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HIV-1 Subtypes and Recombinants

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Book cover AIDS in Africa

Conclusion

HIV-1 undergoes rapid genetic diversification due to high mutation rates as well as frequent genomic recombination. Some regions of the genome such as the envelope gene show particularly high rates of evolution due to selection pressure exerted by the host. While only one or a few point mutations are enough to show major phenotypic changes for properties such as drug resistance or immune evasion, HIV-1s are phylogenetically classified into subtypes on the basis of 20%–35% differences in their amino acid sequences.

The main group of HIV-1 has 9 subtypes, all of which have been found in Africa. However, only three (A, C, and D) have spread to cause large numbers of infections at the present time. A growing number of CRFs—at least 6—have been described in Africa. Only CRF02_AG, which is the dominant virus in West Africa, has already accounted for a large number of infections. However, CRF01_AE, which is present in the Central African Republic, is also the dominant virus in the heterosexual epidemic of Thailand. HIV-1 subtypes can be most reliably classified using nucleotide sequencing or HMA. To be sure that a given virus is not a recombinant, it is necessary to check the sequences of multiple regions of the viral genome.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

    Boris Renjifo & Max Essex

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  1. Boris Renjifo
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  2. Max Essex
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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Harvard AIDS Institute Mary Woodard Lasker Professor of Health Sciences Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

    Max Essex DVM, PhD (Chairman) & Richard G. Marlink MD (Senior Research and Executive Director) (Chairman) &  (Senior Research and Executive Director)

  2. Laboratory of Bacteriology and Virology CHU Le Dantec, Université Cheikh Anta Diop, Dakar, Senegal

    Souleymane Mboup PharmD, PhD (Professor of Microbiology) (Professor of Microbiology)

  3. Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases and the Harvard AIDS Institute, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

    Phyllis J. Kanki DVM, DSc (Professor of Immunology and Infectious Diseases) & Molly Holme (Professor of Immunology and Infectious Diseases) & 

  4. Department of Nursing Education University of Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana

    Sheila D. Tlou PhD (Associate Professor) (Associate Professor)

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Renjifo, B., Essex, M. (2002). HIV-1 Subtypes and Recombinants. In: Essex, M., Mboup, S., Kanki, P.J., Marlink, R.G., Tlou, S.D., Holme, M. (eds) AIDS in Africa. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/0-306-47817-X_16

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/0-306-47817-X_16

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