Conclusion
Several lines of evidence support the notion that cellular energetics are deranged in sepsis, not (just) on the basis of inadequate tissue perfusion, but rather because of impaired mitochondrial respiration and/or coupling. These findings suggest the possibility that organ dysfunction in sepsis may occur on the basis of cytopathic hypoxia. If this concept is correct, then the therapeutic implications are enormous. Efforts to improve outcome in septic patients by monitoring and manipulating cardiac output, systemic oxygen delivery, and regional blood flow would seem unlikely to have a major impact on outcome. Instead, our focus should be on developing pharmacological strategies to restore normal mitochondrial function and cellular energetics.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsPreview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Fink MP. Cytopathic hypoxia in sepsis. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 1997 (Suppl 100); 41:87–95
Vallet B, Lund N, Curtis SE, et al. Gut and muscle tissue PO2 in endotoxemic dogs during shock and resuscitation. J Appl Physiol 1994; 76:793–800
Hasibeder W, Germann R, Wolf HJ, et al. Effects of short-term endotoxemia and dopamine on mucosal oxygenation in porcine jejunum. Am J Physiol 1996; 270:G667–G675
Noldge-Schomberg GF, Priebe HJ, Armbruster K, et al. Different effects of early endotoxemia on hepatic and small intestinal oxygenation in pigs. Intensive Care Med 1996; 22:795–804
Sair M, Etherington PJ, Curzen NP, et al. Tissue oxygenation and perfusion in endotoxemia. Am J Physiol 1996; 271:H1620–H1625
Astiz M, Rackow EC, Weil MH, et al. Early impairment of oxidative metabolism and energy production in severe sepsis. Circ Shock 1988; 26:311–320
Aiming PB, Sair M, Winlove CP, et al. Abnormal tissue oxygenation and cardio vascular changes in endotoxemia. Am J Resp Crit Care Med 1999; 159:1710–1715
Hotchkiss RS, Rust RS, Dence CS, et al. Evaluation of the role of cellular hypoxia in sepsis by the hypoxic marker [18F]fluoroisonidazole. Am J Physiol 1991; 261:R965–R972
VanderMeer TJ, Wang H, Fink MP. Endotoxemia causes ileal mucosal acidosis in the absence of mucosal hypoxia in a normodynamic porcine model of septic shock. Crit Care Med 1995; 23:1217–1226
Rosser DM, Stidwill RP, Jacobson D, et al. Oxygen tension in the bladder epithelium rises in both high and low cardiac output endotoxemic sepsis. J Appl Physiol 1995; 79:1878–1882
Boekstegers P, Weidenhofer S, Kapsner T, et al. Skeletal muscle partial pressure of oxygen in patients with sepsis. Crit Care Med 1994; 22:640–650
Simonson SG, Welty-Wolf K, Huang Y-CT, et al. Altered mitochondrial redox responses in Gram negative septic shock in primates. Circ Shock 1994; 43:34–43
Bankey PE, Hill S, Geldon D. Sequential insult enhances liver macrophage-signaled hepatocyte dysfunction. J Surg Res 1994; 57:185–191
Zingarelli B, Day BJ, Crapo JD, et al. The potential role of peroxynitrite in the vascular contractile and cellular energetic failure in endotoxic shock. Br J Pharmacol 1997; 120:259–267
Unno N, Wang H, Menconi MJ, et al. Inhibition of inducible nitric oxide synthase ameliorates lipopolysaccharide-induced gut mucosal barrier dysfunction in rats. Gastroenterology 1997; 113:1246–1257
Gross SS, Levi R. Tetrahydrobiopterin synthesis. An absolute requirement for cytokine-induced nitric oxide generation by vascular smooth muscle. J Biol Chem 1992; 267:25722–25729
Premarante S, Masuda E, Nishida S, et al. Does intravenous glutamine prevent bacterial translocation in hemorrhagic shock? Shock 1994; 2:262–266
King CJ, Tytgat SHAJ, Delude RL, Fink MP. Ileal mucosal oxygen consumption is decreased in endotoxemic rats but is restored toward normal by treatment with aminoguanidine. Crit Care Med 1999; 27:2518–2524
Vary TC, Siegel JH, Nakatani T, et al. Effect of sepsis on activity of pyruvate dehydrogenase complex in skeletal muscle and liver. Am J Physiol 1986; 250:E634–E640
Vary TC. Sepsis-induced alterations in pyruvate dehydrogenase complex activity in rat skeletal muscle: effects on plasma lactate. Shock 1996; 6:89–94
Vary TC, Hazen S. Sepsis alters pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase activity in skeletal muscle. Mol Cell Biochem 1999; 198:113–118
Vary TC. Increased pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase activity in response to sepsis. Am J Physiol 1991; 250:E669–E674
Fink MP, Payen D. The role of nitric oxide in sepsis and ARDS: synopsis of a roundtable conference held in Brussels on 18–20 March 1995. Intensive Care Med 1996; 22:158–165
Borutaité V, Brown GC. Rapid reduction of nitric oxide by mitochondria, and reversible inhibition of mitochondrial respiration by nitric oxide. Biochem J 1996; 315:295–299
Cassina A, Radi R. Differential inhibitory action of nitric oxide and peroxynitrite on mitochondrial electron transport. Arch Biochem Biophys 1996; 328:309–316
Nishikawa M, Sato EF, Kuroki T, Inoue M. Role of glutathione and nitric oxide in the energy metabolism of rat liver mitochondria. FEBS Lett 1997; 415:341–345
Torres J, Darley-Usmer V, Wilson MT. Inhibition of cytochrome c oxidase in turnover by nitric oxide: mechanism and implications for control of respiration. Biochem J 1995; 312:169–173
Giuffre A, Sarti P, D’Itri E, et al. On the mechanism of inhibition of cytochrome c oxidase by nitric oxide. J Biol Chem 2000; 271:33404–33408
Poderoso JJ, Carreras MC, Lisdero C, et al. Nitric oxide inhibits electron transfer and increases superoxide radical production in rat heart mitochondria and submitochondrial particles. Arch Biochem Biophys 1996; 328:85–92
Ghafourifar P, Richter C. Nitric oxide synthase activity in mitochondria. FEBS Lett 1997; 418:291–296
Ghafourifar P, Schenk U, Klein SD, et al. Mitochondrial nitric-oxide synthase stimulation causes cytochrome c release from isolated mitochondria. Evidence for intramitochondrial peroxynitrite formation. J Biol Chem 1999; 27:31185–31188
Packer MA, Porteous CM, Murphy MP. Superoxide production by mitochondria in the presence of nitric oxide forms peroxynitrite. Biochem Mol Biol Int 1996;40:527–534
Radi R, Rodriguez M, Castro L, et al. Inhibition of mitochondrial electron transport by peroxynitrite. Arch Biochem Biophys 1994; 308:96–102
Castro L, Rodriguez M, Radi R. Aconitase is readily inactivated by peroxynitrite, but not its precursor, nitric oxide. J Biol Chem 1994; 269:29409–29415
Boczkowski I, Lisdero C, Lanone S, et al. Endogenous peroxynitrite mediates mitochondrial dysfunction in rat diaphragm during endotoxemia. FASEB J 1999; 13:1637–1646
Unno N, Menconi MJ, Smith M, et al. Acidic conditions ameliorate both ATP depletion and the development of hyperpermeability in cultured Caco-2 enterocytic monolayers subjected to metabolic inhibition. Surgery 1997; 121:668–680
Durkacz BW, Omidiji O, Gray DA, et al. (ADP-ribose)n participates in DNA excision repair. Nature 1980; 283:593–596
Saitoh MS, Poirier GG, Lindahl T. Dual function for poly(ADP-ribose) synthesis in response to DNA strand breakage. Biochemistry 1994; 33:7099–7106
Lautier D, Lageux J, Thibodeau J, et al. Molecular and biochemical features of poly (ADP-ribose) metabolism. Mol Cell Biochem 1993; 122:171–193
Szabó C, Zingarelli B, Salzman AL. Role of poly-ADP ribosyltransferase activation in the vascular contractile and energetic failure elicited by exogenous and endogenous nitric oxide and peroxynitrite. Circ Res 1996; 78:1051–1063
Szabo C, Cuzzocrea S, Zingarelli B, et al. Endothelial dysfunction in a rat model of endotoxic shock. Importance of the activation of poly (ADP-ribose) synthetase by peroxynitrite. J Clin Invest 1997; 100:723–735
Pulido EJ, Shames BD, Selzman CH, et al. Inhibition of PARS attenuates endotoxin-induced dysfunction of pulmonary vasorelaxation. Am J Physiol 1999; 277:L769–L776
Szabo A, Salzman AL, Szabo C. Poly (ADP-ribose) synthetase activation mediates pulmonary microvascular and intestinal mucosal dysfunction in endotoxin shock. Life Sci 1998; 63:2133–2139
Kuhnle S, Nicotera P, Wendel A, et al. Prevention of endotoxin-induced lethality, but not of liver apoptosis in poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-deficient mice. Biochem Biophys Res Comm 1999; 263:433–438
Oliver FJ, Menissier-de Murcia J, Nacci C, et al. Resistance to endotoxic shock as a consequence of defective NF-kappaB activation in poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 deficient mice. EMBO J 1999; 18:4446–54
Motterlini R, Kerger H, Green CJ, et al. Depression of endothelial and smooth muscle cell oxygen consumption by endotoxin. Am J Physiol 1998; 275:H776–H782
Stuart JA, Brindle KM, Harper JA, et al. Mitochondrial proton leak and the uncoupling proteins. J Bioenerg Biomembr 1999; 31:517–525
Ricquier D, Bouillaud F. The uncoupling protein homologues: UCP1, UCP2, UCP3, StUCP and AtUCP. Biochem J 2000; 345:161–179
Zoratti M, Szabo I. The mitochondrial permeability transition. Bioch Biophys Acta 1995; 1241:139–176
Connern CP, Halestrap AP. Recruitment of mitochondrial cyclophilin to the mitochondrial inner membrane under conditions of oxidative stress that enhance the opening of a calcium-sensitive non-specific channel. Biochem J 1994; 302:321–324
Griffiths EJ, Halestrap AP. Mitochondrial non-specific pores remain closed during cardiac ischaemia, but open upon reperfusion. Biochem J 1995; 307:93–98
Nieminen AL, Saylor AK, Tesfai SA, et al. Contribution of the mitochondrial permeability transition to lethal injury after exposure of hepatocytes to t-butylhydroperoxide. Biochem J 1995; 307:99–106
Bradham CA, Qian T, Streetz K, et al. The mitochondrial permeability transition is required for tumor necrosis factor alpha-mediated apoptosis and cytochrome c release. Mol Cell Biochem 1998; 18:6353–6364
Greer GG, Milazzo FH. Pseudomonas aeruginosa lipopolysaccharide: an uncouple of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation. Can J Microbiol 1975; 21:877–883
Geller ER, Jankauskas S, Kirkpatrick J. Mitochondrial death in sepsis: a failed concept. J Surg Res 1986; 40:514–517
Fry DE, Silva BB, Rink RD, et al. Hepatic cellular hypoxia in murine peritonitis. Surgery 1979; 85:652–661
Mela L, Bacalco LV, Jr., Miller LD. Defective oxidative metabolism of rat liver mitochondria in hemorrhagic and endotoxin shock. Am J Physiol 1971; 220:571–577
Tavakoli H, Mela L. Alterations of mitochondrial metabolism and protein concentrations in subacute septicemia. Infect Immun 1982; 38:536–541
Stadler J, Billiar TR, Curran RD, et al. Effect of exogenous and endogenous nitric oxide on mitochondrial respiration in rat hepatocytes. Am J Physiol 1991; 260:C910–C916
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2002 Kluwer Academic Publishers
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Fink, M.P. (2002). Cytopathic Hypoxia. In: Vincent, JL., Carlet, J., Opal, S.M. (eds) The Sepsis Text. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/0-306-47664-9_15
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/0-306-47664-9_15
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-0-7923-7620-0
Online ISBN: 978-0-306-47664-8
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive