Skip to main content

Part of the book series: Perspectives in Law & Psychology ((PILP,volume 14))

  • 237 Accesses

Conclusion

Although it may seem a cliché, nothing succeeds like success. The prior successes of the eyewitness area produced a number of highly productive research programs. Those programs generated a literature that is now widely read within psychology and increasingly relied on by those in the criminal justice system. Student interest in the area is high, which leads to graduate applications and new generations of researchers who, instead of having to be convinced to change their research interests to include eyewitness issues, were trained in the area to start. Eyewitness researchers have achieved tremendous success in advancing knowledge of eyewitnesses and making their theory and research findings available to the legal system. Yet, the area remains ripe with avenues for investigation.

“I remember really feeling confident that was the man⋯I was just positive he did it”—Jennifer Thompson, after learning that the man she identified as her attacker was innocent.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Bekerian, D., & Bowers, J. (1983). Eyewitness testimony: Were we misled? Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 19, 139–145.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bowers, J., & Bekerian, D. (1984). When will postevent information distort eyewitness testimony? Journal of Applied Psychology, 69, 466–472.

    Google Scholar 

  • Binet, A. (1905). La science du termoignage. ĽAnnee Psychologique, 11, 128–137.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brigham, J. C, & Bothwell, R.K. (1983). The ability of prospective jurors to estimate the accuracy of eyewitness identifications. Law and Human Behavior, 7, 19–30.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brigham, J. C., Meissner, C. A., & Wasserman, A. W. (1999). Applied issues in the construction and expert assessment of photo lineups. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 13, S73–S92.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brigham, J. C., & Pfeifer, J. E. (1994). Evaluating the fairness of lineups. In D. F. Ross, J. D. Read, & M. P. Toglia (Eds.), Adult eyewitness testimony: Current trends and developments (pp. 201–222). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brigham, J. C., & Ready, D. J. (1985). Own-race bias in lineup construction. Law and Human Behavior, 9, 415–424.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brigham, J. C., Wasserman, A. W., & Meissner, C. A. (1999). Disputed eyewitness evidence: Important legal and scientific issues. Court Review, 36(2), 12–25.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brigham, J. C., & WolfsKeil, M. P. (1983). Opinions of attorneys and law enforcement personnel on the accuracy of eyewitness identifications. Law and Human Behavior, 7, 337–349.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brooks, N. (1983). Pretrial eyewitness identification procedures: Police guidelines. Ottawa: Law Reform Commission of Canada.

    Google Scholar 

  • Buckhout, R., Alper, A., Chern, S., Silverberg, G., & Slomovits, M. (1974). Determinants of eyewitness performance on a lineup. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society, 4, 191–192.

    Google Scholar 

  • Buckhout, R., Figueroa, D., & Hoff, E. (1975). Eyewitness identification: Effects of suggestion & bias in identification from photographs. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society, 6, 71–74.

    Google Scholar 

  • Connors, E., Lundregan, T., Miller, N., & McEwan, T. (1996). Convicted by juries, exonerated by science: Case studies in the use of DNA evidence to establish innocence after trial. Alexandria, VA: National Institute of Justice.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cutler, B. L., & Penrod, S. D. (1995). Mistaken identification: The eyewitness, psychology, and the law. New York: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cutler, B. L., Penrod, S. D., & Martens, T. K. (1987). The reliability of eyewitness identification: The role of system and estimator variables. Law and Human Behavior, 11, 233–258.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Deffenbacher, K. A., & Loftus, E. F. (1982). Do jurors share a common understanding concerning eyewitness behavior? Law & Human Behavior, 6, 15–30.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dekle, D. J., Beale, C. R., Elliot, R., & Huneycutt, D. (1996). Children as witnesses: A comparison of lineup versus showup identification methods. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 10, 1–12.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fallshore, M., & Schooler, J. W. (1995). The verbal vulnerability of perceptual expertise. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, & Cognition, 21, 1608–1623.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Finger, K., & Pezdek, K. (1999). The effect of cognitive interview on face identification: Release from verbal overshadowing. Journal of Applied Psychology, 84, 340–348.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Geiselman, R. E., Fisher, R. P., MacKinnon, D., & Holland, H. (1985). Eyewitness memory enhancement in the police interview: Cognitive retrieval mnemonics versus hypnosis. Journal of Applied Psychology, 70, 401–412.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Geiselman, R. E., Fisher, R. P., MacKinnon, D., & Holland, H. (1986). Enhancement of eyewitness memory with the cognitive interview. American Journal of Psychology, 99, 385–401.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gonzalez, R., Ellsworth, P. C., & Pembroke, M. (1994). Misidentifications and failures to identify in lineups and showups. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gorenstein, G. W., & Ellsworth, P. C. (1980). Effect of choosing an incorrect photograph on a later identification by an eyewitness. Journal of Applied Psychology, 65, 616–622.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Goodman-Delahunty, J. (in press). Cross-race face identification by eyewitnesses. Psychology, Public Policy, and Law.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grisso, T., & Saks, M. J. (1991). Psychology’s influence on constitutional interpretation: A comment on how to succeed. Law & Human Behavior, 15, 205–211.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hosch, H. M., & Cooper, D. S. (1982). Victimization as a determinant of eyewitness accuracy. Journal of Applied Psychology, 67, 649–652.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hosch, H. M., Leippe, M. R., Marchioni, P. M., & Cooper, D. S. (1984). Victimization, self-monitoring, and eyewitness identification. Journal of Applied Psychology, 69, 280–288.

    Google Scholar 

  • Koehnken, G., Milne, R., Memon, A., & Bull, R. (1999). The cognitive interview: A meta-analysis. Psychology, Crime, & Law, 5, 3–27.

    Google Scholar 

  • Leippe, M. R. (1995). The case for expert testimony about eyewitness memory. Psychology, Public Policy, and Law, 1, 909–959.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Leippe, M. R., Romanczyk, A., & Manion, A.P. (1991). Eyewitness memory for a touching experience: Accuracy differences between child and adult witnesses. Journal of Applied Psychology, 76, 367–379.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lindsay, D. S. (1994). Memory source monitoring and eyewitness testimony. In D. F. Ross, J. D. Read, & M. P. Toglia (Eds.), Adult eyewitness testimony: Current trends and developments (pp.27–55). New York: Cambridge University Press

    Google Scholar 

  • Lindsay, R. C. L. (1994). Expectations of eyewitness performance: Jurors’ verdicts do not follow from their beliefs. In D. F. Ross, J. D. Read, & M. P. Toglia (Eds), Adult eyewitness testimony. Cambridge University Press: New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lindsay, R. C. L. (1999). Applying applied research: Selling the sequential lineup. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 13, 219–225.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lindsay, R. C. L. (2000, July). Eyewitness evidence. Workshop presented at the Ontario Crown Attorney’s Office Annual Retreat, London, Ontario.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lindsay, R. C. L., & Bellinger, K. (1999). Alternatives to the sequential lineup: The importance of controlling the pictures. Journal of Applied Psychology, 84, 315–321.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lindsay, R.C.L., Lim, R., Marando, L., & Cully, D. (1986). Mock-juror evaluations of eyewitness testimony: A test of metamemory hypotheses. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 16, 447–459.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lindsay, R. C. L., Pozzulo, J., Craig, W., Lee, K, & Corber, S. (1997). Simultaneous lineups, sequential lineups, and showups: Eyewitness identification decisions of adults and children. Law and Human Behavior, 21, 391–404.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lindsay, R. C. L., Ross, D. F., Smith, S. M., & Flanigan, S. (1999). Does race influence measures of lineup fairness? Applied Cognitive Psychology, 13(SI), S109–S119.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lindsay, R. C. L., Wallbridge, H., & Drennan, D. (1987). Do the clothes make the man? Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science, 19, 463–478.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lindsay, R. C. L., & Wells, G. L. (1980). What price justice? Exploring the relationship of lineup fairness to identification accuracy. Law & Human Behavior, 4, 303–313.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lindsay, R. C. L., & Wells, G. L. (1985). Improving eyewitness identification from lineups: Simultaneous versus sequential lineup presentation. Journal of Applied Psychology, 70, 556–564.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lindsay, R. C. L., Wells, G. L., & O’Connor, F.J. (1989). Mock-juror belief of accurate and inaccurate eyewitnesses: A replication and extension. Law and Human Behavior, 13, 333–339.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lindsay, R. C. L., Wells, G. L., & Rumpel, C.M. (1981). Can people detect eyewitness identification accuracy within and across situations? Journal of Applied Psychology, 66, 79–89.

    Google Scholar 

  • Loftus, E. F. (1979). Eyewitness testimony. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Luus, C. A. E., & Wells, G. L. (1991). Eyewitness identification and the selection of distracters for lineups. Law and Human Behavior, 15, 43–57.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Maass, A., & Kohnken, G. (1989). Eyewitness identification: Simulating the “weapon effect”. Law and Human Behavior, 13, 397–408.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Malpass, R. S., & Devine, P. G. (1981). Eyewitness identification: Lineup instructions and the absence of the offender. Journal of Applied Psychology, 66, 482–489.

    Google Scholar 

  • Malpass, R. S., & Lindsay, R. C. L. (1999). Measuring lineup fairness. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 13(SI), S1–S7.

    Google Scholar 

  • Manson v. Brathwaite, 432 U.S. 98,112,97 S. Ct. 2243, 2252, 53 L. Ed. 2d 140 (1977).

    Google Scholar 

  • McCloskey, M., & Zaragoza, M. (1985). Misleading postevent information and memory for events: Arguments and evidence against memory impairment hypotheses. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 114, 1–16.

    Google Scholar 

  • Meissner, C. A., & Brigham, J. C. (in press a). Thirty years of investigating the own-race bias in memory for faces: A meta-analytic review. Psychology, Public Policy, and Law.

    Google Scholar 

  • Meissner, C. A., & Brigham, J. C. (in press b). A meta-analysis of the verbal overshadowing effect in face identification. Applied Cognitive Psychology.

    Google Scholar 

  • Melton, G. B. (1992). The law is a good thing (psychology is, too): Human rights in psychological jurisprudence. Law & Human Behavior, 16, 381–398.

    Google Scholar 

  • Munsterberg, H. (1908). On the witness stand: Essays on psychology and crime. New York: Clark Boardman.

    Google Scholar 

  • Murray, D., & Wells, G. L. (1982). Does knowledge that a crime was staged affect eyewitness performance? Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 12, 42–53.

    Google Scholar 

  • Neil v. Biggers, 409 U.S. 188, 93 S. Ct. 375; 34 L. Ed. 2d 401 (1972).

    Google Scholar 

  • Ng, W. J., & Lindsay, R. C. L. (1994). Cross-race facial recognition: Failure of the contact hypothesis. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 25, 217–232.

    Google Scholar 

  • Poole, D. A., Lindsay, D. S., Memon, A., & Bull, R. (1995). Psychotherapy and the recovery of memories of childhood sexual abuse: U.S. and British practitioners’ opinions, practices, and experiences. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 63, 426–437.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Powers, P., Andriks, J., & Loftus, E. (1979). Eyewitness accounts of females and males. Journal of Applied Psychology, 64, 339–347.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pozzulo, J. D., & Lindsay, R. C. L. (1998). Identification accuracy of children versus adults: A meta-analysis. Law and Human Behavior, 22, 549–570.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pozzulo, J. D., & Lindsay, R. C. L. (1999). Eliminating the innocent: Enhancing the accuracy and credibility of child witnesses. Journal of Applied Psychology, 84, 167–176.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rahaim, G. L., & Brodsky, S. L. (1982). Empirical evidence versus common sense: Juror and lawyer knowledge of eyewitness accuracy. Law & Psychology Review, 7, 1–15.

    Google Scholar 

  • Raskin, D. C., & Esplin, P. W. (1991). Assessment of children’s statements of sexual abuse. In J. Doris (Ed.), The suggestibility of children’s recollections (pp. 153–164). Washington, D.C.: American Psychological Association.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ruby, C. L., & Brigham, J. C. (1997). The usefulness of the Criteria-Based Content Analysis technique in distinguishing between truthful and fabricated allegations: A critical review. Psychology, Public Policy, and Law, 3, 705–737.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shaw, J. S. III, Garcia, L. A., & McClure, K. A. (1999). A lay perspective on the accuracy of eyewitness testimony. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 29, 52–71.

    Google Scholar 

  • Slone, A. E., Brigham, J. C., & Meissner, C. A. (2000). Social and cognitive factors affecting the own-race bias in Whites. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 22, 71–84.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Smith, S. M., Lindsay, R. C. L., & Pryke, S. (in press). Postdictors of eyewitness errors: Can false identifications be diagnosed? Journal of Applied Psychology.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sporer, S. L. (1994). Decision times and eyewitness identification accuracy in simultaneous and sequential lineups. In D. F. Ross, J. D. Reid, & M. P. Tolia (Eds.), Adult eyewitness testimony (pp. 300–327). New York: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sporer, S. L. (1996). Psychological aspects of person descriptions. In S. L. Sporer, R. S. Malpass, & G. Koehnken (Eds.), Psychological issues in person identification (pp. 53–86). Mahwah, NJ, USA: Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sporer, S. L. (1996). Describing others: Psychological issues. In S. L. Sporer, R. S. Malpass, & G. Koehnken (Eds.), Psychological issues in person identification (pp. 53–86). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Steblay, N. M. (1992). A meta-analytic review of the weapon focus effect. Law and Human Behavior, 16, 413–424.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stern, L. W. (1910). Abstracts of lectures on the psychology of testimony. American Journal of Psychology, 21, 273–282.

    Google Scholar 

  • Technical Working Group for Eyewitness Evidence (1999). Eyewitnessevidence: Aguideforlaw enforcement. Washington, DC: United States Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tollestrup, P. A., Turtle, J. W., & Yuille, J. C. (1994). Actual victims and witnesses to robbery and fraud: An archival analysis. In D. F. Ross, J. D. Read, & M. P. Toglia (Eds.), Adult eyewitness testimony. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wells, G. L. (1978). Applied eyewitness testimony research: System variables and estimator variables. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 36, 1546–1557.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wells, G. L. (1984). The psychology of lineup identifications. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 14, 89–103.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wells, G. L. (1993). What do we know about eyewitness identification? American Psychologist, 48, 553–571.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wells, G. L., & Lindsay, R. C. L. (1980). On estimating the diagnosticity of eyewitness nonidentifications. Psychological Bulletin, 88, 776–784.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wells, G. L., Lindsay, R. C. L., & Ferguson, T. J. (1979). Accuracy, confidence, and juror perceptions in eyewitness identification. Journal of Applied Psychology, 64, 440–448.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wells, G. L., & Luus, E. (1990). Police lineups as experiments: Social methodology as a framework for properly-conducted lineups. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 16, 106–117.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wells, G. L., Malpass, R. S., Lindsay, R. C. L., Fisher, R. P., Turtle, J. W., & Fulero, S. (2000). Eyewitness research: The long road to National guidelines. American Psychologist, 55, 581–598.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wells, G. L., & Murray, D. M. (1983). What can psychology say about the Neil v. Biggers criteria for judging eyewitness accuracy? Journal of Applied Psychology, 68, 347–362.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wells, G. L., & Olson, E. A. (2000). The informational value of eyewitness responses to lineups: Incriminating versus exonerating evidence. Manuscript under editorial review.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wells, G. L., Rydell, S. M., & Selau, E. P. (1993). The selection of distractors for eyewitness lineups. Journal of Applied Psychology, 78, 835–844.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wells, G. L., Small, M., Penrod, S., Malpass, R. S., Fulero, S. M. & Brimacombe, C. A. E. (1998). Eyewitness identification procedures: Recommendations for lineups and photospreads. Law and Human Behavior, 22, 603–647.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Whipple, G.M. (1911). The psychology of testimony. Psychological Bulletin, 8, 307–309.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wigmore, J. H. (1909). Professor Munsterberg and the psychology of evidence. Illinois Law Review, 3, 399–345.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wogalter, M. S., Marwitz, D. B., & Leonard, D. C. (1992). Suggestiveness in photospread lineups: Similarity induces distinctiveness. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 6, 443–453.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wright, D. B., & McDaid, A. T. (1996). Comparing system and estimator variables using data from real lineups. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 10, 75–84.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yarmey, A. D., & Jones, H. P. T. (1983). Is the psychology of eyewitness identification a matter of common sense? In S. Lloyd-Bostock & B. R. Clifford (Eds.), Evaluating witness evidence: Recent psychological research and new perspectives (pp. 13–40). Chichester, England: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yarmey, A. D., Yarmey, M. J., & Yarmey, A. L. (1996). Accuracy of eyewitness identifications in showups and lineups. Law and Human Behavior, 20, 459–477.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yuille, J., & Cutshall, J. (1986). A case study of eyewitnesses’ memory of a crime. Journal of Applied Psychology, 71, 291–301.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2004 Kluwer Academic Publishers

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Lindsay, R.C.L., Brigham, J.C., Elizabeth Brimacombe, C.A., Wells, G.L. (2004). Eyewitness Research. In: Taking Psychology and Law into the Twenty-First Century. Perspectives in Law & Psychology, vol 14. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/0-306-47944-3_7

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/0-306-47944-3_7

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-0-306-46760-8

  • Online ISBN: 978-0-306-47944-1

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics