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Regulation of Carbon Fluxes in the Cytosol: Coordination of Sucrose Synthesis, Nitrate Reduction and Organic Acid and Amino Acid Biosynthesis

  • Chapter
Photosynthesis

Part of the book series: Advances in Photosynthesis and Respiration ((AIPH,volume 9))

Summary

Sugars and amino acids fuel plant growth, development and biomass production. They are required in different amounts and stoichiometries according to developmental stage and environmental challenges and constraints. Extensive interdependence of C and N assimilation operates at several levels, necessitating a complex array of reciprocal controls. Export of amino acids occurs in response to active loading and transport of sucrose in the phloem. Sucrose is the currency of energy exchange between organs and provides ATP for transport processes. Coordination of C and N flow into amino acids and carbohydrates is achieved by regulation of crucial enzyme activities. Nitrate reductase (NR), phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC) and sucrose phosphate synthase (SPS) are key enzymes in N assimilation, anaplerotic C flow and sucrose synthesis, respectively. Their activities are coordinated by several mechanisms, the most important of which is protein phosphorylation. Intermediates and products of these pathways regulate gene expression, thereby transmitting information on metabolism to orchestrate C/N flow. A number of putative signal metabolites have been characterized. N metabolites are required for synthesis and activation of enzymes involved in C metabolism (especially for PEPC and SPS). C metabolites are necessary for the synthesis and activation of enzymes catalyzing the assimilation of N (for example, sugars promote NR gene expression). The ‘signals’ involved include nitrate per se, as well as intermediates and products of C and N assimilation such as amino acids, organic acids and sugars.

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Abbreviations

ADPGlc PPase:

ADPglucosepyrophosphorylase

C:

carbon

CAM:

Crassulacean acid metabolism

CaMV:

cauliflower mosaic virus

CHX:

cycohexamide

cIDH:

cytosolic isocitrate dehydrogenase

CoA:

coenzyme A

DHAP:

dihydroxyacetone phosphate

FC:

fusicoccin

Fd:

ferredoxin

FNR:

ferredoxin NADP reductase

G6PDH:

glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase

GDH:

glutamate dehydrogenase

Glc 6-P:

glucose 6-phosphate

GOGAT:

glutamate synthase

GS:

glutamine synthetase

N:

nitrogen

NiR:

nitrate reductase

NR:

nitrate reductase

2-OG:

2-oxoglutarate

OAA:

oxaloacetate

PEP:

phosphoenolpyruvate

PEPC:

phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase

PGA:

3 phosphoglycerate

Pi:

inorganic phosphate

PK:

protein kinase

PM-NR:

plasmamembrane bound nitrate reductase

PP:

protein phosphatase

rbcS:

ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase oxygenase small subunit

RPPP:

reductive pentose phosphate pathway

Ru5P:

ribulose 5 phosphate

RubP:

ribulose 1,5 bisphosphate

SPS:

sucrose phosphate synthase

Susy:

sucrose synthase

TCA:

tricarboxylic acid

TP:

triose phosphate

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, Institute of Arable Crops Research, Rothamsted, Harpenden, Herts, AL5 2JQ, UK

    Christine H. Foyer

  2. Laboratoire du Metabolisme, INRA, Route de Saint Cyr, 78026, Versailles cedex, France

    Sylvie Ferrario-Méry

  3. USDA/ARS and Departments of Crop Science and Botany, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695-7631, USA

    Steven C. Huber

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  1. Christine H. Foyer
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  2. Sylvie Ferrario-Méry
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  3. Steven C. Huber
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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Robert Hill Institute, University of Sheffield, UK

    Richard C. Leegood

  2. Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin, USA

    Thomas D. Sharkey

  3. Research School of Biological Sciences, Australian National University, Australia

    Susanne von Caemmerer

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Foyer, C.H., Ferrario-Méry, S., Huber, S.C. (2000). Regulation of Carbon Fluxes in the Cytosol: Coordination of Sucrose Synthesis, Nitrate Reduction and Organic Acid and Amino Acid Biosynthesis. In: Leegood, R.C., Sharkey, T.D., von Caemmerer, S. (eds) Photosynthesis. Advances in Photosynthesis and Respiration, vol 9. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/0-306-48137-5_8

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/0-306-48137-5_8

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