Conclusion
The capabilities of modern medical imaging techniques can be greatly enhanced by the use of injectable imaging pharmaceuticals. These take a number of forms, from passive vascular contrast agents to highly specific agents targeted to specific receptors. One problem encountered with formulations based on biological materials has created a need for alternative sources of material for incorporation into imaging formulations. Synthetic polymers are expected to meet that need and are now established as a new generation of image contrast agents with the potential for clinical application in all medical imaging modalities.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsPreview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Maeda, H., 1994, Polymer conjugated macromolecular drugs for tumor-specific targeting. In Polymeric Site-Specific Pharmacotherapy (A.J. Domb, ed), J Wiley & Sons New York pp.96–116.
Perkins, A. C., 1998, Polymer Diagnostics: The next generation of image contrast agents. J. Drug. Targeting 6:79–84.
Duncan, R., Dimitrijevic, S., Evagorou, E. G., 1996, The role of polymer conjugates in the diagnosis and treatment of cancer. STP Pharma Sciences 6:237–263.
Maeda, H., 2001, The enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect in tumor vasculature: The key role of tumor-selective macromoleucluar drug targeting. Advanced Enzyme Regul. 41:189–207.
Bogdanov, A. A., Weissleder, R., Brady, T.J. (1995) Long circulating blood pool imaging agents. Advanced Drug Delivery Rev. 16, 335–348.
Torchilin, V. P., 2000. Polymeric contrast agents for medical imaging. Current Pharmaceutical biotechnology 1:183–215.
Perkins, A.C., and Frier, M., eds. 1999, Nuclear Medicine in Pharmaceutical Research. Taylor and Francis, London.
Pimm, M. V, Clegg, J. A., Hudecz F, Baldwin RW, 1991, 111In labelling of a branched polypeptide drug carrier with a poly(L-lysine) backbone. Int. J. Pharmaceutics 79:77–80.
Pimm, M. V., Perkins, A. C., Hudecz, F., 1992, Scinitigraphic evaluation of the pharmacokinetics of a soluble polymeric drug carrier. Eur. J. Nucl, Med. 19:449–452.
Pimm, M. V., Perkins, A. C., Gribben, S. J., Hudecz, F., 1994, J. Scintigraphic determination of the biodistribution of an 111In labelled poly(L-lysine) backbone branched polypeptide drug carrier in tumour-bearing mice. Nucl. Biol. Med. 38 (Suppl):104–108.
Pimm, M., V., Perkins, A.,C., Duncan, R., Ulbrich, K., 1993, Targeting of N-(2-Hydroxypropyl) methacrylamide copolymer-doxorubicin conjugate to the hepatocyte galactose-receptor in mice: visualisation and quantification by gamma scinitgraphy as a basis for clinical targeting studies. J. Drug. Targeting 1:125–131.
Perkins, A. C., Frier, M., Pimm, M. V., Hudecz, F., 1998, 99mTc-branched-chain-polypeptide (BCP): A potential synthetic radiopharmaceutical. J. Labelled Comp. Radiopharm XLI:631–638.
Pimm, M. V., 1999, Scintigraphic study of drug carriers and conjugates. In Nuclear Medicine in Pharmaceutical Research. A. C. Perkins and M. Frier, eds. Taylor and Francis London, pp133–169.
Pimm, M. V., Perkins, A. C., Strohalm, J., Ulbrich, K., Duncan, R., 1996, Gamma Scintigraphy of a 123I-Labelled N-(2-Hydroxypropyl) Methacrylamide Copolymer-Doxorubicin Conjugate Containing Galactosamine Following Intravenous Administration to Nude Mice Bearing Hepatic Human Colon Carcinoma. J. Drug. Targeting 3:385–390.
Pimm, M. V., Perkins, A. C., Strohalm, J., Ulbrich, K., Duncan, R., 1996, Gamma Scintigraphy of the Biodistribution of 123I-Labelled N-(2-Hydroxypropyl) Methacryllamide Copolymer-Doxorubicin Conjugates in Mice with Transplanted Melanoma and Mammary Carcinoma J. Drug Targeting 3:375–383.
Julyan P, J., Seymore, L. W., Ferry, D. R., Daryani, S., Boivin, C. M., Doran, J., David, M., Anderson, D., Christodoulou, C., Young, A. M., Hesselwood, S., Kerr, D. J., 1999, Preliminary clinical study of the distribution of HPMA copolymers bearing doxorubicin and galactosamine. J. Controlled Release 57: 281–290.
Pimm, M. V., Perkins, A.C., Gribben, S. J., Mezo, G., Gaal D and Hudecz, F. 1995 Gamma scintigraphy of 111In-labelled branched chain polypeptides (BCP) with a poly(L-lysine) backbone in mice with mammary carcinoma: Effect of charge on biodistribution and tumour imaging potential. Annals. Nucl. Med., 9:247–251.
Pimm, M. V., Gribben, S. J., Bogdán, K., Hudecz, F., 1995, The effect of charge on the biodistribution in mice of branched chain polypeptides with a poly(L-lysine) backbone labelled with 123I,111In and 51Cr. J. Controlled Release 37:161–172.
Khaw, B-A., Kilbanov, A., O’Donnell, S. M., Saito, T., Nossiff, N., Slinkin, M. A., Newell, J. B., Strauss, W., Torchilin, V. P. 1991, Gamma imaging with negatively charge-modified monoclonal antibody: modification with synthetic polymers. J. Nucl. Med. 32:1742–1751.
Perkins, A.C. and Frier, M., 1999, Bad blood and biologicals: the need for new radiopharmaceutical source materials. Nucl. Med. Commun. 20:1–3
Verbeke, K., Ons, S., De Roo, M., Verbruggen, A. (1994) Labelling of poly-l-lysine with 99mTc and evaluation as a possible tracer agent for ventriculography. J. Nucl. Biol. Med. 38,(Suppl 1 to No 4) 75–78.
Bogdanov, A. A., Callahan R.J., Wilkinson, R.A., Martin, C., Cameron, J.A., Fisschman, A. J., Brady, T. J., Weissledr, R., 1994 Synthetic copolymer kit for radionuclide blood-pool imaging. J. Nucl. Med., 35:1880–1886.
Dams, E. T. M., Oyen, W. J. G., Boerman, O. C., Storm, G., Laverman P., Kok, P. J. M., Buijs, W. C. A. M., Bakker, H., van der Meer, J. W. M., Corstens, F. H. M., 2000, 99mTc-PEG liposomes for the scintigraphic detection of infection and inflammation:clinical evaluation. J. Nucl. Med. 41:622–630.
Laverman, P., Zalipsky, S., Oyen, W. J. G., Dams, E. T. M., Storm, G., Mullah, N., Corstens F. H. M., Boerman, O. C., 2000, Improved imaging of infections by avidin-induced clearance of 99mTc-biotin-PEG liposomes. J. Nucl. Med. 41:912–918.
Vera D R, Wallace A M, Hoh C K, Mattrey R F, 2001, A Synthetic Macromolecule for Sentinel Node Detection: 99mTc-DTPA-Mannosyl-Dextran, J. Nucl. Med. 42:951–959.
Schwickert, H. C., Roberts, T. P. L., Mühler, A,. Stiskal, M., Demsar, F., Brasch, R. C. 1995, Angiographic properties of Gd-DTPA-24-cascade-polymer — a new macromolecular MR contrast agent. Eur. J. Radiol. 20, 144–150.
Wiener, E. C., Brechbiel, M. W., Brothers, H., Magin, R. L., Gansow, O. A., Tomalia, D. A., Lauterbur, P. C., 1994, Dendrimer-based metal chelates: a new class of magnetic resonance image contrast agents. Magn. Reson. Med. 13:1–8.
Siauve, N., Clément, O., Cuénod, C-A., Benderbous, S., Frija, G., 1996, Capillary leakage of a macromolecular MRI agent, carboxymethyldextran-Gd-DTPA, in the liver: pharmacokinetics and imaging implications. Magn. Reson. Imaging., 14, 381–390.
Berthezéne, Y., Vexler, V., Price, D. C, Wisner-Dupon, J., Mosely, M. E., Aicher, K. P., Brasch R.C., 1992, Magnetic resonance imaging detection of an experimental pulmonary perfusion deficit using a macromolecular contrast agent. Invest. Radiol. 27, 346–351.
Harika, L., Weissleder, R., Poss, K., Zimmer, C., Papisov, M. I., Brady, T. J., M. R., 1995, Lymphography with a lymphotropic T1-type MR contrast agent Gd-DTPA-PGM. Magn. Reson. Med., 33, 88–92.
Schmitt-Willich, H., Ebert, W., Frenzel, T., Misselwitz, B., Platzek, J., Radüchel, B., Weinmann H-J., 1997, Synthesis and preclinical evaluation of a 24-mer dendrimer as a new contrast agent in MR imaging of the vascular system. Proceedings of the second International Symposium on Polymer Therapeutics: From laboratory to the clinic. Kumamoto, Japan (P-19), 40.
Hindle, A. J. and Perkins, A. C., 1995, History and basic principles of echo-contrast media. Brit. Med. Ultrasound Bulletin, 3(No 1): 17–23.
Schneider, M., Bussat, P., Barrau, M-B., Arditi, M., Yan, F., Hybl, E. (1992) Polymeric microballoons as ultrasound contrast agents: Physical and Ultrasonic properties compared with sonicated albumin. Invest. Radiol., 27, 134–139.
Schneider, M., Broillet, A., Bussat, P., Ventrone, R., 1994, The use of polymeric microballoons as ultrasound contrast agents for liver imaging. Invest. Radiol., 29:S149–S151.
Fritzsch, T., Heldman, D., and Reinhardt, M., 1997, The potential of a novel ultrasound contrast medium. In Ultrasound Contrast Agents (B. B. Goldberg, ed.), Martin Dunitz, London, pp. 169–176.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2004 Kluwer Academic Publishers
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Perkins, A.C. (2004). Polymer Conjugates for Imaging. In: Maeda, H., Kabanov, A., Kataoka, K., Okano, T. (eds) Polymer Drugs in the Clinical Stage. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, vol 519. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/0-306-47932-X_12
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/0-306-47932-X_12
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-0-306-47471-2
Online ISBN: 978-0-306-47932-8
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive