Abstract
Heat fluxes at heterogeneous land surfaces are often modeled using single-source resistance-type transport equations, i.e. assuming horizontal homogeneity of the land surface and of the boundary layer. Large deviations from these conditions occur at partial canopies which are geometrically and thermally heterogeneous. Improved models of heat transfer have been proposed in literature to deal with these conditions. Such models require a measure of thermal heterogeneity of the land surface. Directional measurements of the radiance emitted by the land surface have the potential of providing a measure of thermal heterogeneity and improved parameterizations of sensible heat transfer. The paper proposes a methodology, together with two case studies on the use of directional measurements of spectral radiance to estimate the component temperatures of soil and vegetation and their subsequent use to model sensible heat fluxes at length scales of 10–1m and 103m.
The first case study relied on multi-temporal field surface temperature measurements at view angles of 0°, 23° and 52° collected at sparse grass covered surface during the Inner-Mongolia Grassland-Atmosphere Surface Study (IMGRASS) experiment in China. This provided useful insights on the applicability of a simple linear mixture model to the analysis of observed directional radiances. Sensible heat fluxes were estimated both at field and regional scales by using The Along-Track Scanning Radiometer (ATSR)-2 observations. The second was done with directional ATSR-1 observations only and was a contribution to the Hei He International Field Experiment (HEIFE) in China. The HEIFE case study was focused on the large oasis of Zhang-Ye and led to useful estimate of soil and vegetation temperatures. Sensible heat flux is modeled separately for each component heat source, i.e. soil and vegetation. Heat flux densities were compared with field measurements made with an eddy correlation device and values obtained with vertical profiles of air temperature and horizontal wind speed. Agreement was good for the IMGRASS case study based on field measurements. ATSR-based estimates were also in good agreement with values obtained with observed and modeled through vertical profiles, although few data points were available because of the large spatial scale of the ATSR estimates.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsPreview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Becker, F. and Z.-L. Li, 1990, Temperature-independent spectral indices in thermal infrared bands, Remote Sens. Environ., 35:161–173.
Beljaars, A.C.M., and Holtslag, A.A.M., 1991, Flux parameterization over land surface for atmospheric models, J.Appl. Meteorol., 30:327–341.
Brusaert, W.H., 1982, Evaporation into the Atmosphere, Reidel, Dordrecht, The Netherlands.
Brutsaert, W., and M.B. Parlange, 1992, The unstable surface layer above forest: regional evaporation and heat flux, Water Resources Res., 28(12):3129–3134.
Brutsaert, W., and M. Sugita, 1992, Regional surface fluxes from satellite-derived surface temperatures(AVHRR) and radiosonde profiles, Boundary-Layer Meteorology, 58:355–366.
Chamberlain, A.C., 1968, Transport of gases to and from surfaces with bluff and wave-like roughness elements, Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc, 94: 318–332.
Choudhury, B.J., and J.L. Monteith, 1988, A four-layer model for the heat budget of homogeneous land surfaces, Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc, 114:373–398.
Choudhury, B.J., R.J. Reginato, S.B. Iso, 1986, An analysis of infrared temperature observations over wheat and calculation of latent heat flux, Agr. and Forest Meteorol., 37: 75–88.
Deardorff, J.W., 1978, Effective prediction of ground surface temperature and moisture, with inclusion of a layer of vegetation, J. Geophys. Res., 83:1889–1903.
Garratt, J.R., 1992, The atmospheric boundary layer, Cambridge University, New York, USA.
Kalma, J.D., and D.L.B. Jupp, 1990, Estimating evaporation from pasture using infrared thermometry: evaluation of a one-layer resistance model, Agr. and Forest Meteorol., 51:223–246.
Kimes, D.S., and J. A. Kirchner, 1983, Directional radiometric measurements of row-crop temperatures, Int. J. Remote Sensing, 4(2):299–311.
Kohsiek, W., H.A.R. De Bruin, H. The and B. Van Den Hurk, 1993, Estimation of the sensible heat flux of a semi-arid area using surface radiometric temperarure measurements, Boudary-Layer Meteorol., 63:213–230.
Kustas, W.P., B.J. Choudhury, M.S. Moran, R.J. Reginato and R.D. Jackson, L.W. Gay and H.L. Weaver, 1989, Determination of sensible heat flux over sparse canopy using thermal infrared data, Agr. and Forest Meteorol, 44: 197–216.
Kustas, W.P., 1990, Estimates of evapotranspiration with a one- and two-layer model of heat transfer over partial canopy cover, J.Appl. Meteorol, 29:704–715.
Lagouarde, J.P., and Y. Kerr, 1993, Experimental study of angular effects on brightness surface temperature for various types of surfaces, Workshop on Thermal Remote Sensing of the Energy and Water Balance over Vegetation in Conjunction with Other Sensors, La Londe Les Maures, France.
Lhomme, J.P., B. Monteny, M. Amadou, 1994, Estimating sensible heat flux from radiometric temperature over sparse millet, Agr. and Forest Meteorol, 68:77–91.
Mahrt, L., and J. Sun, 1996, Dependence of surface exchange coefficients on averaging scale and grid size, Quart.J.Roy. Meteor. Soc, 121:1835–1852.
Menenti, M., Z.-L. Li, V. Djiepa, J. Wang, M.P. Stoll, L. Jia, Z.B. Su, and M. Rast, 1999, Estimation of soil and vegetation temperatures with directional thermal infrared observations: The HEIFE,SGP97 and IMGRASS experiments, Second International Workshop on Multiangular measurements and Models, 15–17 Sept. 1999, Ispra; Italy.
Menenti, M., 2000. Evaporation. Chapter 8 in: G.A. Schultz and E.T. Engman (eds.). Remote Sensing in Hydrology and Water Management. Spinger Verlag, Heidelberg: (in press)
Mitsuta Y. (Ed.), 1993, Proc. Int. Symp. on HEIFE, Disaster Prevention Research Institute, Kyoto University, Kyoto.
Norman, J.M., M. Divakarla, and N.S. Goel, 1995a, Algorithms for Extracting Information from Remote Thermal-IR Observations of the Earth’s Surface, Remote Sens. Environ., 51:157–168.
Norman, J.M., W.P. Kustas, K.S. Humes, 1995b, Tow-source approach for estimating soil and vegetation energy fluxes in observations of directional radiometric surface temperature, Agr. and Forest Meteorol, 77:263–293.
Rubio, E., V. Caselles and C. Badenas, 1997, Emissivity measurements of several soils and vegetation types in the 8–14um wave bands: analysis of two field methods, Remote Sensing Environ., 59:490–521.
Sobrino, J.A., Z-L. Li, M.P. Stoll and F. Becker, 1996, Multi-channel and multi-angle algorithms for estimating sea and land surface temperature with ATSR data, Int. J. Remote Sensing, 17(11):2089–2114.
Stanghellini, C., 1987, Transpiration of greenhouse crops — an aid to climate management, Ph.D thesis, Agriculture University, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
Stanghellini, C., 1993, Mixed convection above greenhouse crop canopies, Agr. and Forest Meteorol., 66:111–117.
Stewart, J.B., Kustas, W.P., Humes, K.S., Nichols, W.D., Moran, M.S., and de Bruin, A.A.R., 1994, ‘Sensible heat flux-radiometric surface temperature relationship for eight semiarid areas’, J.Appl Meteorol, 33:1110–1117.
Su, Z., J. Wang, J. Wen, L. Jia, M. Menenti, 1999, Field observations during IMGRASS — An examination on possibilities of using AATSR data to estimate soil and vegetation temperature, Proc.Int. Geosci. And Remote Sens. Symp., 1999, p.634–645. Also in: Mesoscale climate hydrology: the contribution of the new observing systems, Report USP-2(Editors: Z., Su and M.Menenti), Winand Staring Centre, Wageningen UR, The Netherlands, pp 141.
Yan, Y.-P., J.M. Wang, M. Menenti, R. Hutjes, Z. Su, 1999, Heterogeneous land surfaces and meso-scale atmospheric boundary layer processes: a case study on the HEIFE/HeiHe basin with the model RAMS, in: Mesoscale climate hydrology: the contribution of the new observing systems (Editors: Z. Su and M. Menenti), Winnand Staring Centre, Wageningen UR, The Netherlands, pp141.
Zuo, H.-C. and Y.-Q. Hu, 1993, the comparison and seasonal variation of microclimatic characteristics between oasis and Gobi in HEIFE, Proc. Int. Syp. on HEIFE, Disaster Prevention Research Institute, Kyoto University, Kyoto.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2001 Kluwer Academic Publishers
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Jia, L., Menenti, M., Su, Z., Li, ZL., Djepa, V., Wang, J. (2001). Modeling sensible heat flux using estimates of soil and vegetation temperatures: the HEIFE and IMGRASS experiments. In: Beniston, M., Verstraete, M.M. (eds) Remote Sensing and Climate Modeling: Synergies and Limitations. Advances in Global Change Research, vol 7. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/0-306-48149-9_2
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/0-306-48149-9_2
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-90-481-5648-1
Online ISBN: 978-0-306-48149-9
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive