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Retinal Bioengineering

  • Chapter
Neural Engineering

Part of the book series: Bioelectric Engineering ((BEEG))

Abstract

The retina is a tiny piece of neural tissue, with ech retina being only about 250 jjm thick at the thickest point and weighing less than 100 mg in humans. The retina's importance is out of proportion to its size for two reasons. First, the retina has long served as a model for understanding complex parts of the nervous system, and it has attracted a great deal of attention from neuroscientists from all fields, including bioengineers. Many of its properties hold up well in vitro, and it is accessible to microelectrodes both in vivo and in vitro. It has a modest number of principal cell types, and the total number of output neurons (ganglion cells) in each eye is about 1 million in humans, and much less in other mammals, numbers that are almost manageable by comparison with the outputs of other parts of the central nervous system. The retina can be studied while it responds to its natural input, light, which can be controlled easily. For deeper neural structures, one often has to make the choice between studying responses to electrical stimulation, which is unnatural, or responses to natural inputs from other locations in the nervous system that may be difficult to control or completely characterize. The retina is also simpler than many areas of the brain because there is no significant feedback from the brain to the retina. In short, no other region of comparable complexity provides the advantages for study that the retina does, and this has allowed bioengineers to make considerable progress in understanding the retina in quantitative ways.

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  1. Departments of Biomedical Engineering, and Neurobiology and Physiology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois

    Robert A. Linsenmeier

  2. Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Rd, Evanston, Ilinois, 60208-3107

    Robert A. Linsenmeier

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    Bin He

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Linsenmeier, R.A. (2005). Retinal Bioengineering. In: He, B. (eds) Neural Engineering. Bioelectric Engineering. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/0-306-48610-5_13

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