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Regulation of the Structure and Function of the Light Harvesting Complexes of Photosystem II by the Xanthophyll Cycle

  • Chapter
The Photochemistry of Carotenoids

Part of the book series: Advances in Photosynthesis and Respiration ((AIPH,volume 8))

Summary

The xanthophyll cycle is a relatively simple process whereby the interconversion of violaxanthin into zeaxanthin in the light harvesting complexes serves to regulate light harvesting and subsequent energy dissipation in different light environments. In order to determine how these carotenoids can regulate such processes it is first important to ascertain what differences exist between these two xanthophylls. Deepoxidation brings about significant changes in the structures and hence the properties of these carotenoids. Thus when the conjugated chain length is increased from nine to eleven conjugated double bonds this in turn affects their S1 energies but also alters the molecule’s sizeandshape. The ‘Molecular Gear Shift Model’ describes the direct quenching of chlorophyll fluorescence by singlet-singlet energy transfer to zeaxanthin, while violaxanthin can only act to transfer its energy to chlorophyll. However this model does not account for the ability of these molecules to profoundly affect structure and organization of light harvesting complexes. Differences in carotenoid structure affect their interactions with the complexes so that violaxanthin and zeaxanthin play an important role in determining their structure and function by controlling its inter-subunit structure. In the presence of violaxanthin, complexes are optimized for light utilization and are resistant to ΔpH-dependent quenching. De-epoxidation into zeaxanthin allows a different state to be formed in which ΔpH formation readily triggers conversion to a strongly quenched state in which sub-unit interactions are increase.

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Abbreviations

DCCD:

dicyclhexylcarbodimmide

DEPS:

deepoxidation state

LHCII:

light harvesting complexes of Photosystem II

PFD:

photon flux density

Pmax:

light saturated rate of photosynthesis

PS II:

Photosystem II

qE:

nonphotochemical quenching of chlorophyll fluorescence dependent upon the transthylakoid proton gradient

qN:

nonphotochemical quenching of chlorophyll fluorescence

VDE:

violaxanthin deepoxidase

ΔpH:

transthylakoid pH gradient

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Robert Hill Institute, Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK

    Peter Horton & Alexander V. Ruban

  2. School of Biological and Earth Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Byrom St, Liverpool, L3 3AF, UK

    Andrew J. Young

Authors
  1. Peter Horton
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  2. Alexander V. Ruban
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  3. Andrew J. Young
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Editors and Affiliations

  1. University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA

    Harry A. Frank

  2. Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK

    Andrew J. Young

  3. University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK

    George Britton

  4. University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK

    Richard J. Cogdell

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© 1999 Kluwer Academic Publishers

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Horton, P., Ruban, A.V., Young, A.J. (1999). Regulation of the Structure and Function of the Light Harvesting Complexes of Photosystem II by the Xanthophyll Cycle. In: Frank, H.A., Young, A.J., Britton, G., Cogdell, R.J. (eds) The Photochemistry of Carotenoids. Advances in Photosynthesis and Respiration, vol 8. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/0-306-48209-6_15

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