Conclusion
Most common bile duct stones may be treated laparoscopically through a transcystic common bile duct exploration. If common duct stones are large in size or number, a laparoscopic choledochotomy may be more effective. In centers where the technology is available, intracorporeal and extracorporeal lithotripsy provide a valuable means of treating stones that are severely impacted or beyond the reach of the endoscope. If such devices are unavailable, pharmacological or mechanical dilatation of the ampulla or transampullary instrumentation may be helpful.
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Herron, D.M. (2004). Laparoscopic Management of Difficult Common Bile Duct Stones. In: MacFadyen, B.V., et al. Laparoscopic Surgery of the Abdomen. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/0-387-21780-0_23
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/0-387-21780-0_23
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