Conclusion
At a global scale it is attractive to assume that global warming would have highly similar effects on ecosystem structure and function in the five regions of Mediterranean-type ecosystems. Indeed, the similarity of these ecosystems is commonly attributed to the similarity of their climates, and it is not unreasonable to assume that similar patterns of climate change will lead to similar ecological changes in these ecosystems. However, the comparison in this chapter of Chilean matorral and Californian chaparral demonstrates the importance of fine-scale differences in the plant adaptations and history of human impact that are likely to affect future responses to climate change. Differences in the role of fire in the regeneration ecology of these two regions are likely to result insignificantly different outcomes of climatically induced ecological change.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Aljaro, M.E., and Montenegro, G. 1981. Growth of dominant Chilean shrubs in the Andean Cordillera. Mount. Res. Dev. 1:287–291.
Araya, S., and Ávila, G. 1981. Rebrote de arbustos afectados por fuego en el matorral Chileno. An. Mus. Hist. Nat., Valparaíso 14:107–113.
Armesto, J.J., and Gutiérrez, J.R. 1978. El efecto del fuego en la estructura de la vegetación de Chile central. An. Mus. Hist. Nat., Valparaíso 11:43–48.
Armesto, J.J., and Martínez, J.A. 1978. Relations between vegetation structure and slope aspect in the Mediterranean region of Chile. J. Ecol. 66:881–889.
Armesto, J.J., and Pickett, S.T.A. 1985. A mechanistic approach to the study of succession in the Chilean matorral. Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat. 58:9–17.
Arroyo, M.T.K., and Cavieres, L. 1997. The Mediterranean-type climate flora of central Chile. What do we know and how can we assure its protection? In Taller Internacional sobre aspectos ambientales, ideológicos, éticos y políticos en el debate sobre bioprospección y uso de recursos genéticos en Chile, eds. G. Montenegro and B.T. Timmermann, pp. 48–56. Santiago: Noticiero de Biología, Sociedad de Biología de Chile.
Aschmann, H. 1991. Human impact on the biota of Mediterranean-climate regions of Chile and California. In Biogeography of Mediterranean Invasions, eds. R.H. Groves, and F. di Castri, pp. 33–42. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Aschmann, H., and Bahre, C. 1977. Man’s impact on the wild landscape. In Convergent Evolution of Chile and California Mediterranean Climate Ecosystems, ed. H.A. Mooney, pp. 73–84. Stroudsburg, PA: Dowden, Hutchinson and Ross.
Ávila, G., Aljaro, M.E., and Silva, B. 1981. Observaciones en el estrato herbáceo después del fuego. An. Mus. Hist. Nat., Valparaíso 14:99–105.
Ávila, G., Montenegro, G., and Aljaro, M.E. 1988. Incendios en la vegetación Mediterránea. In Ecología del paisaje en Chile central: Estudios sobre sus espacios montañosos, eds. E.R. Fuentes, and S. Prenafeta, pp. 81–88. Santiago: Ediciones Universidad Católica de Chile.
Bahre, C.J. 1979. Destruction of the natural vegetation of north-central Chile. Univ. Cal. Pub. Geog. 23:1–117.
Brown, N.A.C. 1993. Promotion of germination of fynbos seeds by plant-derived smoke. New Phytol. 123:575–584.
Carter, S. 1973. A comparison of pattern of herb and shrub growth in comparable sites in Chile and California. M.S. thesis. California State University, San Diego.
Cincotta, R.P., Wisnewski, J., and Engelman, R. 2000. Human population in the biodiversity hotspots. Nature 404:990–992.
Cody, M.L., and Mooney, H.A. 1978. Convergence versus nonconvergence in Mediterranean-type ecosystems. Ann. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 9:265–321.
Corporación Nacional Forestal (CONAF). 1998. Impacto del fuego sobre el medio ambiente. Unidad de Gestión Manejo del Fuego, pp. 1–16. Santiago
Cowling, R.M., Rundel P.W., Lamont, B.B., Arroyo, M.K., and Arianoutsou, M. 1996. Plant diversity in Mediterranean-climate regions. Trends Ecol. Evol. (TREE) 11: 362–368.
Cruz, A., and Moreno, J. 1997a. Fire intensity effects on plants of Erica australis with modified lignotuber TNC content. In Eighth Conference on Mediterranean-Type Ecosystems in a Changing World, Proceedings, 20. University of California: San Diego.
Cruz, A., and Moreno, J. 1997b. Seasonal course of TNC in Erica australis, a lignotuber plant from western Spain. In Eighth Conference on Mediterranean-Type Ecosystems in a Changing World, Proceedings, 21. San Diego, CA.
Cruz, A., and Moreno, J. 1997c. Resprouting of Erica australis along a resource availability gradient: relationship to plant TNC reserves. In Eighth Conference on Mediterranean-Type Ecosystems in a Changing World, Proceedings, 21. University of California: San Diego.
Dafni, A., Cohen, D., and Noy-Meir, I. 1981. Life-cycle variation in geophytes. Ann. Missouri Bot. Garden 68:652–660.
Dallman, P.R. 1998. Plant Life in the World’s Mediterranean Climates. Berkeley: California Native Plant Society and University of California Press.
Davis, S.D., Heywood, V.H., Herrera, O., MacBryde, J., Villalobos, J., and Hamilton, A.C. 1997. Centers of Plant Diversity: A Guide and Strategy for Their Conservation. Cambridge, U.K.: IUCN Publications Unit.
de Lange, J.H., and Boucher, C. 1990. Autecological studies on Audouinia capitata (Bruniaceae). I. Plant-derived smoke as a seed germination cue. S. Afri. J. Bot. 56:700–703.
Dixon, K.W., Roche, S., and Pate, J.S. 1995. The promotive effect of smoke derived from burnt native vegetation on seed germination of Western Australian plants. Oecologia 101:185–192.
Fuentes, E.R., and Espinoza, G. 1986. Resilience of shrublands in central Chile: A vulcanism-related hypothesis. Interciencia 11:164–165.
Fuentes, E.R., and Muñoz, M.R. 1995. The human role in changing landscape in central Chile: implications for intercontinental comparison. In Ecology and biogeography of mediterranean ecosystems in Chile, California, and Australia, eds. M.T.K. Arroyo, P.H. Zedler, and M.D. Fox, pp. 401–417. New York: Springer-Verlag.
Fuentes, E.R., Montenegro, G., Rundel, P., Arroyo, M.T.K., Ginocchio, R., and Jaksic, F.M. 1995. Functional approaches to biodiversity in the Mediterranean-type ecosystem of central Chile. In Mediterranean-Type Ecosystems: The Function of Biodiversity, eds. G.W. Davis, and D.M. Richardson, pp. 185–228. Berlin: Springer-Verlag.
Ginocchio, R., and Montenegro, G. 1992. Interpretation of metameric architecture in dominant shrubs of the Chilean matorral. Oecologia 90:451–456.
Ginocchio, R., Holmgren, M., and Montenegro, G. 1994. Effect of fire on plant architecture in Chilean shrubs. Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat. 67:177–182.
Gómez, M. 2000. Respuestas morfofisiológicas de rebrotes producidos después del fuego a partir de lignotuber, en Cryptocarya alba (Mol.). Looser, en el matorral de Chile central. MS, thesis. Universidad de Chile, Santiago.
Hanes, T.L. 1971. Succession after fire in the chaparral of southern California. Ecol. Monogr. 41:27–52.
Hoffman, A.E. 1989. Chilean geophyte monocotyledons: Taxonomic synopsis and conservation status. In Red Book of Chilean Terrestrial Conservation Status, ed. I. Benoit, pp. 140–151. Santiago: Corporación Nacional Forestal (CONAF).
Hoffmann, A.J., and Hoffmann, A.E. 1978. Comportamiento fenológico de plantas de la cordillera de los Andes. Arch. Biol. Exp. 11:188.
Hoffmann, A.J., and Hoffmann, A.E. 1982. Altitudinal ranges of phanerophytes and chamaephytes in central Chile. Vegetatio 48:151–163.
Hoffmann, A.J., Liberona, F., and Hoffmann, A.E. 1998. Distribution and ecology of geophytes in Chile: Conservation threats to geophytes in Mediterranean-type region. In Landscape Degradation and Biodiversity in Mediterranean-Type Ecosystems, ed. P. Rundel, pp. 231–253. Berlin: Springer-Verlag.
Instituto Nacional de Estadísticas (INE). 1995. Chile. Ciudades, pueblos y aldeas. Santiago: INE.
Keeley, J.E. 1977. Seed production, seed population in soil and seedling production after fire for two congeneric pairs of sprouting and nonsprouting chaparral shrubs. Ecology 58:820–829.
Keeley, J.E. 1981. Reproductive cycles and fire regimes. In Proceedings of Conference on Fire Regimes and Ecosystem Properties, eds. H.A. Mooney, T.M. Bonnicksen, N.L. Christensen, J.E. Lotan, and W.A. Reiners, pp. 231–277. USDA Forest Service, Gen. Tech. Rep. WO-26.
Keeley, J.E. 1984. Factors affecting germination of chaparral seeds. Bull. S. Cal. Acad. Sci. 83:113–120.
Keeley, J.E. 1986a. Resilience of Mediterranean shrub communities to fire. In Resilience in Mediterranean-Type Ecosystems, eds. B. Dell, A.J.M. Hopkins, and B.B. Lamont, pp. 95–112. Dordrecht: Junk.
Keeley, J.E. 1986b. Seed germination patterns of Salvia mellifera in fire-prone environments. Oecologia 71:1–5.
Keeley, J.E. 1987. Role of fire in seed germination of woody taxa in California chaparral. Ecology 68:434–443.
Keeley, J.E. 1993. Smoke-induced flowering in the fire-lily Cyrtanthus ventricosus. S. Afri. J. Bot. 59:638.
Keeley, J.E. 1994. Seed germination patterns in fire-prone Mediterranean-climate regions. In Ecology and Biogeography of Mediterranean Ecosystems in Chile, California and Australia, eds. M.T.K. Arroyo, P.H. Zedler, and M.D. Fox, pp. 239–273. New York: Springer-Verlag.
Keeley, J.E., and Bond, W.J. 1997. Convergent seed germination in South African fynbos and Californian chaparral. Plant Ecol. 133:153–168.
Keeley, J.E., and Fotheringham, C.J. 1997. Trace gas emissions in smoke-induced seed germination. Science 276:1248–1250.
Keeley, S.C., and Johnson, A.W. 1977. A comparison of the pattern of herb and shrub growth in comparable sites in Chile and California. Am. Midl. Nat. 97:120–132.
Keeley, J.E., and Keeley, S.C. 1984. Post fire recovery of California coastal sage scrub. Am. Midl. Nat. 111:105–117.
Keeley, J.E., and Swift, C.C. 1995. Biodiversity and ecosystem functioning in Mediterranean-climate California. In Mediterranean-Type Ecosystems: The Function of Biodiversity, eds. G.W. Davies, and D.M. Richardson, pp. 121–183. Berlin: Springer-Verlag.
Keeley, J.E., Fotheringham, C.J., and Morais, M. 1999. Reexamining fire suppression impacts on brushland fire regimes. Science 284:1829–1832.
Keeley, J.E., Brooks, A., Bird, T., Cory, S., Parker, H., and Usinge, E. 1986. Demographic structure of Chaparral under extended fire-free conditions. In Proceedings of the Chaparral Ecosystem Research Conference, eds. F.J. Kruger, D.T. Mitchell, and J.U.M. Jarvis, pp. 133–137. Davis: California Water Source Center, University of California.
Keeley, J.E., Zedler, P.H., Zammit, C.A., and Stohlgren, T.J. 1989. Fire and demography. In The California Chaparral: Paradigms Reexamined, ed. S.C. Keeley, pp. 151–153. Los Angeles: Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County.
Kruger, F.J. 1983. Plant community diversity and dynamics in relation to fire. In Mediterranean-Type Ecosystems: The Role of Nutrients, eds. F.J. Kruger, D.T. Mitchel, and J.U.M. Jarvis, pp. 446–472. New York: Springer-Verlag.
Le Maitre, D.C., and Brown, P.J. 1992. Life cycles and fire-stimulated flowering in geophytes. In Fire in South African Mountain Fynbos, eds. B.W. van Wilgen, D.M. Richardson, F.J. Kruger, and H.J. van Hensbergen, pp. 145–160. Berlin: Springer-Verlag.
Matthei, O. 1995. Manual de las malezas que crecen en Chile. Santiago: Alfabeta Impresores.
Minnich, R.A. 1989. Chaparral fire history in San Diego County and adjacent northern Baja California: An evaluation of natural fire regimes and the effects of suppression management. In The California Chaparral: Paradigms Reexamined, ed. S.C. Keeley, pp. 37–47. Los Angeles: Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County.
Montenegro, G., and Ginocchio, R. 1993. Modular interpretation of architecture in shrub species. An. Acad. Bras. Ci. 65:189–202.
Montenegro, G., and Ginocchio, R. 1995. Ecomorphological characters as a resource for illustrating growth-form convergence in matorral, chaparral and mallee. In Ecology and Biogeography of Mediterranean Ecosystems in Chile, California and Australia, eds. M.T.K. Arroyo, P.H. Zedler, and M.D. Fox, pp. 160–176. New York: Springer-Verlag.
Montenegro, G., and Teillier, S. 1988. Species richness. In Mediterranean-Type Ecosystems: A Data Source Book, ed. R.L. Specht, pp. 811–893. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic.
Montenegro, G., Aljaro, M.E., and Kummerow, J. 1979a. Growth dynamics of Chilean matorral shrubs. Bot. Gaz. 14:114–119.
Montenegro, G., Aljaro, M.E., and Arrieta, A. 1979b. Dinámica de crecimiento y productividad de especies dominantes en un transecto altitudinal de la Cordillera de los Andes. In Proceedings Seminario sobre el Programa de Investigación Integrada “Impacto del hombre en los ecosistemas de montaña“, MAB 6, UNESCO.
Montenegro, G., Ávila, G., and Schatte, P. 1983. Presence and development of lignotubers in shrubs of the Chilean matorral. Can. J. Bot. 61:1804–1808.
Montenegro, G., Ginocchio, R., and Segura, A. 1996. Effect of global change on natural ecosystems: matorral of central Chile as a case of study of global change through effect of fire and UV-B radiation. IAI Fire workshop. Oregon, September 9–13.
Montenegro, G., Aljaro, M.E., Walkowiak, A., and Saenger, R. 1981. Seasonality, growth and net productivity of herbs and shrubs of the Chilean matorral. In Dynamics and Management of Mediterranean-Type Ecosystems, eds. C.C. Conrad, and W.C. Oechel, pp. 135–141. USDA Forest Service, Gen. Tech. Rep. PSW 58.
Montenegro, G., Ávila, G., Osorio, R., and Gómez, M. 1989. Chile. In Plant Phenomorphological Studies in Mediterranean-Type Ecosystems, ed. G. Orshan, pp. 347–387. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic.
Montenegro, G., Patrick, G., Echenique, P., Gómez, M. and Timmermann, B. Mechanisms toward a sustainable use of Chorizanthe vaginata Benth, var. maritima Remy: A medicinal plant from Chile. Phyton, Int. J. Exp. Bot. 68:91–106.
Mooney, H.A. 1977. Convergent Evolution of Chile and California Mediterranean Climate Ecosystems. Stroudsburg, PA: Dowden, Hutchinson and Ross.
Mooney, H.A., and Parsons, D.J. 1973. Structure and function of the California chaparral and example from San Dimas. In Mediterranean Ecosystems: origin and Structure, eds. F. di Castri and H.A. Mooney, pp. 83–112. New York: Springer-Verlag.
Mooney, H.A., Hamburg, S.P., and Drake, J.A. 1986. The invasions of plants and animals into California. In Ecology of Biological Invasions of North America and Hawaii, eds. H.A. Mooney and J.A. Drake, pp. 250–272. New York: Springer-Verlag.
Mooney, H.A., Dunn, E.L., Shropshire, F., and Song, L. 1970. Vegetation comparisons between the mediterranean climatic areas of California and Chile. Flora 159:480–496.
Muñoz, M.R., and Fuentes, E.R. 1989. Does fire induce shrub germination in the Chilean matorral? Oikos 56:177–181.
Nierig, W.A., and Lowe, C.H. 1984. Vegetation of the Santa Catalina mountains: Community types and dynamics. Vegetatio 58:3–28.
Palmer, T. 1993. California’s Threatened Environment. Washington, DC: Island Press.
Parsons, D.J. 1976. Vegetation structure in the Mediterranean climate scrub communities of California and Chile. J. Ecol. 64:435–447.
Parsons, D.J., and Moldenke, A.R. 1975. Convergence in vegetation structure along analogous climatic gradients in California and Chile. Ecology 56:950–957.
Pickett, S.T.A., and White, P.S. 1985. The Ecology of Natural Disturbance and Patch Dynamics. San Diego: Acadanic Press.
Rundel, P.W. 1975. Trichocereus in the mediterranean zone of central Chile. Cactus Succ. J. 46:86–88.
Rundel, P.W. 1977. Population variability in the genus Trichocereus (Cactaceae) in central Chile. Plant Syst. Evol. 127:1–9.
Rundel, P.W. 1981a. The matorral zone of central Chile. In Mediterranean-Type Shrublands, eds. F. di Castri, D. Goodall, and R.L. Specht, pp. 175–201. The Hague: Elsevier.
Rundel, P.W. 1981b. Structural and chemical components of flammability. In Fire regimes and ecosystem properties, eds. H.A. Mooney, T.M. Bonnicksen, N.L. Christianson, J.E. Lotan, and W.A. Reiners, pp. 183–207. Washington DC: USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. WO-26.
Rundel, P.W. 1981c. Fire as an ecological factor. In Physiological Plant Ecology. I., eds. O.L. Lange, P.S. Nobel, C.B. Osmond, and H. Ziegler, pp. 501–538. New York: Springer-Verlag.
Rundel, P.W. 1993. Adaptative significance of some morphological and physiological characteristics in mediterranean plants: Facts and fallacies. In Time-Scales of Water Stress Response of Mediterranean Biota, eds. F. di Castri, and J. Roy, pp. 119–140. Berlin: Springer-Verlag.
Rundel, P.W. 1996. Monocotyledoneous geophytes in the California flora. Madrono 43: 355–368.
Rundel, P.W., and Weisser, P.J. 1975. La Campana, a new national park in central Chile. Biol. Conserv. 8:35–46.
Rundel, P.W., Baker, G.A., Parsons, D.J., and Stohlgren, T.J. 1987. Postfire demography of resprouting and seedling establishment by Adenostoma fasciculatum in the California chaparral. In Plant Response to Stress: Functional Analysis in Mediterranean Ecosystems, eds. J.D. Tenhunen, F.M. Catarino, O.L. Lange, and W.C. Oechel, pp. 575–596. Berlin: Springer-Verlag.
Segura, A.M., Holmgren, M., Anabalón J.J., and Fuentes E.R. 1998. The significance of fire intensity in creating local patchiness in the Chilean matorral. Plant Ecol. 139: 259–264.
Specht, R.L. 1988. Mediterranean-Type Ecosystems: A Data Source Book. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic.
Stone, E.C. 1951. The stimulative effect of fire on the flowering of the golden brodiaea (Brodiaea ixiodes Wats. var. lugens Jeps.). Ecology 32:534–537.
Thrower, N.J.W., and Bradbury, D.E. 1977. Chile-California Mediterranean Scrub Atlas: A Comparative Analysis. Stroudberg, PA: Dowden, Hutchinson and Ross.
Trabaud, L.V. 1987. Dynamic after fire of sclerophyllous communities in the Mediterranean Basin. Ecol. Med. 13:25–37.
Wells, P.V. 1969. The relation between mode of reproduction and extent of speciation in woody genera of the California chaparral. Evolution 23:264–267.
Zunino, S., and Riveros, G. 1990. Cartografia de los incendios forestrales en la 5 region. An. Mus. Hist. Nat., Valparaíso 21:89–94.
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2003 Springer-Verlag New York, Inc.
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Montenegro, G., Gómez, M., Díaz, F., Ginocchio, R. (2003). Regeneration Potential of Chilean Matorral After Fire: An Updated View. In: Veblen, T.T., Baker, W.L., Montenegro, G., Swetnam, T.W. (eds) Fire and Climatic Change in Temperate Ecosystems of the Western Americas. Ecological Studies, vol 160. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/0-387-21710-X_14
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/0-387-21710-X_14
Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY
Print ISBN: 978-0-387-95455-4
Online ISBN: 978-0-387-21710-9
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive