Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Regulation of Photosynthetic Electron Transport

  • Chapter
Regulation of Photosynthesis

Part of the book series: Advances in Photosynthesis and Respiration ((AIPH,volume 11))

Summary

Green plants and cyanobacteria possess a complex and diverse set of mechanisms to regulate their photosynthetic electron transport. These include both rapid mechanisms, and long-term responses involving changes in gene expression. Together they are believed to play a number of physiological roles, including the maintenance of a relatively constant flow of electrons in a changing light-environment (homeostasis), the adjustment of the mode of photosynthetic electron transport in response to the changing metabolic needs of the cell (adaptation) and the minimization of the destructive side-effects of light and redox reactions (protection). This Chapter concentrates on the rapid responses (those not involving changes in gene expression). There has been exciting progress in our understanding of these mechanisms in recent years through a multi-disciplinary approach combining biophysics, biochemistry and molecular genetics. We describe the major mechanisms that have been characterized to date, concentrating on recent progress towards understanding the mechanism at the molecular level and highlighting the questions that remain to be answered.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 259.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 329.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 379.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Allakhverdiev SI, Yruela I, Picorel R and Klimov VV (1997) Bicarbonate is an essential constituent of the water-oxidizing complex of Photosystem II. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 94: 5050–5054

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Allen JF (1992) Protein phosphorylation in regulation of photosynthesis. Biochim Biophys Acta 1098: 275–335

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Allen JF, Sanders CE and Holmes NG (1985) Correlation of membrane protein phosphorylation with excitation energy distribution in the cyanobacterium Synechococcus 6301. FEBS Lett 193: 271–275

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Andersson B and Anderson JM (1980) Lateral heterogeneity in the distribution of chlorophyll-protein complexes of the thylakoid membranes of spinach chloroplasts. Biochim Biophys Acta 593: 427–440

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Arnon DI (1991) Photosynthetic electron transport: Emergence of a concept, 1949–59. Photosynth Res 29: 117–131

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Arnon DI and Chain RK (1975) Regulation of ferredoxin-catalysed photosynthetic phosphorylations. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 72: 4961–4965

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Asada K (1999) The water-water cycle in chloroplasts: Scavenging of active oxygens and dissipation of excess photons. Annu Rev Plant Physiol Plant Mol Biol 50: 601–639

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ashby MK and Mullineaux CW (1999) Cyanobacterial ycf27 gene products regulate energy transfer from phycobilisomes to Photosystems I and II. FEMS Microbiology Lett 181: 253–260

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Barber J and Andersson B (1992) Too much of a good thing: Light can be bad for photosynthesis. Trends Biochem Sci 17: 61–66

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Barth P, Lagoutte B and Sétif P (1998) Ferredoxin reduction by Photosystem I from Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803: Toward an under standing of the respective roles of subunits PsaD and PsaE in ferredoxin binding. Biochemistry 37: 16233–16241

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bendall DS and Manasse RS (1995) Cyclic photophosphorylation and electron transport. Biochim Biophys Acta 1229: 23–38

    Google Scholar 

  • Bennoun P (1982) Evidence for a respiratory chain in the chloroplast. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 79: 4352–4356

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bennoun P (1994) Chlororespiration revisited: Mitochondrial-plastid interactions in Chlamydomonas. Biochim Biophys Acta 1186: 59–66

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bennoun P (1998) Chlororespiration, sixteen years later. In: Rochaix J-D, Goldschmidt-Clermont M and Merchant S (eds) The Molecular Biology of Chloroplasts and Mitochondria in Chlamydomonas, pp 675–683. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht

    Google Scholar 

  • Berger S, Ellersiek U and Steinmüller K (1991) Cyanobacteria contain a mitochondrial complex I-homologous NADH dehydrogenase. FEBS Lett 286: 129–132

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Berger S, Ellersiek U, Westhoff P and Steinmüller P (1993) Studies on the expression of NDH-H, a subunit of the NAD(P)H-plastoquinone oxidoreductase of higher-plant chloroplasts. Planta 190: 25–31

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Berkemeyer M, Scheibe R and Ocheretina O (1998) A novel, non-redox-regulated NAD-dependent malate dehydrogenase from chloroplasts of Arabidopsis thaliana L. J Biol Chem 273: 27927–27933

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Berry S and Rumberg B (1999) Proton to electron stoichiometry in electron transport of spinach thylakoids. Biochim Biophys Acta 1410: 248–261

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Biggins J (1974) The role of plastoquinone in the in vivo photosynthetic cyclic electron transport pathway in algae. FEBS Lett 38: 311–314

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Blubaugh DJ and Govindjee (1988) The molecular mechanism of the bicarbonate effect at the plastoquinone reductase site of photosynthesis. Photosynth Res 19: 85–128

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bowes JM and Crofts AR (1981) The role of pH and membrane potential in the reactions of Photosystem II as measured by effects on delayed fluorescence. Biochim Biophys Acta 637: 464–472

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Buchanan BB (1994) The ferredoxin-thioredoxin system: update on its role in the regulation of oxygenic photosynthesis. Adv Mol Cell Biol 10: 337–354

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bulté L, Cans P, Rebéillé F and Wollman F-A (1990) ATP control on state transitions in vivo in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Biochim Biophys Acta 1020: 72–80

    Google Scholar 

  • Burrows PA (1998) Functional characterization of the plastid ndh gene products. PhD Thesis, University of London

    Google Scholar 

  • Burrows PA, Sazanov LA, Svab Z, Maliga P and Nixon PJ (1998) Identification of a functional respiratory complex in chloroplasts through analysis of tobacco mutants containing disrupted plastid ndh genes. EMBO J 17: 868–876

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Butler WL, Tredwell CJ, Malkin R and Barber J (1979) The relationship between the lifetime and yield of the 735 nm fluorescence of chloroplasts at low temperatures. Biochim Biophys Acta 545: 309–315

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Campbell D, Bruce D, Carpenter C, Gustafsson P and Öquist G (1996) Two forms of the Photosystem II D1 protein alter energy dissipation and state transitions in the cyanobacterium Synechococcus sp. PCC7942. Photosynth Res 47: 131–144

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Canaani O, Schuster G and Ohad I (1989) Photoinhibition in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii: Effect on state transition, intersystem energy distribution and Photosystem I cyclic electron flow. Photosynth Res 20: 129–146

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cao J, Vermaas WFJ and Govindjee (1991) Arginine residues in the D2 polypeptide may stabilize bicarbonate binding in Photosystem II of Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803. Biochim Biophys Acta 1059: 171–180

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Carol P, Stevenson D, Bisanz C, Breitenbach J, Sandmann G, Mache R, Coupland G and Kuntz M (1999) Mutations in the Arabidopsis gene IMMUTANS cause a variegated phenotype by inactivating a chloroplast terminal oxidase associated with phytoene desaturation. Plant Cell 11: 57–68

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Casano LM, Zapata JM, Martín M and Sabater B (2000) Chlororespiration and poising of cyclic electron transport. Plastoquinone as electron transporter between thylakoid NADH dehydrogenase and peroxidase. J Biol Chem 275: 942–948

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Charlebois D and Mauzerall D (1999) Energy storage and optical cross-section of PS I in the cyanobacterium Synechococcus PCC 7002 and a psaE− mutant. Photosynth Res 59: 27–38

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cleland RE and Bendall DS (1992) Photosystem I cyclic electron transport: Measurement of ferredoxin-plastoquinone reductase activity. Photosynth Res 34: 409–418

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cornac L, Guedeney G, Joët T, Rumeau D, Latouche G, Cerovic Z, Redding K, Horvath E, Medgyesy P and Peltier G (1998) Non-photochemical reduction of intersystem electron carriers in chloroplasts of higher plants and algae. In: Garab G (ed) Photosynthesis: Mechanisms and Effects, Vol III, pp 1877–1882. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht

    Google Scholar 

  • Coughlan SJ and Hind G (1987) A protein kinase that phosphorylates light-harvesting complex is autophosphorylated and is associated with Photosystem II. Biochemistry 26: 6515–6521

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Davies EC and Bendall DS (1987) The antimycin-binding site of thylakoid membranes from chloroplasts. In Biggins J (ed) Progress in Photosynthesis Research, Vol II, pp 485–488. Martinus Nijhoff, Dordrecht

    Google Scholar 

  • Delosme R, Olive J and Wollman F-A (1996) Changes in the light energy distribution upon state transitions: An in vivo photoacoustic study of the wild type and photosynthesis mutants from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Biochim Biophys Acta 1273: 150–158

    Google Scholar 

  • Delphin E, Duval J-C, Etienne A-L and Kirilovsky D (1996) State transitions or ΔpH-dependent quenching of Photosystem II fluorescence in red algae. Biochemistry 35: 9435–9445

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Demmig-Adams B (1990) Carotenoids and photoprotection in plants: A role for the xanthophyll zeaxanthin. Biochim Biophys Acta 1020: 1–24

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Diner BA, Petrouleas V and Wendoloski JJ (1991a) The ironquinone electron-acceptor complex of Photosystem II. Physiol Plant 81: 423–436

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Diner BA, Nixon PJ and Farchaus JW (1991b) Site-directed mutagenesis of photosynthetic reaction centers. Curr Opin Struct Biol 1: 546–554

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Elortza F, Asturias JA and Arizmendi JM (1999) Chloroplast NADH dehydrogenase from Pisum sativum: Characterization of its activity and cloning of ndhK gene. Plant Cell Physiol 40: 149–154

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Elrifi IR and Turpin DH (1986) Nitrate and ammonium induced photosynthetic suppression in N-limited Selenastrum minutum. Plant Physiol 81: 273–279

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Emlyn-Jones D, Ashby MK and Mullineaux CW (1999) A gene required for the regulation of photosynthetic light-harvesting in the cyanobacterium Synechocystis 6803. Mol Microbiol 33: 1050–1058

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Endo T, Schreiber U and Asada K (1995) Suppression of quantum yield of Photosystem II by hyperosmotic stress in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Plant Cell Physiol 36: 1253–1258

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Endo T, Mi H, Shikanai T and Asada K (1997) Donation of electrons to plastoquinone by NAD(P)H dehydrogenase and ferredoxin-quinone reductase in spinach chloroplasts. Plant Cell Physiol 38: 1272–1277

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Endo T, Shikanai T, Sato F and Asada K (1998) NAD(P)H dehydrogenase-dependent, antimycin A-sensitive electron donation to plastoquinone in tobacco chloroplasts. Plant Cell Physiol 39: 1226–1231

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Endo T, Shikanai T, Takabayashi A, Asada K and Sato F (1999) The role of chloroplastic NAD(P)H dehydrogenase in photoprotection. FEBS Lett 457: 5–8

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fearnley IM and Walker JE (1992) Conservation of sequences of subunits of mitochondrial complex I and their relationships with other proteins. Biochim Biophys Acta 1140: 105–134

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Feild TS, Nedbal L and Ort DR (1998) Non-photochemical reduction of the plastoquinone pool in sunflower leaves originates from chlororespiration. Plant Physiol 116: 1209–1218

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Finazzi G, Furia A, Barbagallo RP and Forti G (1999) State transitions, cyclic and linear electron transport and photophosphorylation in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Biochim Biophys Acta 1413: 117–129

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fleischmann MM, Ravanel S, Delosme R, Olive J, Zito F, Wollman F-A and Rochaix J-D (1999) Isolation and characterization of photoautotrophic mutants of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii deficient in state transition. J Biol Chem 274: 30987–30994

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Flügge U-I (1998) Metabolite transporters in plastids. Curr Opin Plant Biol 1: 201–206

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fork DC and Herbert SK (1993) Electron transport and photophosphorylation by Photosystem I in vivo in plants and cyanobacteria. Photosynth Res 36: 149–169

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Foyer CH and Harbinson J (1997) The photosynthetic electron transport system: Efficiency and control. In: Foyer CH and Quick WP (eds) A molecular approach to primary metabolism in higher plants, pp 3–39. Taylor and Francis Ltd, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Frank HA, Cua A, Chynwat V, Young A, Gosztola D and Wasielewski MR (1994) Photophysics of the carotenoids associated with the xanthophyll cycle in photosynthesis. Photosynth Res 41: 389–395

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Friedrich T, Steinmüller K and Weiss H (1995) The protonpumping respiratory complex I of bacteria and mitochondria and its homologue in chloroplasts. FEBS Lett 367: 107–111

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fulgosi H, Vener AV, Altschmied L, Herrmann RG and Andersson B (1998) A novel multi-functional chloroplast protein: identification of a 40 kDa immunophilin-like protein located in the thylakoid lumen. EMBO J 17: 1577–1587

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Funk C, Schröder WP, Napiwotzki A, Tjus SE, Renger G and Andersson B (1995) The PS II-S protein of higher plants: A new type of pigment-binding protein. Biochemistry 34: 11133–11141

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Funk E, Schäfer E and Steinmüller K (1999) Characterization of the Complex I-homologous NAD(P)H-Plastoquinone-Oxidoreductase (NDH-complex) of Maize Chloroplasts. J Plant Physiol 154: 16–23

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gal A, Herrmann RG, Lottspeich F and Ohad I (1992) Phosphorylation of cytochrome b6 by the LHCII kinase associated with the cytochrome complex. FEBS Lett 298: 33–35

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gans P and Rebeille F (1990) Control in the dark of the plastoquinone redox state by mitochondrial activity in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Biochim Biophys Acta 1015: 150–155

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Genty B and Harbinson J (1996) Regulation of light utilization for photosynthetic electron transport. In: Baker NR (ed) Photosynthesis and the Environment, pp 67–99. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht

    Google Scholar 

  • Gilmore A, Shinkarev VP, Hazlett TL and Govindjee (1998) Quantitative analysis of the effects of intrathylakoid pH and the xanthophyll cycle pigments on chlorophyll a fluorescence lifetime distributions and intensity in thylakoids. Biochemistry 37: 13582–13593

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Greenbaum E, Lee JW, Tevault CV, Blankinship SL and Mets LJ (1995) CO2 fixation and photoevolution of H2 and O2 in a mutant of Chlamydomonas lacking Photosystem I. Nature 376: 438–441

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Groom QJ, Kramer DM, Crofts AR and Ort DR (1993) The nonphotochemical reduction of plastoquinone in leaves. Photosynth Res 36: 205–215

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Guedeney G, Corneille S, Cuiné S and Peltier G (1996) Evidence for an association of ndhB, ndhJ gene products and ferredoxin-NADP-reductase as components of a chloroplastic NAD(P)H dehydrogenase complex. FEBS Lett 378: 277–280

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hagemann M, Jeanjean R, Fulda S, Havaux M, Joset F and Erdmann N (1999) Flavodoxin accumulation contributes to enhanced cyclic electron flow around Photosystem I in saltstressed cells of Synechocystis sp. strain PCC 6803. Physiol Plant 105: 670–678

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Havaux M (1996) Short-term responses of Photosystem I to heat stress. Induction of a PS II-independent electron transport through PS I fed by stromal components. Photosynth Res 47: 85–97

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Heber U and Walker D (1992) Concerning a dual function of coupled cyclic electron transport in leaves. Plant Physiol 100: 1621–1626

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Heber U, Gerst U, Krieger A, Neimanis S and Kobayashi Y (1995) Coupled cyclic electron transport in intact chloroplasts and leaves of C3 plants: Does it exist ? If so, what is its function? Photosynth Res 46: 269–275

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Heineke D, Riens B, Grosse H, Hoferichter P, Peter U, Flügge U I and Heldt HW (1991) Redox transfer across the inner chloroplast envelope membrane. Plant Physiol 95: 1131–1137

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Herbert SK, Fork DC and Malkin S (1990) Photoacoustic measurements in vivo of energy storage by cyclic electron flow in algae and higher plants. Plant Physiol 94: 926–934

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hinerwadel R and Berthomieu C (1995) Bicarbonate binding to the non-haem iron of Photosystem II investigated by Fourier transform infrared difference spectroscopy and 13C-labelod bicarbonate. Biochemistry 34: 16288–16297

    Google Scholar 

  • Horton P, Ruban AV and Walters RG (1996) Regulation of light-harvesting in green plants. Annu Rev Plant Physiol Plant Mol Biol 47: 655–684

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hosier JP and Yocum CF (1985) Evidence for two cyclic photophosphorylation reactions concurrent with ferredoxin-catalyzed non-cyclic electron transport. Biochim Biophys Acta 808: 21–31

    Google Scholar 

  • Howitt CA and Vermaas WFJ (1998) Quinol and cytochrome oxidases in the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803. Biochemistry 37: 17944–17951

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Howitt CA, Udall PK and Vermaas WFJ (1999) Type 2 NADH dehydrogenases in the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. strain PCC 6803 are involved in regulation rather than respiration. J Bacteriol 181: 3994–4003

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Johnson GN, Scholes JD, Horton P and Young AJ (1993) The dissipation of excitation energy in British plant species. Plant, Cell and Environment 16: 673–679

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kaneko T, Sato S, Kotani H, Tanaka A, Asamizu E, Nakamura Y, Miyajima N, Hirosawa M, Sugiura M, Sasamoto S, Kimura T, Hosouchi T, Matsuno A, Muraki A, Nakazaki N, Naruo K, Okumura S, Shimpo S, Takeuchi C, Wada T, Watanabe A, Yamada M, Yasuda M and Tabata S (1996) Sequence analysis of the genome of the unicellular cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. strain PCC6803. 2. Sequence determination of the entire genome and assignment of potential protein-coding regions. DNA Res 3: 109–136

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Katona E, Neimanis S, Schönknecht G and Heber U (1992) Photosystem I-dependent cyclic electron transport is important in controlling Photosystem II activity in leaves under conditions of water stress. Photosynth Res 34: 449–464

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Klimov VV and Baranov S V (2001) Bicarbonate requirement for the water-oxidizing complex of Photosystem II. Biochim Biophys Acta 1503: 187–196

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Klimov VV, Baranov SV and Allakhverdiev SI (1997) Bicarbonate protects the donor side of Photosystem II against photoinhibition and thermoinactivation. FEBS Lett 418: 243–246

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Klughammer B, Sultemeyer D, Badger MR and Price GD (1999) The involvement of NAD(P)H dehydrogenase subunits, NdhD3 and NdhF3, in high-affinity CO2 uptake in Synechococcus sp. PCC7002 gives evidence for multiple NDH-1 complexes with specific roles in cyanobacteria. Mol Microbiol 32: 1305–1315

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Klukas O, Schubert W-D, Jordan P, Krauß N, Fromme P, Witt HT and Saenger W (1999) Photosystem I, an improved model of the stromal subunits PsaC, PsaD and PsaE. J Biol Chem 274: 7351–7360

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kofer W, Koop H-U, Wanner G and Steinmüller K (1998) Mutagenesis of the genes encoding subunits A, C, H, I, J and K of the plastid NAD(P)H-plastoquinone-oxidoreductase in tobacco by polyethylene glycol-mediated plastome transformation. Mol Gen Genet 258: 166–173

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Koop H-U, Kofer W and Steinmüller K (1998) Judging the homoplastomic state of plastid transformants—a reply. Trends Plant Sci 3: 377

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kramer DM and Crofts AR (1993) The concerted reduction of the low and high potential chains of the bf complex by plastoquinol. Biochim Biophys Acta 1183: 72–84

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kramer DM and Crofts AR (1996) Control and measurement of photosynthetic electron transport in vivo. In: Baker NR (ed) Photosynthesis and the Environment, pp 25–66. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht

    Google Scholar 

  • Krause GH, Briantais J-M and Vernotte C (1983) Characterization of chlorophyll fluorescence quenching in chloroplasts by fluorescence spectroscopy at 77 K. Biochim Biophys Acta 723: 169–175

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Krieger A, Moya I and Weis E (1992) Energy-dependent quenching of chlorophyll a fluorescence: Effect of pH on stationary fluorescence and picosecond-relaxation kinetics in thylakoid membranes and Photosystem II preparations. Biochim Biophys Acta 1102: 167–176

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Krömer S, Stitt M and Heldt HW (1988) Mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation participating in photosynthetic metabolism of a leaf cell. FEBS Lett 226: 352–356

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kruse O, Nixon PJ, Schmid GH and Mullineaux CW (1999) Isolation of state transition mutants of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii by fluorescence video imaging. Photosynth Res 61: 43–51

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kubicki A, Funk E, Westhoff P and Steinmüller K (1996) Differential expression of plastome-encoded ndh genes in mesophyll and bundle-sheath chloroplasts of the C4 plant Sorghum bicolor indicates that the complex I-homologous NAD(P)H-plastoquinone oxidoreductase is involved in cyclic electron transport. Planta 199: 276–281

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lemaire C, Wollman F-A and Bennoun P (1988) Restoration of photoautotrophic growth in a mutant of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii in which the chloroplastic atpB gene of the ATP synthase has a deletion: An example of mitochondrial dependent photosynthesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 85: 1344–1348

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Li X-P, Björkman O, Shih C, Grossman AR, Rosenquist M, Jansson S and Niyogi KK (2000) A pigment-binding protein essential for regulation of photosynthetic light harvesting. Nature 403: 391–395

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Maliga P and Nixon PJ (1998) Judging the homoplastomic state of plastid transformants. Trends Plant Sci 3: 376–377

    Google Scholar 

  • Martín M, Casano LM and Sabater B (1996) Identification of the product of ndhA gene as a thylakoid protein synthesised in response to photooxidative treatment. Plant Cell Physiol 37: 293–298

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Matsuo M, Endo T and Asada K (1998) Properties of the respiratory NAD(P)H dehydrogenase isolated from the cyanobacterium Synechocystis PCC6803. Plant Cell Physiol 39: 263–267

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mehler AH (1951) Studies on the reaction of illuminated chloroplasts. I. Mechanism of the reduction of oxygen and other Hill reagents. Arch Biochem Biophys 33: 65–77

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mi H, Endo T, Schreiber U, Ogawa T and Asada K (1992) Electron donation from cyclic and respiratory flows to the photosynthetic intersystem chain is mediated by pyridine nucleotide dehydrogenase in the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803. Plant Cell Physiol 33: 1233–1237

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mi H, Endo T, Ogawa T and Asada K (1995) Thylakoid membrane-bound, NADPH-specific pyridine nucleotide dehydrogenase complex mediates cyclic electron transport in the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803. Plant Cell Physiol 36: 661–668

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mills JD, Crowther D, Slovacek RE, Hind G and McCarty RE (1979) Electron transport pathways in spinach chloroplasts. Reduction of the primary acceptor of Photosystem II by reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate in the dark. Biochim Biophys Acta 547: 127–137

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Miyake C, Schreiber U and Asada K (1995) Ferredoxin-dependent and antimycin A-sensitive reduction of cytochrome b-559 by far-red light in maize thylakoids: participation of a menadiol-reducible cytochrome b-559 in cyclic electron flow. Plant Cell Physiol 36: 743–748

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mizuno T, Kaneko T and Tabata S (1996) Compilation of all genes encoding two-component phosphotransfer signal transducers in the genome of the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. strain PCC6803. DNA Res 3: 407–414

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Moss DA and Bendall DS (1984) Cyclic electron transport in chloroplasts: The Q cycle and the site of action of antimycin. Biochim Biophys Acta 767: 389–395

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mullineaux CW (1992) Excitation energy transfer from phycobilisomes to Photosystem I in a cyanobacterium. Biochim Biophys Acta 1100: 285–292

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mullineaux CW (1994) Excitation energy transfer from phycobilisomes to Photosystem I in a cyanobacterial mutant lacking Photosystem II. Biochim Biophys Acta 1184: 71–77

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mullineaux CW and Allen JF (1990) State 1-state 2 transitions in the cyanobacterium Synechococcus 6301 are controlled by the redox state of electron carriers between Photosystems I and II. Photosynth Res 22: 157–166

    Google Scholar 

  • Mullineaux CW, Tobin, MJ and Jones GR (1997) Mobility of photosynthetic complexes in thylakoid membranes. Nature 390: 421–424

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nilsson A, Stys D, Drakenberg T, Spangfort MD, Forsen S and Allen JF (1997) Phosphorylation controls the three-dimensional structure of plant light harvesting complex II. J Biol Chem 272: 18350–18357

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nixon PJ (2000) Chlororespiration. Phil Trans R Soc Lond B 355: 1541–1547

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nixon PJ, Gounaris K, Coomber SA, Hunter CN, Dyer TA and Barber J (1989) psbG is not a Photosystem two gene but may be an ndh gene. J Biol Chem 264: 14129–14135

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Niyogi KK (1999) Photoprotection revisited: Genetic and molecular approaches. Annu Rev Plant Physiol Plant Mol Biol 50: 333–359

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Norling B, Zak E, Andersson B and Pakrasi H (1998) 2Disolation of pure plasma and thylakoid membranes from the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803. FEBS Lett 436: 189–192

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ohkawa H, Sonoda M, Katoh H and Ogawa T (1998) The use of mutants in the analysis of the CO2-concentrating mechanism in cyanobacteria. Can J Bot 76: 1035–1042

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ohyama K, Fukuzawa H, Kohchi T, Shirai H, Sano T, Sano S, Umesono K, Shiki Y, Takeuchi M, Chang Z, Aota S, Inokuchi H and Ozeki H (1986) Chloroplast gene organization deduced from complete sequence of liverwort Marchantia polymorpha chloroplast DNA. Nature 322: 572–574

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Olive J, Ajlani G, Astier C, Recouvreur M and Vernotte C (1997) Ultrastructure and light adaptation of phycobilisome mutants of Synechocystis PCC6803. Biochim Biophys Acta 1319: 275–282

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Osmond CB (1981) Photorespiration and photoinhibition: some implications for the energetics of photosynthesis. Biochim Biophys Acta 639: 77–98

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Peltier G and Thibault P (1988) Oxygen-exchange studies in Chlamydomonas mutants deficient in photosynthetic electron transport: evidence for a Photosystem II-dependent oxygen uptake in vivo. Biochim Biophys Acta 936: 319–324

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Petrouleas V, Deligiannakis Y and Diner BA (1994) Binding of carboxylate anions at the non-haem Fe(II) of PS II. 2. Competition with bicarbonate and effects on the QA/QB electron transfer rate. Biochim Biophys Acta 1188: 271–277

    Google Scholar 

  • Phillip D, Ruban AV, Horton P, Asato A and Young AJ (1996) Quenching of chlorophyll fluorescence in the major light-harvesting complex of Photosystem II: A systematic study of the effect of carotenoid structure. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 93: 1492–1497

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Quiles MJ and Cuello J (1998) Association of ferredoxin-NADP oxidoreductase with the chloroplastic pyridine nucleotide dehydrogenase complex in barley leaves. Plant Physiol 117: 235–244

    Google Scholar 

  • Ravenel J, Peltier G and Havaux M (1994) The cyclic electron pathways around Photosystem I in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii as determined in vivo by photoacoustic measurements of energy storage. Planta 193: 251–259

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Redding K, Cournac L, Vassiliev IR, Golbeck JH, Peltier G and Rochaix J-D (1999) Photosystem I is indispensable for photoautotrophic growth, CO2 fixation, and H2 photoproduction in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. J Biol Chem 274: 10466–10473

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rich PR (1988) A critical examination of the supposed variable proton stoichiometry at the chloroplast cytochrome b/f complex. Biochim Biophys Acta 932: 33–42

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rich PR, Hoefnagel MHN and Wiskich JT (1998) Possible chlororespiratory reactions of thylakoid membranes. In: Møller IM, Gardeström P, Glimelius K and Glaser E (eds) Plant Mitochondria: From Gene to Function, pp 17–23. Backhuys Publishers, Leiden

    Google Scholar 

  • Rintamäki E, Salonen M, Suoranta U-M, Carlberg I, Andersson B and Aro E-M (1997) Phosphorylation of light-harvesting complex II and Photosystem II core proteins shows different irradiance-dependent regulation in vivo. J Biol Chem 272: 30476–30482

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sazanov LA, Burrows PA and Nixon PJ (1998) The plastid ndh genes code for an NADH-specific dehydrogenase: Isolation of a complex I analogue from peat hylakoid membranes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 95: 1319–1324

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Scheibe R (1987) NADP+-malate dehydrogenase in C3-plants: Regulation and role of a light-activated enzyme. Physiol Plant 71: 393–400

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Scherer S, Almon H and Böger P (1988) Interaction of photosynthesis, respiration and nitrogen fixation in cyanobacteria. Photosynth Res 15: 95–114

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schmetterer G (1994) Cyanobacterial respiration. In: Bryant DA (ed) The Molecular Biology of Cyanobacteria, pp 409–435. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht

    Google Scholar 

  • Scholes JD and Rolfe SA (1996) Photosynthesis in localised regions of oat leaves infected with crown rust (Puccinia coronata): Quantitative imaging of chlorophyll fluorescence. Planta 199: 573–582

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schreiber U, Endo T, Mi H and Asada K (1995) Quenching analysis of chlorophyll fluorescence by the saturation pulse method: particular aspects relating to the study of eukaryotic algae and cyanobacteria. Plant Cell Physiol 36: 873–882

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schweitzer RH and Brudvig GW (1997) Fluorescence quenching by chlorophyll cations in Photosystem II. Biochemistry 36: 11351–11359

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shikanai T, Endo T, Hashimoto T, Yamada Y, Asada K and Yokota A. (1998) Directed disruption of the tobacco ndhB gene impairs cyclic electron flow around Photosystem I. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 95: 9705–9709

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shinozaki K, Ohme M, Tanaka M, Wakasugi T, Hayashida N, Matsubayashi T, Zaita N, Chunwongse J, Obokata J, Yamaguchi-Shinozaki K, Ohto C, Torazawa K, Meng BY, Sugita M, Deno H, Kamogashira T, Yamada K, Kusuda J, Takaiwa F, Kato A, Tohdoh N, Shimada H and Sugiura M (1986) The complete nucleotide sequence of the tobacco chloroplast genome: its gene organization and expression. EMBO J 5: 2043–2049

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Snel JFH and van Rensen JJS (1984) Reevaluation of the role of bicarbonate and formate in the regulation of photosynthetic electron flow in broken chloroplasts. Plant Physiol 75: 146–150

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Snyders S and Kohorn BD (1999) TAKS, thylakoid membrane protein kinases associated with energy transduction. J Biol Chem 274: 9137–9140

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stemler AJ (1998) Bicarbonate and photosynthetic oxygen evolution: An unwelcome legacy of Otto Warburg. Indian J Exp Biol 36: 841–848

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stumpp MT, Motohashi K and Hisabori T (1999) Chloroplast thioredoxin mutants without active-site cysteines facilitate the reduction of the regulatory disulphide bridge on the γ submit of chloroplast ATP synthase. Biochem J 341: 157–163

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sundby C (1990) Bicarbonate effects on photoinhibition. Including an explanation for the sensitivity to photo-inhibition under anaerobic conditions. FEBS Lett 274: 77–81

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tagawa K, Tsujimoto H Y and Arnon DI (1963) Role of chloroplast ferredoxin in the energy conversion process of photosynthesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 49: 567–572

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Takahama U, Shimidzu-Takahama M and Heber U (1981) The redox stateof NADP in illuminated chloroplasts. Biochim Biophys Acta 637: 530–539

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Teicher HB and Scheller HV (1998) The NAD(P)H dehydrogenase in barley thylakoids is photoactivatable and uses NADPH as well as NADH. Plant Physiol 117: 525–532

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Turmel C, Otis C and Lemieux C (1999) The complete chloroplast DNA sequence of the alga Nephroselmis olivacea: Insights into the architecture of ancestral chloroplast genomes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 96: 10248–10253

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Turpin DH and Bruce D (1990) Regulation of photosynthetic light-harvesting by nitrogen assimilation in the green alga Selenastrum minutum. FEBS Lett 263: 99–103

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vallon O, Bulté L, Dainese P, Olive J, Bassi R and Wollman F-A (1991) Lateral redistribution of cytochrome h6f complexes along thylakoid membranes upon state transitions. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 88: 8262–8266

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • van Rensen JJS, Xu C and Govindjee (1999) Role of bicarbonate in Photosystem II, the water-plastoquinone oxido-reductase of plant photosynthesis. Physiol Plant 105: 585–592

    Google Scholar 

  • van Thor JJ, Geerlings TH, Matthijs HCP and Hellingwerf KJ (1999a) Kinetic evidence for the PsaE-dependent transient ternary complex Photosystem I/ferredoxin/ferredoxin: NADP+ reductase in a cyanobacterium. Biochemistry 38: 12735–12746

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • van Thor JJ, Gruters OWM, Matthijs HCP and Hellingwerf KJ (1999b) Localization and function of ferredoxin: NADP+ reductase bound to the phycobilisomes of Synechocystis. EMBO J 18: 4128–4136

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • van Walraven HS, Strotmann H, Schwarz O and Rumberg B (1996) The H+/ATP coupling ratio of the ATP synthase from thiol-modulated chloroplasts and two cyanobacterial strains is four. FEBS Lett 379: 309–313

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vener AV, van Kan PJM, Rich PR, Ohad I and Andersson B (1997) Plastoquinol at the quinol oxidation site of reduced cytochrome bf mediates signal transduction between light and protein phosphorylation: Thylakoid protein kinase deactivation by a single-turnover flash. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 94: 1585–1590

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vermaas W (1994) Molecular genetic approaches to study photosynthetic and respiratory electron transport in thylakoids from cyanobacteria. Biochim Biophys Acta 1187: 181–186

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wakasugi T, Tsudzuki J, Ito S, Nakashima K, Tsudzuki T and Sugiura M (1994) Loss of all ndh genes as determined by sequencing the entire chloroplast genome of the black pine Pinus thunbergii. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 91: 9794–9798

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Walters RG, Ruban AV and Horton P (1996) Identification of proton-active residues in a higher plant light-harvesting complex. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 93: 14204–14209

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Weis E (1981) Reversible heat-inactivation of the Calvin cycle: A possible mechanism of the temperature regulation of photosynthesis. Planta 151: 33–39

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wollman F-A and Lemaire C (1988) Studies on kinase-controlled state transitions in Photosystem II and b6f mutants from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii which lack quinone-binding proteins. Biochim Biophys Acta 933: 85–94

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wu D, Wright DA, Wetzel C, Voytas DF and Rodermel S (1999) The IMMUTANS variegation locus of Arabidopsis defines a mitochondrial alternative oxidase homolog that functions during early chloroplast biogenesis. Plant Cell 11: 43–55

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Xiong J, Hutchinson RS, Sayre RT and Govindjee (1997) Modification of the Photosystem II acceptor side function in a D1 mutant (arginine-269-glycine) of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Biochim Biophys Acta 1322: 60–76

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Xiong J, Minagawa J, Crofts A and Govindjee (1998) Loss of inhibition by formate in newly constructed Photosystem II D1 mutants, D1-R257E and D1-R257M, of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Biochim Biophys Acta 1365: 473–491

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Xue X, Gauthier DA, Turpin DH and Weger HG(1996) Interactions between photosynthesis and respiration in the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Plant Physiol. 112: 1005–1014

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yruela I, Allakhverdiev SI, Ibarra JV and Klimov VV (1998) Bicarbonate binding to the water-oxidizing complex in the Photosystem II. A Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy study. FEBS Lett 425: 396–400

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yu L, Zhao J, Mühlenhoff U, Bryant DA and Golbeck JH (1993) PsaE is required for in vivo cyclic electron flow around Photosystem I in the cyanobacterium Synechococcus sp. PCC 7002. Plant Physiol 103: 171–180

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zer H, Vink M, Keren N, Dilly-Hartwig HG, Paulsen H, Herrmann RG, Andersson B and Ohad I (1999) Regulation of thylakoid protein phosphorylation at the substrate level: Reversible light-induced conformational changes expose the phosphorylation site of the light-harvesting complex II. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 96: 8277–8282

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Biochemistry, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, London, SW7 2AY, UK

    Peter J. Nixon

  2. Department of Biology, University College London, Darwin Building, Gower St, London, WC1E 6BT, UK

    Conrad W. Mullineaux

Authors
  1. Peter J. Nixon
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Conrad W. Mullineaux
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. University of Turku, Finland

    Eva-Mari Aro

  2. University of Stockholm/Linköping, Sweden

    Bertil Andersson

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2001 Kluwer Academic Publishers

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Nixon, P.J., Mullineaux, C.W. (2001). Regulation of Photosynthetic Electron Transport. In: Aro, EM., Andersson, B. (eds) Regulation of Photosynthesis. Advances in Photosynthesis and Respiration, vol 11. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/0-306-48148-0_30

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/0-306-48148-0_30

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht

  • Print ISBN: 978-0-7923-6332-3

  • Online ISBN: 978-0-306-48148-2

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation