Summary and Conclusions
The widespread use of so-called “biological” challenges in the anxiety disorders has produced an impressive literature that has helped elucidate the nature and phenomenology of panic attacks. Yet, researchers have barely scratched the surface in terms of demonstrating the practical relevance and utility of such procedures in the routine assessment and treatment of anxiety-related disorders. What seems needed are studies showing that the use of such procedures contributes to better, more efficient, and accurate treatment targeting and outcome. That is, it will require demonstrating practical utility. The challenge for those using panicogenic procedures is to show their practical relevance in clinical settings.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Antony, M. M., Brown, T. A., & Barlow, D. H. (1997). Response to hyperventilation and 5.5% CO2 inhalation of subjects with types of specific phobia, panic disorder, or no mental disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 154, 1089–1095.
Barlow, D. H. (1988). Anxiety and its disorders: The nature and treatment of anxiety and panic. New York: Guilford.
Barlow, D. H., Brown, T. A., & Craske, M. G. (1994). Definitions of panic attacks and panic disorder in the DSM-IV: Implications for research. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 103, 553–564.
Bourin, M., Baker, G. B., & Bradwejn, J. (1998). Neurobiology of panic disorder. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 44, 163–180.
Forsyth, J. P., Eifert, G. H., & Canna, M. (2000). Evoking analogue subtypes of panic attacks in a nonclinical population using carbon dioxide-enriched air. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 38, 559–572.
Gorman, J. M. (1987). Panic disorders. Modern Problems of Pharmacopsychology, 22, 36–90.
Harrington, P. J., Schmidt, N. B., & Telch, M. J. (1996). Prospective evaluation of panic potentiation following 35% CO2 challenge in nonclinical subjects. American Journal of Psychiatry, 153, 823–825.
Hoffman, S. G., Bufka, L. F., & Barlow, D. H. (1999). Panic provocation procedures in the treatment of panic disorder: Early perspectives and case studies. Behavior Therapy, 20, 305–317.
Lejuez, C. W., Forsyth, J. P., & Eifert, G. H. (1998). Devices and methods for administering carbon dioxide-enriched air in experimental and clinical settings. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 29, 239–248.
McNally, R. J., & Eke, M. (1996). Anxiety sensitivity, suffocation fear, and breath-holding duration as predictors of response to carbon dioxide challenge. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 105, 146–149.
Rapee, R. M. (1995). Psychological factors influencing the affective response to biological challenge procedures in panic disorder. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 9, 59–74.
Rapee, R. M., Brown, T. A., Antony, M. M., & Barlow, D. H. (1992). Response to hyperventilation and inhalations of 5.5% carbon dioxide-enriched air across the DSM-III-R Anxiety Disorders. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 101, 538–552.
Salkovskis, P. M., & Clark, D. M. (1990). Affective responses to hyperventilation: A test of the cognitive model of panic. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 28, 51–61.
Sanderson, W. C., Rapee, R. M., & Barlow, D. H. (1989). The influence of illusion of control on panic attacks induced by 5.5% carbon dioxide enriched air. Archives of General Psychiatry, 46, 157–162.
Schmidt, N. B., Forsyth, J. P., Santiago, H. T., & Trakowski, J. H. (2000). Panic attack typology in panic disorder: Using concordance/discordance of subjective and physiological arousal. Manuscript under review.
Schmidt, N. B., Telch, M. J., & Jaimez, T. L. (1996). Biological challenge manipulation of levels: A test of Klein’s (1993) suffocation alarm theory of panic. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 105, 446–454.
Schmidt, N. B., Trakowski, J. H., & Staab, J. P. (1997). Extinction of panicogenic effects of a 35% challenge in patients with panic disorder. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 106, 630–638.
Uhde, T. W., & Tancer, M. E. (1989). Chemical models of panic: A review and critique. In P. Tyrer (Ed.), Psychopharmacology of anxiety. British Association for Psychopharmacology monograph, No. 11 (pp. 109–131). New York: Oxford University Press.
van den Hout, M. A. (1988). The explanation of experimental panic. In S. Rachman & J. D. Maser (Eds.), Panic: Psychological perspectives (pp. 237–257). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Zvolensky, M. J., Eifert, G. H., Lejuez, C. W., & McNeil, D. W. (1999). The effects of offset control over 20% carbon-dioxide-enriched air on anxious responding. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 108, 624–632.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2002 Kluwer Academic Publishers
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Forsyth, J.P., Karekla, M. (2002). Biological Challenge in the Assessment of Anxiety Disorders. In: Antony, M.M., Orsillo, S.M., Roemer, L. (eds) Practitioner’s Guide to Empirically Based Measures of Anxiety. AABT Clinical Assessment Series. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/0-306-47628-2_5
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/0-306-47628-2_5
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-0-306-46582-6
Online ISBN: 978-0-306-47628-0
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive