Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in
Book cover

Infections and the Cardiovascular System: New Perspectives pp 239–266Cite as

Miscellaneous Infections and Atherosclerosis: Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Disease

  • Chapter

  • 99 Accesses

Part of the book series: Emerging Infectious Diseases of the 21st Century ((EIDC,volume 1))

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Zhu, J., Quyyumi, A. A., Norman, J. E., Csako, G., Waclawiw, M. A., Shearer, G. M., & Epstein, S. E. (2000) Effects of total pathogen burden on coronary artery disease risk and C-reactive protein levels, Am. J. Cardiol., 85, 140–146.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Marshall, B. J. (1989) History of the discovery of Campylobacter pylori, in M. J. Balser (Ed.) Campylobacter pylori in gastritis and peptic ulcer disease (pp. 7–23), New York: Igaku Shoin.

    Google Scholar 

  3. Hazell, S. L., Lee, A., Brady, L., & Hennessy, W. (1986) Campylobacter pyloridis and gastritis: association with intracellular spaces and adaptation to an environment of mucus as important factors in colonization of the gastric epithelium, J. Infect. Dis., 153, 658–663.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Paull, G., & Yardley, J. H. (1989) Pathology of pylori-associated gastric and esophageal lesions, in M. J. Blaser (Ed.) Campylobacter pylori in gastritis and peptic ulcer disease (pp. 73–98), New York: Igaku Shoin.

    Google Scholar 

  5. Blaser, M. J. (2000) Helicobacter pylori and related organisms, in G. L. Mandell, J. E. Bennett, & R. Dolin (Eds.) Principles and practice of infectious diseases (5th ed., Vol. 2, pp. 2285–2293), Philadelphia: Churchill Livingstone.

    Google Scholar 

  6. Taylor, D. N., & Blaser, M. J. (1991) The epidemiology of Helicobacter pylori infections, Epidemiol. Rev., 13, 42–59.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Dooley, C. P., Fitzgibbons, P. L., Cohen, H., Bauer, M., Appleman, M. D., Perez-Perez, G. I., & Blaser, M. J. (1989) Prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection and histologic gastritis in asymptomatic person, N. Engl. J. Med., 321, 1562–1566.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Perez-Perez, G. I., Olivares, A. Z., Cover, T. L., & Blaser, M. J. (1992) Characteristics of Helicobacter pylori variants selected for urease deficiency, Infect. Immun., 60, 3658–3663.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Perez-Perez, G. I., Shepherd, V. L., Morrow, J. D., & Blaser, M. J. (1995) Activation of human THP-I cells and rat bone marrow-derived macrophages by Helicobacter pylori lipopolysaccharide, Infect. Immun., 63, 1183–1187.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Sharma, S. A., Tummuru, M. K. R., Miller, G. G., & Blaser, M. J. (1995) Interleukin-8 response of gastric epithelial cell lines to Helicobacter pylori stimulation in vitro, Infect. Immun., 63, 1681–1687.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Mai, U. E., Perez-Perez, G. I., Allen, J. B., Wahl, S. M., Blaser, M. I., & Smith, P. D. (1992) Surface proteins from Helicobacter pylori exhibit chemotactic activity for human leucocytes and are present in gastric mucosa, J. Exp. Med., 175, 517–525.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Cover, T. L. (1996) The vacuolating cytotoxin of Helicobacter pylori, Mol. Microbiol, 20, 241–246.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Covacci, A., Censini, S., Bugnoli, M., Petracca, R., Burroni, D., Macchia, G., Massone, A., Papini, E., Xiang, Z., & Figura, N. (1993) Molecular characterization of the 128kDa immunodominant antigen of Helicobacter pylori associated with cytotoxicity and duodenal ulcer, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 90, 5791–5795.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Dunn, B. E., Cohen, H., & Blaser, M. J. (1997) Helicobacter pylori, Clin. Microbiol. Rev., 10, 720–741.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Kosunen, T. U., Seppala, K., Sarna, S., & Sipponen, P. (1992) Diagnostic value of decreased IgG, IgA and IgM antibody titers aftereradication of Helicobacter pylori, Lancet, 339, 893–895.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Marshall, B. J., & Surveyor, I. (1988) Carbon-14 urea breath test for the diagnosis of Campylobacter pylori-associated gastritis, J. Nucl. Med., 29, 11–16.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Danesh, J., Collins, R., & Peto, R. (1997) Chronic infections and coronary heart disease: is there a link? Lancet, 350, 430–436.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Ossei-Gerning, N., Moayyedi, P., Smith, S., Braunholtz, D., Wilson, J. I., Axon, A. T., & Grant, P. J. (1997) Helicobacter pylori infection is related to atheroma in patients undergoing angiography, Cardiovasc. Res., 35, 120–124.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. de Luis, D. A., Lahera, M., Canton, R., Boixeda, D., San Roman, A. L., Aller, R., & de La Calle, H. (1998) Association of Helicobacter pylori infection with cardio-vascular and cerebrovascular disease in diabetic patients, Diabetes Care, 21, 1129–1132.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Markus, H. S., & Mendall, M. A. (1998) Helicobacter pylori infection: a risk factor for ischaemic cerebrovascular disease and carotid atheroma, J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry, 64, 104–107.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Danesh, J., Youngman, L., Clark, S., Parish, S., Peto, R., & Collins, R. (1999) Helicobacter pylori infection and early onset myocardial infarction: case control and sibling pairs study, BMJ, 319, 1157–1162.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Wald, N. J., Law, M. R., Morris, J. K., & Bagnall, A. M. (1997) Helicobacter pylori and mortality from ischaemic heart disease: negative result from a large prospective study, BMJ, 315, 1199–1201.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Ossewaarde, J. M., Feskens, E. J., De Vries, A., Vallinga, C. E., & Kromhout, D. (1998) Chlamydia pneumoniae is a risk factor for coronary heart disease in symptom free elderly men, but Helicobacter pylori and cytomegalovirus are not, Epidemiol. Infect., 120, 93–99.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Folsom, A. R., Neito, F. J., Sorlie, P., Chambless, L. E., & Graham, D. Y. (1998) Helicobacter pylori seropositivity and coronary heart disease incidence. Atherosclerosis risk in communities (ARIC) study investigators, Circulation, 98, 845–850.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Khurshid, A., Fenske, T., Bajwa, T., Bourgevis, K., & Vakil, N. (1998) A prospective controlled study of Helicobacter pylori seroprevalence in coronary artery disease, Am. J. Gastroenterol., 93, 717–720.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Danesh, J. (1999) Coronary heart disease, Helicobacter pylori, dental disease, Chlamydia pneumoniae, and cytomegalovirus; meta-analyses of prospective studies, Am. Heart J., 138, S434–S437.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Gunn, M., Stephens, J. C., Thompson, J. R., Rathbone, B. J., & Samani, N. K. (2000) Significant association of cag A positive Helicobacter pylori strains with risk of premature myocardial infacrtion, Heart, 84, 267–271.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Koenig, W., Rothenbacher, P., Hoffmeister, A., Miller, M., Bode, G., Adler, G., Hombach, V., Marz, W., Pepys, M. B., & Brenner, H. (1999) Infection with Helicobacter pylori is not a major independent risk factor for stable coronary heart disease: lack of a role of cytotoxin associated protein A positive strains and absence of a systemic inflammatory response, Circulation, 100, 2326–2331.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Murrary, L. J., Bamford, K. B., Kee, F., McMaster, D., Cambien, F., Dallongeville, J., & Evans, A. (2000) Infections with virulent strains of Helicobacter pylori is not associated withischemia heart disease: evidence from a population-based case-control study of myocardial infarction, Atherosclerosis, 149, 379–385.

    Google Scholar 

  30. Whincup, P. H., Mendall, M. A., Perry, I. J., Strachan, D. P., & Walker, M. (1996) Prospective relations between Helicobacter pylori infection, coronary heart disease, and stroke in middle aged men, Heart, 75, 568–672.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Aromaa, A., Knekt, P., Reunanen, A., Rautelin, H. I., & Kosunen, T. U. (1996) Helicobacter infection and the risk ofmyocardial infarction, Gut, 39 (Suppl. 2), A1.

    Google Scholar 

  32. Strachan, D. P., Mendall, M. A., Carrington, D., Rutland, B. K., Yarnell, J. W., Sweetnam, P. M., & Elwood, P. C. (1998) Relations of Helicobacter pylori infection to 13-year mortality and incident ischemic heart disease in the Caerphilly prospective heart disease study, Circulation, 98, 1286–1290.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Regnstrom, J., Jovinge, S., Bavenholm, P., Ericsson, C. G., De Faire, U., Hamsten, A., Hellenius, M. L., Nilsson, J., & Tornvall, P. (1998) Helicobacter pylori seropositivity is not associated with inflammatory parameters, lipid concentrations and degree of coronary artery disease, J. Intern. Med., 243, 109–113.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Danesh, J., Wong, Y., Ward, M., & Muri, J. (1999) Chronic infection with Helicobacter pylori, Chlamydia pneumoniae, or cytomegalovirus: population based study of coronary heart disease, Heart, 81, 245–247.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Ridker, P. M., Hennekens, C. H., Buring, J. E., Kundsin, R., & Shih, J. (1999) Baseline IgG antibody titers to Chlamydia pneumoniae, Helicobacter pylori, herpes simplex virus and cytomegalovirus and the risk of cardiovascular disease in women, Ann. Intern. Med., 131, 573–577.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Roivainen, M., Viik-Kajander, M., Palosuo, T., Toivainen, P., Leinonen, M., Saikku, P., Tenkanen, L., Manninen, V., Hovi, T., & Manttari, M. (2000) Infections, inflammation, and the risk of coronary heart disease, Circulation, 101, 252–257.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Whincup, P., Danesh, J., Walker, M., Lennon, L., Thomson, A., Appleby, P., Hawkey, C., & Atherton, J. (2000) Prospective study of potentially virulent strains of Helicobacter pylori and coronary heart disease in middle aged men, Circulation, 101, 1647–1652.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Choussat, R., Montalescot, G., Collet, J. P., Jardel, C., Ankri, A., Fillet, A. M., Thomas, D., Raymond, J., Bastard, J. P., Drobinski, G., Orfila, J., Agut, H., & Thomas, D. (2000) Effect of prior exposure to Chlamydia pneumoniae, Helicobacter pylori, or cytomegalovirus on the degree of inflammation and oneyear prognosis of patients with unstable angina pectoris or non-Q wave acute myocardial infarction, Am. J. Cardiol., 86, 379–384.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Mayr, M., Kiechl, S., Willeit, J., Wick, G., & Xu, Q. (2000) Infection, immunity and atherosclerosis. Association of antibodies to Chlamydia pneumoniae, Helicobacter pylori and cytomegalovirus with immune reactions to heat shock protein 60 and carotid or femoral atherosclerosis, Circulation, 102, 833–839.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Zhu, J., Nieto, J., Horne, B. D., Anderson, J. L., Muhlestein, J. B., & Epstein, S. E. (2001) Prospective study of pathogen burden and risk of myocardial infarction or death, Circulation, 103, 45–51.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Rupprecht, H. J., Blankenberg, S., Bickel, C., Rippin, G., Hafher, G., Prellwitz, W., Schlumberger, W., & Meyer, J. (2001) Impact of viral and bacterial infectious burden on long-term prognosis in patients with coronary artery disease, Circulation, 104, 25–31.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Stone, A. F., Risley, P., Markus, H. S., Butland, B. K., Strachan, D. P., Elwood, P. C., & Mendall, M. A. (2001) Ischaemic heart disease and CagA strains of Helicobacter pylori in the Caerphilly heart disease study, Heart, 86, 506–509.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Ridker, P. M., Danesh, J., Youngman, L., Collins, R., Stampfer, M. J., Peto, R., & Hennekens, C. H. (2001) A prospective study of Helicobacter pylori seropositivity and the risk for futuremyocardial infarction among socioeconomically similar US men, Ann. Intern. Med., 135, 184–188.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Zhu, J., Quyyumi, A. A., Muhlestein, J. B., Nieto, F. J., Zalles-Ganley, A., Anderson, J. L., & Epstein, S. E. (2002) Lack of association of Helicobacter pylori infection with coronary artery disease and frequency of acute myocardial infarction or death, Am. J.Cardiol., 89, 155–158.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Blasi, F., Denti, F., Erba, M., Cosentini, R., Raccanelli, R., Rinaldi, A., Fagetti, L., Esposito, G., Ruberti, U., & Allegra, L. (1996) Detection of Chlamydia pneumoniae but not Helicobacter pylori in atherosclerotic plaques of aortic aneurysms, J. Clin. Microbiol, 34, 2766–2769.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Danesh, J., Koreth, J., Youngman, L., Collins, R., Arnold, J. R., Balarajan, Y., McGee, J., & Roskell, D. (1999) Is Helicobacter pylori a factor in coronary atherosclerosis? J. Clin. Microbiol., 37, 1651.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Malnick, S. D., Goland, S., Kaftoury, A., Schwarz, H., Pasik, S., Mashiach, A., & Sthoeger, Z. (1999) Evaluation of carotid arterial plaques after endarterectomy for Helicobacter pylori infection, Am. J. Cardiol., 83, 1586–1587.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Farsak, B., Yildirir, A., Akyon, Y., Pinar, A., Oc, M., Boke, E., Kes, S., & Tokgozoglu, L. (2000) Detection of Chlamydia pneumoniae and Helicobacter pylori DNA in human atherosclerotic plaques by PCR, J. Clin. Microbiol., 38, 4408–4411.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Rassu, M., Cazzavillan, S., Scagnelli, M., Peron, A., Bevilacqua, P. A., Facco, M., Bertoloni, G., Lauro, F. M., Zambello, R., & Bonoldi, E. (2001) Demonstration of Chlamydia pneumoniae in atherosclerotic arteries from various vascular regions, Atherosclerosis, 158, 73–77.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Ameriso, S. F., Fridman, E. A., Leiguarda, R. C., & Sevlever, G. E. (2001) Detection of Helicobacter pylori in human carotid atherosclerotic plaques, Stroke, 32, 385–391.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Radke, P. W., Merkelbach-Bruse, S., Messmer, B. J., vom Dahl, J., Dorge, H., Naami, A., Vogel, G., Handt, S., & Hanrath, P. (2001) Infectious agents in coronary lesions obtained by endatherectomy: pattern of distribution, coinfection, and clinical findings, Coron. Artery Dis., 12, 1–6.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Montemurro, P., Barbuti, G., Dundon, W. G., Del Giudice, G., Rappuoli, R., Colucci, M., De Rinaldis, P., Montecucco, C., Semeraro, N., & Papini, E. (2001) Helicobacter pylori neutrophil activating protein stimulates tissue factor and plasminogenactivator inhibition-2 production by human blood mononuclear cells, J. Infect. Dis., 183, 1055–1062.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Xu, Q., Kiechl, S., Mayr, M., Metzler, B., Egger, G., Wick, G., Oberhollenzer, F., & Willeit, J. (1999) Association of serum antibodies to mycobacteria heat shock protein 65 with carotid atherosclerosis: clinical significance found determined in a follow-up study, Circulation, 100, 1169–1174.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Rothenbacher, D., Hoffmeister, A., Bode, G., Miller, M., Koenig, W., & Brenner, H. (2001) Helicobacter pylori heat shock protein 60 and risk of coronary heart disease: a case control study with focus on markers of systemic inflammation and lipids, Atherosclerosis, 156, 193–199.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Birnie, D. H., Holme, E. R., McKay, I. C., Hood, S., McColl, K. E., & Hillis, W S. (1998) Association between antibodies to heat shock protein 65 and coronary atherosclerosis. Possible mechanism of action of Helicobacter pylori and other bacterial infections in increasing cardiovascular risk, Eur. Heart J., 19, 387–394.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Galante, A., Pietroiusti, A., Carta, S., Franceschelli, L., Piccolo, P., Mastino, A., Fontana, C., Grelli, S., Bergamaschi, A., Magrini, A., & Favalli, C. (2000) Infection with Helicobacter pylori and leucocyte response in patients with myocardial infarction, Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis., 19, 298–300.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. McDonagh, T. A., Woodward, M., Morrison, C. E., McMurray, J. J., Tunstall-Pedoe, H., Lowe, G. D., McColl, K. E., & Dargie, H. J. (1997) Helicobacter pylori infection and coronary heart disease in the North Glascow MONICA population, Eur. Heart J., 18, 1257–1260.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Murray, L. J., Bamford, K. B., O’Reilly, D. P. J., McCrum, E. E., & Evans, A. E. (1995) Helicobacter pylori infections: relations with cardiovascular risk factors, ischaemic heart disease and social class, Br. Heart J., 74, 497–501.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Regnstrom, J., Jovinge, S., Bavenholm, P., Ericsson, C. G., De Faire, U., Hamsten, A., Hellenius, M. L., Nilsson, J. & Tornvall, P. (1998) Helicobacter pylori seropositivity is not associated with inflammatory parameters,lipid concentrations and degree of coronary artery disease, J. Intern. Med., 243, 109–113.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Elizalde, J. I., Gomez, J., Panes, J., Lozano, M., Casadevall, M., Ramirez, J., Pizcueta, P., Marco, F., Rojas, F. D., & Granger, D. N. (1997) Platelet activation in mice and human Helicobacter pylori infection, J. Clin. Invest., 100, 996–1005.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Zito, F., Di Castelnuovo, A., D’Orazio, A., Negrini, R., De Lucia, D., Donati, M. B., & Iacoviello, L. (1999) Helicobacter pylori infection and the risk of myocardial infarction: role of fibrinogen and its genetic control, Thromb. Haemost., 82, 14–18.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Torgano, G., Cosentini, R., Mandelli, C., Perondi, R., Blasi, F., Bertinieri, G., Tien, T. V, Ceriani, G., Tarsia, P., Arosio, C., & Ranzi, M. L. (1999) Treatment of Helicobacter pylori and Chlamydia pneumoniae infections decreases fibrinogen plasma levels in patients with ischaemic heart disease, Circulation, 99, 1555–1559.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Carter, A. M., Moayyedi, P., Catto, A., Heppell, R. M., Axon, A. T, & Grant, P. J. (1996) The influence of Helicobacter pylori status on circulating levels of coagulation factors fibrinogen, von Willebrand factor, Factor VII, and Factor VIII, Helicobacter, 1, 65–69.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Welch, G. N., & Loscalzo, J. (1998) Homocysteine and atherothrombosis, N. Engl. J. Med., 338, 1042–1049.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Markle, H. V. (1997) Coronary artery disease associated with Helicobacter pylori infection is at least partially due to inadequate folate status, Medical Hypothesis, 49, 289–292.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Cenerelli, S., Bonazzi, P., Galeazzi, R., Testa, I., Bonfili, A. R., Sirolla, C., Giunta, S., Galeazzi, L., Fumelli, D., & Testa, R. (2002) Helicobacter pylori masks differences in homocysteine plasma levels between controls and Type 2 diabetes patients, Eur. J. Clin. Invest., 32, 158–162.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Aydin, A., Vardar, R., Evrengu, I. H., Ungan, M., Yilmaz, M., & Payzin, S. (2001) Does Helicobacter pylori infection have a role in coronary artery disease? Turkish J. Gastro., 12, 287–293.

    Google Scholar 

  68. Ekesbo, R, Nilsson, P. M, Lindholm, L. H., Persson, K., & Wadstrom, T. (2000) Combined seropositivity for H. pylori and C. pneumoniae in associated with age, obesity and social factors, J. Cardiovasc. Risk, 7, 191–195.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Niemela, S., Karttunen, T., Karhonen, T., Laara, E., Karttunen, R., Ikaheimo, M., & Kesaniemi, Y. A. (1996) Could Helicobacter pylori infection increase the risk of coronary heart disease by modifyingserum lipid concentrations? Heart, 75, 573–575.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Marchetti, M., Arico, B., Burroni, D., Figura, N., Rappuoli, R., & Ghiara, P. (1995) Development of a mouse model of Helicobacter pylori infection that mimics human disease, Science, 267, 1655–1658.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Eaton, K. A., Morgan, D. R., & Krakowka, S. (1989) Campylobacter pylori virulence factors in gnotobiotic piglet, Infect. Immun., 57, 1119–1125.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Tsuda, M., Karita, M., Morshed, M. G., Okita, K., & Nakazawa, T. (1994) A urease-negative mutant of Helicobacter pylori constructed by allelic exchange mutagenesis lacks the ability to colonize the nude mouse stomach, Infect. Immun., 62, 3586–3589.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Hazell, S. L., Eichberg, J. W., Lee, D. R., Alpert, L., Evans, D. G. Evans, D. J., Jr., & Graham, D. Y. (1992) Selection of the chimpanzee over the baboon as a model for Helicobacter pylori infection, Gastroenterology, 103, 848–854.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Wirith, H. P., Beins, M. H, Yang, M, Tham, K. T., & Blaser, M. J. (1998) Experimental infection of Mongolian gerbils with wild-type and mutant Helicobacter pylori strains, Infect. Immun., 66, 4856–4866.

    Google Scholar 

  75. Mach, F., Sukhova, G. F., Michetti, M., Libby, P., & Michetti, P. (2002) Influence of Helicobacter pylori infection during atherogenesis in vivo in mice, Circ. Res., 90, el (circresaha.org).

    Google Scholar 

  76. Blessing, E., Campbell, L. A., Rosefeld, M. E., Choug, L. N., & Kuo, C. C. (2001) Chlamydia pneumoniae infection accelerates hyperlipidemia induced atherosclerotic lesion development in C57BL/6J mice, Atherosclerosis, 158, 13–17.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Kowalski, M., Konturek, P. C., Pieniazek, P., Karczewska, E., Kluczka, A., Grove, R., Kranig, W, Nasseri, R., Thale, J., Hahn, E. G., & Konturek, S. J. (2001) Prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection in coronary artery disease and effect of its eradication on coronary lumen reduction after percutaneous coronary angioplasty, Dig. Liver Dis., 33, 222–229.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Stone, A. F. M., Mendall, M. A., Kaski, J., Edger, T. M., Gupta, S., Polonieck, J., Camm, A. J., & Northfield, T. C. (2001) The South Thames trail of antibiotics in myocardial infarction and unstable angina (STAMINA trail), Eur. Heart J., 22 (Abstract suppl), 643 [Abstract p3516].

    Google Scholar 

  79. Nicholls, A. C., & Thomas, M. (1977) Coxsackie virus infection in acute myocardial infarction, Lancet, 1, 883–884.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. Wood, S. F., Rogen, A. S., Bell, E. J., & Grist, N. R. (1978) Role of coxsackie B virus in myocardial infarction, Br. Heart J., 40, 523–525.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Griffiths, P. D., Hannington, G., & Booth, J. C. (1980) Coxsackie B virus infections and myocardial infarction: results from a prospective epidemiologically controlled study, Lancet, 1, 1387–1389.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. Pönkä, A., Jalanko, H., Pönkä, T., & Stenvik, M. (1981) Viral and mycoplasmal antibodies in patients with myocardial infarction, Ann. Clin. Res., 13, 429–432.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. Lau, R. C. (1982) Coxsackie B virus infection in acute myocardial infarction and adult heart disease, Med. J. Aust., 2, 520–522.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. O’Neill, D., McArthur, J. D., Kennedy, J. A., & Clements, G. (1983) Coxsackie B virus infection in coronary care unit patients, J. Clin. Pathol., 36, 658–661.

    Google Scholar 

  85. Nikoskelainen, J., Kalliomäki, J. L., Lapin Leimu, K., Stenvik, M., & Halonen, P. E. (1983) Coxsackie B virus antibodies in myocardial infarction, Acta Med. Scand., 214, 29–32.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. Matilla, K. J. (1987) Viral and bacterial infections in patients with acute myocardial infarction, J. Intern. Med., 225, 293–296.

    Google Scholar 

  87. Miklozek, C. L., Crumpacker, C. S., Royal, H. D., Come, P. C., Sullivan, J. L., & Abelmann, W. H. (1988) Myocarditis presenting as acute myocardial infarction, Am. Heart J., 115, 768–776.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. Collins, S. D. (1932) Excess mortality from causes other than influenza and pneumonia during influenza epidemics, Public Health Rep., 47, 2159–2180.

    Google Scholar 

  89. Bainton, D., Jones, G. R., & Hole, D. (1978) Influenza and ischaemic heart disease: a possible trigger for acute myocardial infarction? Int. J. Epidemiol, 7, 231–239.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  90. Zheng, Z. J., Mittleman, M. A., Tofler, G. H., Pomeroy, C., Dampier, C., Wides, B., & Muller, J. E. (1998) Infections prior to acute MI onset, J. Am. Coll. Cardiol, 31(Suppl. A), 132A.

    Google Scholar 

  91. Abinader, E. G., Sharif, D. S., & Omary, M. (1993) Inferior wall infarction preceded by acute exudative pharyngitis in young males, Israel J. Med. Sci., 29,764–769.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  92. Spodick, D. H., Flessas, A. P., & Johnson, M. M. (1984) Association of acute respiratory symptoms with onset of acute myocardial infarction: a prospective investigation of 150 consecutive patients and matched control patients, Am. J. Cardiol., 53, 481–482.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  93. Gross, P. A., Hermogenes, A. W., Sacks, H. S., Lau, J., & Levandowski, R. A. (1995) The efficiency of influenza vaccine in elderly persons: a meta-analysis and review of the literature, Ann. Intern. Med., 123, 518–527.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  94. Naghavi, M., & Casscells, W. (2000) Association of influenza vaccination and reduced risk of recurrent myocardial infarction, Circulation, 102, 3039–3045.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  95. Lavallee, P., Perchaud, V, Gautier-Bertrand, M., Grabli, D., & Amarenco, P. (2002) Association between influenza vaccination and reduced risk of brain infarction, Stroke, 33, 513–518.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  96. Falsey, A. R., Walsh, E. E., Francis, C. W., Looney, R. J., Kolassa, J. E., Hall, W. J., & Abraham, G. N. (2001) Response of C-reactive protein and serum amyloid A to influenza A infection in older adults, J. Infect. Dis., 183, 995–999.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  97. Feinstone, S. M., & Gust, I. A. (2000) Hepatitis A virus, in G. L. Mandell, J. E. Bennett, & R., Dolin (Eds.) Principles and practice of infectious diseases (5th edn, Vol. 2, pp. 1920–1940), Philadelphia: Churchill Livingstone.

    Google Scholar 

  98. Zhu, J., Quyyumi, A. A., Norman, J. E., Costello, R., Csako, G., & Epstein, S. E. (2000) The possible role of Hepatitis A virus in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, J. Infect. Dis., 182, 1583–1587.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  99. Dezube, B. J., Pardee, A. B., Chapman, B., Beckett, L. A., Korvick, J. A., Novick, W. J., Chiurco, J., Kasdan, P., Ahlers, C. M., Ects, L. T., Crumpacker, C. S., & the NIAD AIDS Clinical Trials Group (1993) Pentoxifylline decreases tumor necrosis factor expression and serum triglycerides in people with AIDS, J. Acquir Immune Defic Syndr., 6, 787–794.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  100. Krishnaswamy, G., Chi, D. S., Kelley, J. L., Sarubbi, E, Smith, J. K., & Peiris, A. (2000) The cardiovascular and metabolic complications of HIV infection, Cardiol. Rev., 8, 260–268.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  101. Henry, K., Melroe, H., Huebsch, J., Hermundson, J., Levine, C., Swensen, L., & Daley, J. (1998) Severe premature coronary artery disease with protease inhibitors, Lancet, 351, 1328.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  102. Hadigan, C., Meigs, J., Corcoran, C., Rietschel, P., Piecuch, S., Basgoz, N., Davis, B., Sax, P., Stnaley, T., Wilson, P. W. E, D’Agostino, R. B., & Grinspoon, S. (2001) Metabolic abnormalities and cardiovascular disease risk factors in adults with human immunodeficiency virus infection and lipodystrophy, Clin. Infect. Dis., 32, 130–139.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  103. David, M. H., Hornung, R., & Fichtenbaum, C. J. (2002) Ischemic cardiovascular disease in persons with human immunodeficiency virus infection, Clin. Infect. Dis., 34, 98–102.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  104. Carr, A., Samaras, K., Thorisdottir, A., Kaufmann, G. R., Chisholm, D. J., & Cooper, D. A. (1999) Diagnosis, prediction, and natural course of HIV-1 protease inhibitor associated lipodystropy, hyperlipidemia, and diabetes mellitus: a cohort study, Lancet, 353, 2093–2099.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  105. Hadigan, C., Corcoran, C., Stanley, T, Piecuch, S., Klibanski, A., & Grinspoon, S. (2000) Fasting hyperinsulinemia in HIV-infected men: relationship to body composition, gonadol function and protease-inhibitor use, J. Clin. Endocrin. Metab., 85, 35–41.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  106. Saint-Marc, T., Partisani, M., Poizot-Martin, I., Bruno, F., Rouviere, O., Lang, J. M., Gastaut, J. A., & Touraine, J. L. (1999) A syndrome of peripheral fat wasting (lipodystrophy) in patients receiving long-term nucleoside analogue therapy, AIDS, 13, 1659–1667.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  107. Walker, U. A., Bickel, M, Lütke, Volksbeck, S. I, Ketelsen, U. P., Schöfer, H., Setzer, B., Venhoff, N., Rickerts, V, & Staszewski, S. (2002) Evidence of nucleoside analogue reverse transcriptase inhibitor-associated genetic and structural defects of mitochondria in adipose tissue of HIV infected patients, J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr., 29, 117–121.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  108. Farrj, R. S., McCully, R. B., Oh, J. K., & Smith, T. F (1997) Mycoplasma associated pericarditis [Review], Mayo Clin. Proceed, 72, 33–36.

    Google Scholar 

  109. Popat, K., Barnardo, D., & Webb-Peploe, M. (1980) Mycoplasma pneumoniae endocarditis, Br. Heart J., 44, 111–112.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  110. Padovan, C. S., Pfister, H. W., Bense, S., Fingerle, V., & Abele-Horn, M. (2001) Detection of Mycoplasma pneumoniae DNA in cerebrospinal fluid of a patient with M. pneumoniae infection-“associated” stroke, Clin. Infect. Dis., 33, E119–21.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  111. Mulder, L. J., & Spierings, E. L. (1987) Stroke in a young adult with Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection complicated by intravascular coagulation, Neurology, 37, 1430–1431.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  112. Fu, M., Wong, K. S., Lam, W. W., & Wong, G. W. (1998) Middle cerebral artery occlusion after recent Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection, J. Neurol Sci., 157, 113–115.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  113. Visudhiphan, P., Chiemchanya, S., & Sirinavin, S. (1992) Internal carotid artery occlusion associated with Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection, Pediatr. Neurol, 8, 237–239.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  114. Parker, P., Puck, J., & Fernandez, F. (1981) Cerebral infarction associated with Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Pediatrics, 67, 373–375.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  115. Higuchi, M. L., Sambiase, N., Palomino, S., Gutierrez, P., Demarchi, L. M., Aiello, V D., & Ramires, J. A. (2001) Detection of Mycoplasma pneumoniae and Chlamydia pneumoniae in ruptured atherosclerotic plaques. Brazilian J. Med. Biol. Res., 33, 1023–1026.

    Google Scholar 

  116. Fong, I. W, Chiu, B., Viira, E., Jang, D., & Mahony, J. B. (1999) De novo induction of atherosclerosis by Chlamydia pneumoniae in a rabbit model, Infect. Immun., 67, 6048–6055.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  117. Epstein, S. E., Zhu, I, Burnett, M. S., Zhou, Y. F., Vercellotti, G., & Hajjar, D. (2000) Infection and atherosclerosis: potential roles of pathogen burden and molecular mimicry, Artherioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol, 20, 1417–1420.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  118. Xu, Q., Willeit, J., Marosi, M., Kleindienst, R., Oberhollenzer, R, Kiechl, S., Stulnig, T., Luef, G., & Wick, G. (1993) Association of serum antibodies to heat shock protein 65 with carotid atherosclerosis, Lancet., 341, 255–259.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  119. Xu, Q., Weimam, S., Gupta, R. S., Wolf, H., & Wick, G. (1993) Staining of endothelial cells and macrophages in atherosclerotic lesions with human heat shock protein reactive antisera, Arterioscler. Thromb., 13, 1763–1769.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  120. Schett, G., Xu, Q., Amberger, A., Van der Zee, R., Recheis, H., Willeit, J., & Wick, G. (1995) Autoantibodies against heat shock protein 60 mediate endothelial cytotoxicity, J. Clin. Invest, 96, 2569–2577.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  121. Metzlier, B, Kiechl, S, Mayr, M, Willeit, J., Schett, G, Xu, Q., & Wick, G. (1999) Endothelial cytotoxicity mediated by serum antibodies to heat shock proteins of Escherichia coli and Chlamydia pneumoniae: immune reactions to heat shock proteins as a possible link between infection and atherosclerosis, Circulation, 99, 1560–1566.

    Google Scholar 

  122. Zinkernagel, R. M., Cooper, S., Chambers, J., Lazzarini, R. A., Hengartner, H., & Arnheiter, H. (1990) Virus induced autoantibody response to a transgenic viral antigen, Nature, 345, 68–71.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  123. Anderson, J. L., Carlquist, J. F., Muhlestein, J. B., Home, B., & Elmer, S. P. (1998) Evaluation of C-reactive protein, an inflammatory marker, and infectious serology as risk factors for coronary artery disease and myocardial infarction, J.Am. Coll. Cardiol., 32, 35–41.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  124. Auer, J., Berent, R., Weber, T., & Eber, B. (2002) Interleukin-1 receptor antagonistgene polymorphism, infectious burden, and coronary artery disease, Clin. Infec. Dis., 34, 1536–1537.

    Google Scholar 

  125. Ridker, P. M, Hennekens, C. H., Buring, J. E., Kundsin, U. & Shih, J. (1999) Baseline IgG antibody titers to Chlamydia pneumoniae, Helicobacter pylori, herpes simplex virus and cytomegalovirus and the risk for cardiovascular disease in women, Ann. Intern. Med., 131, 573–577.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  126. Roivainen, M., Viik-Kajander, M., Palosuo, T., Toivainen, M., Leinonen, M., Saikku, P., Tenkanen, L,, Manninen, V, Hovi, T., & Manttari, M. (2000) Infections, inflammation, and risk of coronary heart disease, Circulation, 101, 252–257.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  127. Zhu, J., Nieto, I, Horne, B., Anderson, J. L., Muhlestein, J. B., & Epstein, S. E. (2001) Prospective study of pathogen burden and risk of myocardial infarction or death, Circulation, 103, 45–51.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  128. Rupprecht, H. J., Blankenberg, S., Bickel, C., Rippin, G., Hafner, G., Prellwitz, W., Schlumberger, W., & Meyer, J. (2001) Impact of viral and bacterial infectious burden on long-term prognosis in patients with coronary artery disease, Circulation, 104, 25–31.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  129. Espinola-Klein, C., Rupprecht, H. J., Blankenberg, S., Bickel, C., Kopp, H., Rippin, G., Victor, A., Hafner, G., Schlumberger, W., & Meyer, J. (2002) Impact of infectious burden on extent and long term prognosis of atherosclerosis, Circulation, 105, 15–21.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  130. Chiu, B., Viira, E., Tucker, W., & Fong, I. W. (1997) Chlamydia pneumonia, cytomegalovirus and herpessimplex virus in atherosclerosis of the carotid artery, Circulation, 96, 2144–2148.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  131. Qavi, H. B., Melnick, J. L., Adam, E., & Debakey, M. E. (2000) Frequency of coexistence of cytomegalovirus and Chlamydia pneumoniae in atherosclerotic plaques, Central Eur. J. Public Health, 8, 71–73.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  132. Chiu, B. (1999) Multiple infections in carotid atherosclerotic plaques, Am. Heart J., 128, S534–S536.

    Google Scholar 

  133. Haraszthy, V I., Zambon, J. J., Trevisan, M., Zeid, M., & Genco, R. J. (2000) Identification of periodontal pathogens in atheromatous plaques, J. Periodontal, 71, 1554–1560.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  134. Haraszthy, V. I., Jordan, S. F., Zambon, J. J., Zafiropoulos, G. G., Mastragelopoulos, N., & Genco, R. J. (2001) Periodontal pathogens in atheromas from a German population, Ann. Periodontal, 6, 64 [Abstract].

    Google Scholar 

  135. Wanishsawad, C., Zhou, Y. F, & Epstein, S. E. (2000) Chlamydia pneumoniae-induced transactivation of the major immediate early promoter of cytomegalovirus: potential synergy of infectious agents in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, J. Infect. Dis., 181, 787–790.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  136. Burnett, M. S., Gaydos, C. A., Madico, G. E., Glad, S. M., Paigen, B., Quinn, T. C., & Epstein, S. E. (2001) Atherosclerosis in APOE knockout mice infected with multiple pathogens, J. Infect. Dis., 183, 226–231.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  137. Hirose, H., & Kugimiya, T. (2000) Abdominal aortic aneurysm infected with Helicobacter pylori: a case report, Angiology, 51, 867–871.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

    I. W. Fong (Professor of Medicine, Head of Infectious Diseases) (Professor of Medicine, Head of Infectious Diseases)

  2. St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

    I. W. Fong (Professor of Medicine, Head of Infectious Diseases) (Professor of Medicine, Head of Infectious Diseases)

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2003 Kluwer Academic Publishers

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

(2003). Miscellaneous Infections and Atherosclerosis: Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Disease. In: Fong, I.W. (eds) Infections and the Cardiovascular System: New Perspectives. Emerging Infectious Diseases of the 21st Century, vol 1. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/0-306-47926-5_8

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/0-306-47926-5_8

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-0-306-47404-0

  • Online ISBN: 978-0-306-47926-7

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation