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Delcourt, H. R., P. A. Delcourt, and T. Webb. 1983. Dynamic plant ecology: the spectrum of vegetation change in space and time. Quaternary Science Review 1: 153–175.
King, A. W. 1997. Hierarchy theory: a guide to system structure for wildlife biologists. In J. A. Bissonette, ed. Wildlife and Landscape Ecology. Effects of Pattern and Scale, pp. 185–212. Springer-Verlag, New York.
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O’Neill, R. V., D. L. DeAngelis, J. B. Waide, and T. F. H. Allen. 1986. A Hierarchical Concept of Ecosystems. Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey.
Schneider, D. C. 1994. Quantitative Ecology. Spatial and Temporal Scaling. Academic Press, San Diego, California.
Wiens, J. A. 1989. Spatial scaling in ecology. Functional Ecology 3:385–397.
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(2001). The Critical Concept of Scale. In: Landscape Ecology in Theory and Practice. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/0-387-21694-4_2
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/0-387-21694-4_2
Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY
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