual search. In H. Pashler (ed.) Attention, pp. 13–74. Hove, East Sussex, UK: Psychology Press Ltd.
Wolfe, J. M. (2000). Post-attentive vision and the illusion of perception. Paper presented at “Toward a Science of Consciousness”, Tuscon, AZ.
Wolfe, J. M. (2001). Asymmetries in visual search: an introduction. Percept. Psychophys., 63: 381–389.
Wolfe, J. M. and Bennett, S. C. (1997). Preattentive object files: shapeless bundles of basic features. Vis. Res., 37: 25–44.
Wolfe, J. M., Cave, K. R. and Franzel, S. L. (1989). Guided search: an alternative to the feature integration model for visual search. J. Exp. Psychol. Hum. Percept. Perf., 15: 419–433.
Wolfe, J. M. and Franzel, S. L. (1988). Binocularity and visual search. Percept. Psychophys., 44: 81–93.
Wolfe, J. M. and Friedman-Hill, S. R. (1992a). On the role of symmetry in visual search. Psych. Sci., 3: 194–198.
Wolfe, J. M. and Friedman-Hill, S. R. (1992b). Visual search for orientation: the role of angular relations between targets and distractors. Spat. Vis., 6: 199–208.
Wolfe, J. M., Friedman-Hill, S. R., Stewart, M. I. and O’Connell, K. M. (1992). The role of categorization in visual search for orientation. J. Exp. Psych.: Hum. Percept. Perf., 18: 34–49.
Wolfe, J. M., Klempen, N. and Dahlen, K. (2000). Post-attentive vision. J. Exp. Psych.: Hum. Percept. Perf., 26: 693–716.
Wolfe, J. M., Yee, A. and Friedman-Hill, S. R. (1992). Curvature is a basic feature for visual search. Percept., 21: 465–480.
Yantis, S. and Hillstrom, A. P. (1994). Stimulus-driven attentional capture: Evidence from equiluminant visual objects. J. Exp. Psych.: Hum. Percept. Perf., 20: 95–107.
Yantis, S. and Jonides, J. (1996). Attentional capture by abrupt onsets: New perceptual objects or visual masking. J. Exp. Psych.: Hum. Percept. Perf., 22: 1505–1513.
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2003 Springer-Verlag New York, Inc.
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Wolfe, J.M. (2003). The Level of Attention: Mediating Between the Stimulus and Perception. In: Harris, L., Jenkin, M. (eds) Levels of Perception. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/0-387-22673-7_9
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/0-387-22673-7_9
Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY
Print ISBN: 978-0-387-95525-4
Online ISBN: 978-0-387-22673-6
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive