Keywords
These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsPreview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Romani L, Howard DH: Mechanisms of resistance to fungal infections. Curr Opin Immunol 7:517–523, 1995.
Romani L: The T cell response against fungal infections. Curr Opin Immunol 9:484–490, 1997.
Williamson EC, Millar MR, Steward CJ, et al: Infections in adults undergoing unrelated donor bone marrow transplantation. Br J Haematol 104:560–568, 1999.
Walsh TJ, Hiemenz J, Pizzo PA: Editorial response: Evolving risk factors for invasive fungal infections—All neutropenic patients are not the same. Clin Infect Dis 18:793–798, 1994.
Sable C, Donowitz G: Infections in bone marrow transplant recipients. Clin Infect Dis 18:273–284, 1994.
LaRocco MT, Burgert SJ: Infection in the bone marrow transplant recipient and role of the microbiology laboratory in clinical transplantation. Clin Microbiol Rev 10:277–297, 1997.
Jantunen E, Ruutu P, Niskanen L, et al: Incidence and risk factors for invasive fungal infections in allogeneic BMT recipients. Bone Marrow Transplant 19:801–808, 1997.
Perfect JR, Schell WA: The new fungal opportunists are coming. Clin Infect Dis 22(Suppl 2):S112–S118, 1996.
Hazen KC: New and emerging yeast pathogens. Clin Microbiol Rev 8:462–478, 1995.
Wade JJ, Rolando N, Hayllar K, et al: Bacterial and fungal infections after liver transplantation: An analysis of 284 patients. Hepatology 21:1328–1336, 1995.
Patel R, Portela D, Badley AD, et al: Risk factors of invasive Candida and non-Candida fungal infections after liver transplantation. Transplantation 62:926–934, 1996.
Collins LA, Samore MH, Roberts MS, et al: Risk factors for invasive fungal infections complicating orthotopic liver transplantation. J Infect Dis 170:644–652, 1994.
Imam N, Carpenter CCJ, Mayer KH, et al: Hierarchical pattern of mucosal Candida infections in HIV-seropositive women. Am J Med 89:142–146, 1990.
Denning DW, Follansbee SE, Scolaro M, et al: Pulmonary aspergillosis in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. N Engl J Med 324:654–662, 1991.
Martins MD, Lozano-Chiu M, Rex JH: Declining rates of oropharyngeal candidiasis and carriage of Candida albicans associated with trends toward reduced rates of carriage of fluconazole-resistant C. albicans in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients. Clin Infect Dis 27:1291–1294, 1998.
Bow EJ, Laverdiere M, Lussier N, Rotstein C: Antifungal prophylaxis in neutropenia cancer patients: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Abst #1516. In Abstracts of the 41st Annual Meeting of the American Society of Hematology, New Orleans, LA, 1999.
Goodman JL, Winston DJ, Greenfield RA, et al: A controlled trial of fluconazole to prevent fungal infections in patients undergoing bone marrow transplantation. N Engl J Med 326:845–851, 1992.
Slavin MA, Osborne B, Adams R, et al: Efficacy and safety of fluconazole prophylaxis for fungal infections after bone marrow transplantation—A prospective, randomized, double-blind study. J Infect Dis 171:1545–1552, 1995.
Winston DJ, Chandrasekar PH, Lazarus HM, et al: Fluconazole prophylaxis of fungal infections in patients with acute leukemia. Ann Intern Med 118:495–503, 1993.
Rotstein C, Bow EJ, Laverdiere M, et al: Randomized placebocontrolled trial of fluconazole prophylaxis for neutropenic cancer patients: Benefit based in purpose and intensity of cytotoxic therapy. Clin Infect Dis 28:331–340, 1999.
Gubbins PO, Bowman JL, Penzak SR: Antifungal prophylaxis to prevent invasive mycoses among bone marrow transplant recipients. Pharmacotherapy 18:549–564, 1998.
Böhme A, Karthaus M, Hoelzer D: Antifungal prophylaxis in neutropenic patients with hematologic malignancies: Is there a real benefit? Chemotherapy 45:224–232, 1999.
Schaffner A, Schaffner M: Effect of prophylactic fluconazole on the frequency of fungal infections, amphotericin B use, and health care costs in patients undergoing intensive chemotherapy for hematologic neoplasias. J Infect Dis 172:1035–1041, 1995.
Alangaden G, Chandrasekar PH, Bailey E, et al: Antifungal prophylaxis with low-dose fluconazole during bone marrow transplantation. Bone Marrow Transplant 14:919–924, 1994.
Guinet R, Marlier R: tSensibilite comparee des levures aux ketoconazole, itraconazole et fluconazole en micromethode standardisee en milieu liquide. Pathol Biol 38:575–578, 1990.
Wingard JR, Merz WG, Rinaldi MG, et al: Increase in Candida krusei infection among patients with bone marrow transplantation and neutropenia treated prophylactically with fluconazole. N Engl J Med 325:1274–1277, 1991.
Marr KA, Seidel K, White TC, Bowden R: Candidemia in allogeneic blood and bone marrow transplant recipients: Evolution of risk factors after adoption of prophylactic fluconazole, J Infect Dis 181:309–316, 2000.
Tricot G, Joosten E, Boogaerts MA, et al: Ketoconazole vs. itraconazole for antifungal prophylaxis in patients with severe granulocytopenia: Preliminary results of two nonrandomized studies. Rev Infect Dis 9(Suppl 1):S94–S99, 1987.
Böhme A, Just-Nübling G, Bergmann L, et al: Itraconazole for prophylaxis of systemic mycoses in neutropenic patients with haematological malignancies. J Antimicrob Chemother 38:953–961, 1996.
Glasmacher A, Molitor E, Hahn C, et al: Antifungal prophylaxis with itraconazole in neutropenic patients with acute leukemia. Leukemia 12:1338–1343, 1998.
Vreugdenhil G, Van Dijke BJ, Donnelly JP, et al: Efficacy of itraconazole in the prevention of fungal infections among neutropenic patients with hematologic malignancies and intensive chemotherapy. A double-blind, placebo controlled study. Leuk Lymphoma 11:353–358, 1993.
Huijgens PC, Simoons-Smit AM, Van Loenen AC, Prooy E: Fluconazole versus itraconazole for the prevention of fungal infections in haemato-oncology. Clin Pathol 52:376–380, 1999.
Lamy T, Bernard M, Courtois A, et al: Prophylactic use of itraconazole for the prevention of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in high risk neutropenic patients. Leuk Lymphoma 30:163–174, 1998.
Menichetti F, Del Favero A, Martino P, et al: Itraconazole oral solution as prophylaxis for fungal infections in neutropenic patients with hematologic malignancies: A randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, multicenter trial. Clin Infect Dis 28:250–255, 1999.
Morgenstern GR, Prentice AG, Prentice HG, et al: A randomized controlled trial of itraconazole versus fluconazole for the prevention of fungal infections in patients with haematological malignancies. Br J Haematol 105:901–911, 1999.
O’Donnell MR, Schmidt GM, Tegtmeier BR, et al: Prediction of systemic fungal infection in allogeneic marrow recipients: Impact of amphotericin prophylaxis in high-risk patients. J Clin Oncol 12:827–834, 1994.
Perfect JR, Klotman ME, Gilbert CC, et al: Prophylactic intravenous amphotericin B in neutropenic autologous bone marrow transplant recipients. J Infect Dis 165:891–897, 1992.
Bodey GP, Anaissie EJ, Elting LS, et al: Antifungal prophylaxis during remission induction therapy for acute leukemia fluconazole versus intravenous amphotericin B. Cancer 73:2099–2106, 1994.
Wolff SN, Fay J, Stevens D, el al: Fluconazole vs low-dose amphotericin B for the prevention of fungal infections in patients undergoing bone marrow transplantation: A study of the North American Marrow Transplant Group. Bone Marrow Transplant 25:853–859, 2000.
Hiemenz JW, Walsh TJ: Lipid formulations of amphotericin B: Recent progress and future directions. Clin Infect Dis 22:S133–S144, 1996.
Walsh TJ, Finberg RW, Arndt C, et al: Liposomal amphotericin B for empirical therapy in patients with persistent fever and neutropenia. N Engl J Med 340:764–771, 1999.
Tollemar J, Ringdùn O, Andersson S, et al: Randomized double-blind study of liposomal amphotericin B (AmBisome) prophylaxis of invasive fungal infections in bone marrow transplant recipients. Bone Marrow Transplant 12:577–582, 1993.
Kelsey SM, Goldman JM, McCann S, et al: Liposomal amphotercin (AmBisome) on the prophylaxis of fungal infections in neutropenic patients: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Bone Marrow Transplant 23:163–168, 1999.
Timmers GJ, Zweegman S, Simoons-Smit AM, et al: Amphotericin B colloidal dispersion (Amphocil) vs fluconazole for the prevention of fungal infections in neutropenic patients: Data of a prematurely stopped clinical trial. Bone Marrow Transplant 25: 879–884, 2000.
Lumbreras C, Cuervas-Mons V, Jara P, et al: Randomized trial of fluconazole versus nystatin for the prophylaxis of Candida infection following liver transplantation. J Infect Dis 174:583–588, 1996.
Winston DJ, Pakrasi A, Busuttil RW: Prophylactic fluconazole in liver transplant recipients —A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Ann Intern Med 131:729–737, 1999.
Linden P, Kramer LP, Mazariegos G, et al: Low-dose amphotericin B for the prophylaxis of serious Candida infections in high-risk liver recipients. Abst J47. In Program and Abstracts of the 36th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, New Orleans, LA, 1996, p. 227.
Tollemar J, Höckerstedt K, Ericzon B-G, et al: Liposomal amphotericin B prevents invasive fungal infections in liver transplant recipients. A randomized, placebo-controlled study. Transplantation 59:45–50, 1995.
Colby WD, Sharpe MD, Ghent CN, et al: Efficacy of itraconazole prophylaxis against systemic fungal infection in liver transplant recipients. Abst 1650. In Abstracts of the 39th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 1999.
Nadeem I, Yeldandi V, Sheridan P, et al: Efficacy of itraconazole prophylaxis for aspergillosis in lung transplant recipients. In Program and Abstracts of the 32nd Annual Meeting of the Infectious Disease Society of America, p. 58A, 1994.
Calvo V, Borro JM, Morales P, et al: Antifungal prophylaxis during the early postoperative period of lung transplantation. Chest 115:1301–1304, 1999.
Lau CL, Palmer SM, D’Amico TA, et al: Lung transplantation at Duke University Medical Center. Clin Transplant 327–340, 1998.
Barchiesi F, Arzeni D, Fothergill AW, et al: In vitro activities of the new antifungal triazole SCH 56592 against common and emerging yeast pathogens. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 44:226–229, 2000.
Kirkpatrick WR, McAtee RK, Fothergill AW, et al: Efficacy of SCH56592 in a rabbit model of invasive aspergillosis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 44:780–782, 2000.
Ikeda F, Wakai Y, Matsumoto S, et al: Efficacy of FK463, a new lipopeptide antifungal agent, in mouse models of disseminated candidiasis and aspergillosis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 44: 614–618, 2000.
Pizzo PA, Ribichaud KJ, Gill FA, Witebsky FG: Empiric antibiotic and antifungal therapy for cancer patients with prolonged fever and granulocytopenia. Am J Med 72:101–111, 1982.
Krick JA, Remington JS: Opportunistic invasive fungal infections in patients with leukaemia or lymphoma. Clin Haematol 5:249–310, 1976.
Fraser DW, Ward JI, Ajello L, Plikaytis BD: Aspergillosis and other systemic mycoses: The growing problem. JAMA 242:1631–1635, 1979.
Pennington JE: Successful treatment of Aspergillus pneumonia in hematologic neoplasia. N Engl J Med 295:426–427, 1976.
Aisner J, Wiernik PH, Schimpf SC: Treatment of invasive aspergillosis: Relation of early diagnosis and treatment to response. Ann Intern Med 86:539–543, 1977.
Stein RS, Kayser J, Flexner JM: Clinical value of empirical am-photericin B in patients with acute myelogenous leukemia. Cancer 50:2247–2251, 1982.
European Organization for Research on Treatment of Cancer International Antimicrobial Therapy Cooperative Group: Empiric antifungal therapy in febrile granulocytopenic. Am J Med 86:668–672, 1989.
Prentice HG, Hann IM, Herbrecht R, et al: A randomized comparison of liposomal versus conventional amphotericin B for the treatment of pyrexia of unknown origin in neutropenic patients. Br J Haematol 98:711–718, 1997.
Wingard JR, White MH, Anaissie EJ, Rafailli JT: A randomized double-blind safety study of AmBisome and Abelcet in febrile neutropenic patients. Proc 9th Focus Fungal Infect Meet 98:711–718, 1999.
White MH, Bowden RA, Sandler ES, et al: Randomized, double-blind clinical trial of amphotericin B colloidal dispersion vs. amphotericin B in the empirical treatment of fever and neutropenia. Clin Infect Dis 27:296–302, 1998.
Viscoli C, Castagnola E, Van Lint MT, Moroni C: Fluconazole versus amphotericin B as empirical antifungal therapy of unexplained fever in granuolytopenic cancer patients: A pragmatic, multicentre, prospective and randomized clinical trial. Eur J Cancer 32A:814–820, 1996.
Winston DJ, Hathorn JW, Schuster MG, et al: A multicenter, randomized trial of fluconazole versus amphotericin B for empiric antifungal therapy of febrile neutropenic patients with cancer. Am J Med 108:282–289, 2000.
Malik IA, Moid I, Aziz A, Kham S: A randomized comparison of fluconazole with amphtericin B as empiric anti-fungal agents in cancer patients with prolonged fever and neutropenia. Am J Med 105:478–483, 1998.
Boogaerts M, Garber G, Winston D, Reboli A: Itraconazole compared with amphotericin B as empirical therapy for persistent fever of unknown origin in neutropenic patients. Bone Marrow Transplant 23:S111, 1999.
Sheehan DJ, Hitchcock CA, Sibley CM: Current and emerging azole antifungal agents. Clin Microbiol Rev 12:40–79, 1999.
Pfaller MA, Marco F, Messer SA, Jones RN: In vitro activity of two echinocandin derivatives, LY303366 and MK-0991 (L-743,792), against clinical isolates of Aspergillus, Fusarium, Rhizopus, and other filamentous fungi. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 30:251–255, 1998.
Marina NM, Flynn PM, Rivera GK, Hughes WT: Candida tropicalis and Candida albicans fungemia in children with leukemia. Cancer 68:594–599, 1991.
Silverman RA, Rhodes AR, Dennehy PH: Disseminated intravascular coagulation and purpura fulminans in a patient with Candida sepsis. Biopsy of purpura fulminans as an aid to diagnosis of systemic Candida infection. Am J Med 80:679–684, 1986.
Castaldo P, Stratta RJ, Wood RP, et al: Clinical spectrum of fungal infections after orthotopic liver transplant. Arch Surg 126:149–156, 1991.
Thaler M, Pastakia B, Shawker TH, et al: Hepatic candidiasis in cancer patients: The evolving picture of the syndrome. Ann Intern Med 108:88–100, 1988.
Pestalozzi BC, Krestin GP, Schanz U, et al: Hepatic lesions of chronic desseminated candidiasis may become invisible during neutropenia. Blood 90:3858–3864, 1997.
Karp JE, Merz WG, Charache P: Response to empiric amphotericin B during antileukemic therapy-induced granulocytopenia. Rev Infect Dis 13:592–599, 1991.
Walsh TJ, Chanock SJ: Laboratory diagnosis of invasive candidiasis: A rationale for complementary use of culture-and nonculture-based detection systems. Int J Infect Dis 1(Suppl 1): S11–S19, 1997.
Christensson B, Wiebe T, Pehrson C, Larsson L: Diagnosis of invasive candidiasis in neutropenic children with cancer by determination of D-arabinitol/L-arabinitol ratios in urine. J Clin Microbiol 35:636–640, 1997.
Phillips P, Dowd A, Jewesson P, et al: Nonvalue of antigen detection immunoassays for diagnosis of candidemia. J Clin Microbiol 28:2320–2326, 1990.
Morhart M, Rennie R, Ziola B, et al: Evaluation of enzyme immunoassay for Candida cytoplasmic antigens in neutropenic cancer patients. J Clin Microbiol 32:766–776, 1994.
Hossain MA, Miyazaki T, Mitsutake K, et al: Comparison between Wako-WB003 and Fungitec G tests for detection of (I→3)-β-D-glucan in systemic mycosis. J Clin Lab Anal 11:73–77, 1997.
Einsele H, Hebart H, Roller G, et al: Detection and identification of fungal pathogens in blood by using molecular probes. J Clin Microbiol 35:1353–1360, 1997.
Martinez JP, Gil ML, López-Ribot JL, Chaffin WL: Serologic response to cell wall mannoproteins and proteins of Candida albicans. Clin Microbiol Rev 11:121–141, 1998.
Preisler HD, Hasenclever HF, Henderson ES: Anti-Candida antibodies in patients with acute leukemia: A prospective study. Am J Med 51:352–361, 1971.
Wingard JR: Infections due to resistant Candida species in patients with cancer who are receiving chemotherapy. Clin Infect Dis 19 (Suppl 1):S49–S53, 1994.
Rex J: Editorial response: Catheters and candidemia. Clin Infect Dis 22:467–470, 1996.
Edwards JE Jr, Bodey GP, Bowden RA, et al: International conference for the development of a consensus on the management and prevention of severe candidal infections. Clin Infect Dis 25: 43–59, 1997.
Powderly W, Kobayashi G, Herzig GP: Amphotericin B-resistant yeast infection in severely immunocompromised patients. Am J Med 4:826–832, 1988.
Ringdén O, Meunier F, Tollemar J, et al: Efficacy of amphotericin B encapsulated in liposomes (AmBisome) in the treatment of invasive fungal infections in immunocompromised patients. J Antimicrob Chemother 28(Suppl B):73–82, 1991.
Noskin GA, Pietrelli L, Coffey G, et al: Amphotericin B colloidal dispersion for treatment of candidemia in immunocompromised patients. Clin Infect Dis 26:461–467, 1998.
Walsh TJ, Hiemenz JW, Seibel NL, et al: Amphotericin B lipid complex for invasive fungal infections: Analysis of safety and efficacy in 556 cases. Clin Infect Dis 26:1383–1396, 1998.
Wingard JR: Efficacy of amphotericin B lipid complex injection (ABLC) in bone marrow transplant recipients with life-threatening systemic mycoses. Bone Marrow Transplant 19:343–347, 1997.
Merhav H, Mieles L: Amphotericin B lipid complex in the treatment of invasive fungal infections in liver transplant patients. Transplant Proc 29:2670–2674, 1997.
Anaissie EJ, White MH, Uzun O, et al: Amphotericin B lipid complex vs. amphotericin B for treatment of invasive candidiasis: A prospective, randomized multicenter trial. Abst #LM21. In Program and Abstracts of the 35th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 1995, p. 330.
Horn R, Wong B, Kiehn TE, Armstrong D: Fungemia in a cancer hospital: Changing frequency, earlier on set, and results of therapy. Rev Infect Dis 7:646–655, 1985.
Kauffman CA, Bradley SF, Ross SC, Weber DR: Hepatosplenic candidiasis: Successful treatment with fluconazole. Am J Med 91:137–141, 1991.
Anaissie E, Bodey GP, Kantarjian H, et al: Fluconazole therapy for chronic disseminated candidiasis in patients with leukemia and prior amphotericin B therapy. Am J Med 91:142–150, 1991.
Poynton CH, Barnes RA, Rees J: Interferon γ and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor for the treatment of hepato-splenic candidosis in patients with acute leukemia. Clin Infect Dis 26:239–240, 1998.
Capetti A, Bonfanti P, Magni C, Milazzo F: Employment of recombinant human granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor in oesophageal candidiasis in AIDS patients. AIDS 9:1378, 1995.
Vazquez JA, Gupta S, Villanueva A: Potential utility of recombinant human GM-CSF as adjunctive treatment of refractory oropharyngeal candidiasis in AIDS patients. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 17:781–783, 1998.
Bjerke JW, Meyers JD, Bowden RA: Hepatosplenic candidiasis—A contraindication to marrow transplantation. Blood 84:2811–2814, 1994.
Rex JH, Walsh TJ, Sobel JD, et al: Practice guidelines for the treatment of candidiasis. Clin Infect Dis 30:662–678, 2000.
Ribaud P, Chastang C, Latgé JP, et al: Survival and prognostic factors of invasive aspergillosis after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation. Clin Infect Dis 28:322–330, 1999.
Leenders A, Van Belkum A, Janssen S, et al: Molecular epidemiology of apparent outbreak of invasive aspergillosis in a hematology ward. J Clin Microbiol 34:345–351, 1996.
Hospenthal D, Kwon-Chung KJ, Bennett JE: Concentrations of airborne Aspergillus compared to the incidence of invasive aspergillosis: Lack of correlation. Med Mycol 36:165–168, 1998.
Hamadeh R, Ardehali A, Locksley RM, York MK: Fatal aspergillosis associated with smoking contaminated marijuana, in a marrow transplant recipient. Chest 94:432–433, 1984.
Karp E, Burch PA, Merz WG: An approach to intensive antileukemia therapy in patients with previous invasive aspergillosis. Am J Med 85:203–206, 1988.
Armstrong D: Problems in management of opportunistic fungal diseases. Rev Infect Dis II:S1591–S1599, 1989.
Morrison VA, Haake RJ, Weisdorf DJ: Non-Candida fungal infections after bone marrow transplantation: Risk factors and outcome. Am J Med 96:497–503, 1994.
Meyers JD: Fungal infection in bone marrow transplant patients. Semin Oncol 3:10–13, 1990.
Paterson DL, Singh N: Invasive aspergillosis in transplant recipients. Medicine 78:123–138, 1999.
Singh N, Arnow PM, Bonham A, et al: Invasive aspergillosis in liver transplant recipients in the 1990s. Transplantation 64:716–720, 1997.
Denning DW: Invasive aspergillosis. Clin Infect Dis 26:781–803, 1998.
Clark A, Skeleton J, Fraser RS: Fungal tracheobronchitis report of 9 cases and review of the literature. Medicine 70:1–14, 1991.
Talbot GH, Huang A, Provencher M: Invasive aspergillus rhinosinusitis in patients with acute leukemia. Rev Infect Dis 13:219–232, 1991.
Denning DW, Marinus A, Cohen J, et al: An EORTC multicentre prospective survey of invasive aspergillosis in haematological patients: Diagnosis and therapeutic outcome. J Infect 37:173–180, 1998.
Burch PA, Karp JE, Merz WG, et al: Favorable outcome of invasive aspergillosis in paitents with acute leukemia. J Clin Oncol 5:1985–1993, 1987.
Reiss P, Hadderingh R, Schot LJ, Dannder SA: Invasive external otitis caused by Aspergillus fumigatus in two patients with AIDS. AIDS 5:605–606, 1991.
Bodey GP, Vartivarian S: Aspergillosis. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 8:413–437, 1989.
Caillot D, Casasnovas O, Bernard A, et al: Improved management of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in neutropenic patients using early thoracic computed tomographic scan and surgery. J Clin Oncol 15:139–147, 1997.
Brown MJ, Worthy SA, Flint JD, Muller NL: Invasive aspergillosis in the immunocompromised host: Utility of computed tomography and bronchoalveolar lavage. Clin Radial 53:255–257, 1998.
Albelda SM, Talbot GH, Gerson SL, et al: Role of fiberoptic bronchoscopy in the diagnosis of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in patients with acute leukemia. Am J Med 76:1027–1034, 1984.
Horvath J, Dummer S: The use of respiratory tract cultures in the diagnosis of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis. Am J Med 100:171–178, 1996.
Aisner J, Murillo J, Schimpff SC, Steere AC: Invasive aspergillosis in acute leukemia: Correlation with nose cultures and antibiotic use. Ann Intern Med 90:4–9, 1979.
Nunley DR, Ohori NP, Grgurich WF, et al: Pulmonary aspergillosis in cystic fibrosis lung transplant recipients. Chest 114: 1321–1329, 1998.
Verweij PE, Stynen D, Rijs AJMM, et al: Sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay compared with Pastorex latex agglutination test for diagnosing invasive aspergillosis in immunocompromised patients. J Clin Microbiol 33:1912–1914, 1995.
Severens JL, Donnelly JP, Meis JFGM, et al: Two strategies for managing invasive aspergillosis: A decision analysis. Clin Infect Dis 25:1148–1154, 1997.
Yuasa K, Goto H, Iguchi M, et al: Evaluation of the diagnostic value of the measurement of (1→3)-β-d-glucan in patients with pulmonary aspergillosis. Respiration 63:78–83, 1996.
Kaiser L, Huguenin T, Lew PD, et al: Invasive aspergillosis—Clinical features of 35 proven cases at a single institution. Medicine 77:188–194, 1998.
Allo MD, Miller J, Townsend T, Cissy T: Primary cutaneous aspergillosis associated with Hickman intravenous catheters. N Engl J Med 317:1105–1108, 1987.
Oppenheim BA, Herbrecht R, Kusne S: The safety and efficacy of amphotericin B colloidal dispersion in the treatment of invasive mycoses. Clin Infect Dis 21:1145–1153, 1995.
White A, Anaissie E, Kusne S, et al: Amphotericin B colloidal dispersion vs. amphotericin B-as therapy for invasive aspergillosis. Clin Infect Dis 24:635–642, 1997.
Mills W, Chopra R, Linch DC, Goldstone AH: Liposomal amphotericin B in the treatment of fungal infections in neutropenic patients: A single-centre experience of 133 episodes in 116 patients. Br J Haematol 86:754–760, 1994.
Ellis M, Spence D, De Pauw B, et al: An EORTC international multicenter randomized trial (EORTC number 19923) comparing two dosages of liposomal amphotericin B for treatment of invasive aspergillosis. Clin Infect Dis 27:1406–1412, 1998.
Denning DW, Tucker RM, Hanson LH, Stevens FA: Treatment of invasive aspergillosis with itraconazole. Am J Med 86:791–800, 1989.
Viviani MA, Tortorano AM, Pagano A, et at. European experience with itraconazole in systemic mycoses. J Am Acad Dermatol 9(Suppl 1):S77–S86, 1987.
Dupont B: Itraconazole therapy in aspergillosis: Study in 49 patients. J Am Acad Dermatol 23:607–614, 1990.
Sánchez C, Mauri E, Dalmau D, et al: Treatment of cerebral aspergillosis with itraconazole: Do high doses improve the prognosis? Clin Infect Dis 21:1485–1487, 1995.
Denning DW, Venkateswarlu K, Oakley KL, et al: Itraconazole resistance in Aspergillus fumigatus. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 41:1364–1368, 1997.
Chryssanthou E: In vitro susceptibility of respiratory isolates of Aspergillus species to itraconazole and amphotericin B. Acquired resistance to itraconazole. Scand J Infect Dis 29:509–512, 1997.
Oakley KL, Moore CB, Denning DW: In vitro activity of SCH-56592 and comparison with activities of amphotericin B and itraconazole against Aspergillus spp. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 41:1124–1126, 1997.
Graybill JR, Bocanegra R, Najvar LK, et al: SCH56592 treatment of murine invasive aspergillosis. J Antimicrob Chemother 42: 539–542, 1998.
Petraitis V, Petraitiene R, Groll AH, et al: Antifungal efficacy, safety, and single-dose pharmacokinetics of LY303366, a novel echinocandin B, in experimental pulmonary aspergillosis in persistently neutropenic rabbits. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 42: 2898–2905, 1998.
Jones TC: Use of granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) in prevention and treatment of fungal infections. Eur J Cancer [A] 35:S8–S10, 1999.
Armitage J: Emerging applications of recombinant human granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor. J Am Soc Hematol 92:4491–4508, 1998.
Viollier AF, Peterson DE, DeJongh CA, et al: Aspergillus sinusitis in cancer patients. Cancer 58:366–371, 1986.
Reichenberger F, Habicht J, Kaim A, et al: Lung resection for invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in neutropenic patients with hematologic diseases. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 158:885–890, 1998.
Stevens DA, Kan VL, Judson MA, et al: Practice guidelines for diseases caused by Aspergillus. Clin Infect Dis 30:696–709, 2000.
Opal SM, Asp AA, Canady PB Jr, et al: Efficacy of infection control measure during a nosocomial outbreak of disseminated aspergillosis associated with hospital construction. J Infect Dis 153:634–637, 1986.
Meunier F: Prevention of mycoses in immunocompromised patients. Rev Infect Dis 9:408–416, 1987.
Sherertz RJ, Belani A, Kramer BS, et al: Impact of air filtration on nosocomial Aspergillus infections unique risk of bone marrow transplant recipients. Am J Med 83:709–718, 1987.
Conneally E, Cafferkey MT, Daly PA, et al: Nebulized amphotericin B as prophylaxis against invasive aspergillosis in granulocyto-penic patients. Bone Marrow Transplant 5:403–406, 1990.
Bodey GP, Johnston D: Microbiological evaluation of protected environments during patient occupancy. Appl Microbiol 22:828–836, 1999.
Singh N, Gayowski T, Singh J, Yu VL: Invasive gastrointestinal zygomycosis in a liver transplant recipient: Case report and review of zygomycosis in solid-organ transplant recipients. Clin Infect Dis 20:617–620, 1995.
Gaziev D, Baronciani D, Galimberti M, et al: Mucormycosis after bone marrow transplantation: Report of four cases in thalassemia and review of the literature. Bone Marrow Transplant 17:409–414, 1996.
Morrison VA, McGlave PB: Mucormycosis in the BMT population. Bone Marrow Transplant 11:383–388, 1993.
Blitzer A, Lawson W, Meyers BR, Biller HF: Patient survival factors in paranasal sinus zygomycosis. Laryngoscope 90:635–648, 1980.
Lehrer RI, Howard DH, Sypherd PS, et al: Zygomycosis. Ann Intern Med 93:93–108, 1980.
Ferguson BJ, Mitchell TG, Moon R, et al: Adjunctive hyperbaric oxygen for treatment of rhinocerebral zygomycosis. Rev Infect Dis 10:551–559, 1988.
Gonzalez CE, Couriel DR, Walsh TJ: Disseminated zygomycosis in a neutropenic patient: Successful treatment with amphotericin B lipid complex and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor. Clin Infect Dis 24:192–196, 1997.
Groll AH, Walsh TJ: Potential new antifungal agents. Curr Opin Infect Dis 10:449–458, 1997.
Nelson PE, Dignani MC, Anaissie EJ: Taxonomy, biology, and clinical aspects of Fusarium species. Clin Microbiol Rev 7:479–504, 1994.
Hennequin C, Lavarde V, Poirot JL, et al: Invasive Fusarium infections: A retrospective survey of 31 cases. J Med Vet Mycol 35:107–114, 1997.
Lozano-Chiu M, Arikan S, Paetznick VL, et al: Treatment of murine fusariosis with SCH 56592. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 43:589–591, 1999.
Schroter GPJ, Temple DR, Husberg BS, et al: Cryptococcosis after renal transplantation: Report of ten cases. Surgery 79:268–277, 1976.
Watson AJ, Russell RP, Cabreja RF, Braverman WA: Cure of cryptococcal infection during continued immunosuppressive therapy. Q J Med 55:169–172, 1985.
Aberg JA, Mundy LM, Powderly WG: Pulmonary Cryptococcosis in patients without HIV infection. Chest 115:734–740, 1999.
Andreula CF, Burdi N, Carella A: CNS cryptococcosis in AIDS: Spectrum of MR findings. J Comput Assist Tomogr 17:438–441, 1993.
Powderly WG, Cloud GA, Dismukes WE, Saag MS: Measurement of cryptococcal antigen in serum and cerebrospinal fluid: Value in the management of AIDS-associated cryptococcal meningitis. Clin Infect Dis 18:789–792, 1994.
Larsen RA, Bozzette S, McCutchan JA, et al: Persistent Cryptococcus neoformans infection of the prostate after successful treatment of meningitis. Ann Intern Med 111:125–128, 1989.
Chan KH: Neurosurgical aspects of cerebral cryptococcosis. Neurosurgery 25:44–48, 1989.
Gade W, Hinnefeld SW, Babcock LS, et al: Comparison of the premier cryptococcal antigen enzyme immunoassay and the latex agglutination assay for detection of cryptococcal antigens. J Clin Microbiol 29:1616–1619, 1991.
Bennett JE, Dismukes WE, Duma RJ, et al: A comparison of amphotericin B alone and combined with flucytosine in the treatment of cryptococcal meningitis. N Engl J Med 301:126–131, 1979.
Van der Horst CM, Saag MS, Cloud GA, et al: Treatment of cryptococcal meningitis associated with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. N Engl J Med 337:15–21, 1997.
Saag MS, Powderly WG, Cloud GA, et al: Comparison of amphotericin B with fluconazole in the treatment of acute AIDS-associated cryptococcal meningitis. N Engl J Med 326:83–89, 1992.
Groll A, Giri N, Petraitis V, et al: Comparative efficacy and distribution of lipid formulations of amphotericin B in experimental Candida albicans infections of the central nervous system. J Infect Dis 182:274–282, 2000.
Leenders A, Reiss P, Portegies P, et al: Lipsomal amphotericin B (AmBisome) compared with amphotericin B both followed by oral fluconazole in the treatment of AIDS-associated cryptococcal meningitis. AIDS 11:1463–1471, 1997.
DeGans J, Portegies P, Tiessens G, et al: Itraconazole compared with amphotericin B plus flucytosine in AIDS patients with cryptococcal meningitis. AIDS 6:185–190, 1990.
Armengou A, Porcar C, Mascaró J, García-Bragado F: Possible development of resistance to fluconazole during suppressive therapy for AIDS-associated cryptococcal meningitis. Clin Infect Dis 23:1337–1338, 1996.
Witt MD, Lewis RJ, Edwards JE Jr, Ghannoum MA: Possible development of resistance to fluconazole during suppressive therapy for AIDS-associated cryptococcal meningitis—Reply. Clin Infect Dis 23:1338, 1996.
Paugam A, Dupouy-Camet J, Blanche P, et al: Increased fluconazole resistance of Cryptococcus neoformans isolated from a patient with AIDS and recurrent meningitis. Clin Infect Dis 19:975–976, 1994.
Coker RJ, Harris JR: Failure of fluconazole treatment in cryptococcal meningitis despite adequate CSF levels. J Infect 23:101–103, 1991.
Larsen RA, Bozzette SA, Jones BE, et al: Fluconazole combined with flucytosine for treatment of cryptococcal meningitis in patients with AIDS. Clin Infect Dis 19:741–745, 1994.
Bozzette SA, Larsen RA, Chiu J, et al: A placebo-controlled trial of maintenance therapy with fluconazole after treatment of cryptococcal meningitis in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. N Engl J Med 324:580–584, 1991.
Powderly WG, Saag MS, Cloud GA, et al: A controlled trial of fluconazole or amphotericin B to prevent relapse of cryptococcal meningitis in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. N Engl J Med 326:793–798, 1992.
Saag MS, Cloud GA, Graybill JR, et al: A comparison of itraconazole versus fluconazole as maintenance therapy for AIDS-associated cryptococcal meningitis. Clin Infect Dis 28:291–296, 1999.
Saag MS, Graybill RJ, Larsen RA, et al: Practice guidelines for the management of cryptococcal disease. Clin Infect Dis 30:710–718, 2000.
Jahangir M, Hussain I, Ul H, Haroon TS: A double-blind, randomized, comparative trial of itraconazole versus terbinafine for 2 weeks in tinea capitis. Br J Dermatol 139:672–674, 1998.
Brummer E, Stevens DA: Macrophage colony-stimulating factor induction of enhanced macrophage anticryptococcal activity: Synergy with fluconazole for killing. J Infect Dis 170:173–179, 1994.
Bach MC, Adler JL, Breman J, et al: Influence of rejection therapy on fungal and nocardia infections in renal-transplant recipients. Lancet 1:180–184, 1973.
Watson AJ, Whelton A, Russell RP: Cure of cryptococcemia and preservation of graft function in a renal transplant recipient. Arch Intern Med 144:1877–1878, 1984.
Kong NCT, Shaariah W, Morad Z, et al: Cryptococcosis in a renal unit. Aust NZ J Med 20:645–649, 1990.
Graybill JR, Sobel J, Saag M, et al: Diagnosis and management of increased intracranial pressure in patients with AIDS and cryptococcal meningitis. Clin Infect Dis 30:47–54, 2000.
Powderly WG, Finkelstein DM, Feinberg J, et al: A randomized trial comparing fluconazole with clotrimazole troches for the prevention of fungal infections in patients with advanced human immunodeficiency virus infection. N Engl J Med 332:700–705, 1995.
McKinsey DS, Wheat LJ, Cloud GA, et al: Itraconazole prophylaxis for fungal infections in patients with advanced human immunodeficiency virus infection: Randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind study. Clin Infect Dis 28:1049–1056, 1999.
Iitaka K, McEnery PT, West CD: Successful renal transplantation after generalized cryptococcosis. J Pediatr 92:422–423, 1978.
Mills SA, Seigler HF, Wolfe WG: The incidence and management of pulmonary mycosis in renal allograft patients. Ann Surg 182: 617–626, 1975.
Wheat L: Histoplasmosis in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Curr Top Med Mycol 7:7–18, 1996.
Wheat LJ, Smith EJ, Sathapatayavongs B, et al: Histoplasmosis in renal allograft recipients: Two large urban outbreaks. Arch Intern Med 143:703–707, 1983.
Hughes WT: Hematogenous histoplasmosis in the immunocompromised child. J. Pediatr 105:569–575, 1984.
Vail G, Young R, Filo RS, et al: Incidence of histoplasmosis following allogeneic bone marrow transplant (aBMT) or solid organ transplant (SOT) in a hyperendemic area. Abst # 3465a. In Program and Abstracts of the 36th Infectious Diseases Society of America Meeting, Denver, CO, 1998, p. 141.
Hood AB, Inglis FG, Lowenstein L, et al: Histoplasmosis and thrombocytopenic purpura: Transmisson by renal homotransplantation. Can Med Assoc J 93:587–592, 1965.
Wheat J: Histoplasmosis: Experience during outbreaks in Indianapolis and review of the literature. Medicine 76:339–354, 1997.
Sridhar NR, Tchervenkov JI, Weiss MA, et al: Disseminated histoplasmosis in a renal transplant patient: A cause of renal failure several years following transplantation. Am J Kidney Dis 17:719–721, 1991.
Wheat LJ, Kohler RB, Tewari RP: Diagnosis of disseminated histoplasmosis by detection of Histoplasma capsulatum antigen in serum and urine specimens. N Engl J Med 314:83–88, 1986.
Sathapatayavongs B, Batteiger BE, Wheat LJ, et al: Clinical and laboratory features of disseminated histoplasmosis during two large urban outbreaks. Medicine 62:263–270, 1983.
Wheat LJ, Connolly-Stringfield PA, Baker RL, et al: Disseminated histoplasmosis in the acquired immune deficiency syndrome: Clinical findings, diagnosis and treatment, and review of the literature. Medicine 69:361–374, 1990.
Johnson P, Wheat LJ, Cloud G, et al: A multicenter randomized trial comparing amphotericin B (AmB) and liposomal amphotericin B (AmBisome, LAmB) as induction therapy of disseminated histoplasmosis (DH) in AIDS patients. Ann Intern Med, in press, 2002.
Wheat J, Hafner R, Korzun AH, et al: Itraconazole treatment of disseminated histoplasmosis in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Am J Med 98:336–342, 1995.
Vullo V, Mastroianni CM, Ferone U, et al: Central nervous system involvement as a relapse of disseminated histoplasmosis in an Italian AIDS patient. J Infect 35:83–84, 1997.
Wheat J, MaWhinney S, Hafner R, et al: Treatment of histoplasmosis with fluconazole in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Am J Med 103:223–232, 1997.
Wheat J, Marichal P, Vanden Bossche H, et al: Hypothesis on the mechanism of resistance to fluconazole in Histoplasma capsulatum. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 41:410–414, 1997.
Connolly P, Wheat J, Schnizlein-Bick C, et al: Comparison of a new triazole antifungal agent, Schering 56592, with itraconazole and amphotericin B for treatment of histoplasmosis in immunocompetent mice. Antimicrob Agents Chemotherapy 43:322–328, 1999.
McKinsey DS, Gupta MR, Riddler SA, et al: Long-term amphotericin B therapy for disseminated histoplasmosis in patients with the acquired immune deficiency syndrome. Ann Intern Med 111: 655–659, 1989.
Wheat J, Hafner R, Wulfson M, et al. Prevention of relapse of histoplasmosis with itraconazole in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Ann Intern Med 118:610–616, 1993.
Hecht FM, Wheat J, Korzun AH, et al: Itraconazole maintenance treatment for histoplasmosis in AIDS: A prospective, multicenter trial. J Acquir Immun Defic Syndr Hum Retrovirol 16:100–107, 1997.
Wheat J, Sarosi G, McKinsey D, et al: Practice guidelines for the management of patients with histoplasmosis. Clin Infect Dis 30: 688–695, 2000.
Goldman M, Cloud GA, Smedema M, et al: Does long-term itraconazole prophylaxis result in in vitro azole resistance in mucosal Candida albicans isolates from persons with advanced human immunodeficiency virus infection? Antimicrob Agents Chemother 44:1585–1587, 2000.
Ampel NM, Ryan KJ, Carry PJ, et al: Fungemia due to Coccidioides immitis. Medicine 65:312–321, 1999.
Galgiani JN, Ampel NM: Coccidioidomycosis in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients. J Infect Dis 162:1165–1169. 1990.
Drutz D, Catanzaro A: Coccidioidomycosis Parts 1 and 2. Am Rev Respir Dis 117:559–585, 727–771, 1978.
Singh VR, Smith DK, Lawrence J, et al: Coccidioidomycosis in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus: Review of 91 cases at a single institution. Clin Infect Dis 23:563–568, 1996.
Galgiani JN: Coccidioidomycosis in the immunosuppressed host. In Einstein HE, Catanzaro A (eds): Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Coccidioidomycosis, National Foundation for Infectious Diseases, Washington, DC, 1996, pp. 312–318.
Pappagianis D, Zimmer BL: Serology of coccidioidomycosis. Clin Microbiol Rev 3:247–268, 1990.
Smith CE, Saito MT, Beard RR, et al: Serological tests in the diagnosis and prognosis of coccidioidomycosis. Am J Hyg 52: 1–21, 1950.
Fish DG, Ampel NM, Galgiani JN, et al: Coccidioidomycosis during human immunodeficiency virus infection: A review of 77 patients. Medicine 69:384–391, 1980.
Stevens D: Coccidioidomycosis. N Engl J Med 332:1077–1082, 1995.
Labadie ELMD, Hamilton RHMD: Survival improvement in coccidioidal meningitis by high-dose intrathecal amphotericin B. Arch Intern Med 146:2013–2018, 1985.
Galgiani JN, Catanzaro A, Cloud GA, et al: Fluconazole therapy for coccidioidal meningitis. Ann Intern Med 119:28–35, 1993.
Galgiani J, Stevens D, Graybill J, Cloud G: Ketoconazole therapy of progressive coccidioidomycosis. Am J Med 84:603–610, 1988.
Catanzaro A, Galgiani JN, Levine BE, el al: Fluconazole in the treatment of chronic pulmonary and nonmeningeal disseminated coccidioidomycosis. Am J Med 98:249–256, 1995.
Classen DC, Burke JP, Smith CB: Treatment of coccidioidal meningitis with fluconazole. J Infect Dis 158:903–904, 1988.
Galgiani JN, Catanzaro A, Cloud GA, et al: Comparison of oral fluconazole and itraconazole for progressive, nonmeningeal coccidioidomycosis: A randomized, double-blind trial. Ann Intern Med 133:676–686, 2000.
Dewsnup DH, Galgiani JN, Graybill JR, et al: Is it ever safe to stop azole therapy for Coccidioides immitis meningitis? Ann Intern Med 124:305–310, 1996.
Galgiani JN, Ampel NM, Catanzaro A, et al: Practice guidelines for the treatment of coccidioidomycosis. Clin Infect Dis 30:658–661, 2000.
Schroter GPJ, Bakshandeh K, Husberg BS, Weil R III: Coccidioidomycosis and renal transplantation. Transplantation 23:485–489, 1977.
Pappas PG, Threlkeld MG, Bedsole GD, et al: Blastomycosis in immunocompromised patients. Medicine 72:311–325, 1993.
Pappas PG, Pottage JC, Powderly WG, et al: Blastomycosis in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Ann Intern Med 116:847–853, 1992.
Recht LD, Davies SF, Eckman MR, Sarosi GA: Blastomycosis in immunosuppressed patients. Am Rev Respir Dis 125:359–362, 1982.
Laine L, Dretler RH, Conteas CN, et al: Fluconazole compared with ketoconazole for treatment of Candida esophagitis in AIDS. Ann Intern Med 117:655–660, 1992.
Sarosi GA, Davies SF: Blastomycosis. Am Rev Respir Dis 120: 911–937, 1979.
Wheat J, Wheat H, Connolly P, et al: Cross-reactivity in Histoplasma capsulaium variety capsulatum antigen assays of urine samples from patients with endemic mycoses. Clin Infect Dis 24: 1169–1171, 1997.
Chapman SW, Bradsher RW Jr, Campbell GD Jr, et al: Practice guidelines for the management of patients with blastomycosis. Clin Infect Dis 30:679–683, 2000.
Gonyea EF: The spectrum of primary blastomycotic meningitis: A review of central nervous system blastomycosis. Ann Neurol 3: 26–39, 1978.
Dismukes WE, Bradsher RW Jr, Cloud GC, et al: Itraconazole therapy for blastomycosis and histoplasmosis. Am J Med 93:489–497, 1992.
Dismukes WE, Cloud G, Bowles C, et al: Treatment of blastomycosis and histoplasmosis with ketoconazole: Results of a prospective randomized clinical trial. Ann Intern Med 103:861–872, 1985.
Pappas PG, Bradsher RW, Kauffman CA, et al: Treatment of blastomycosis with higher doses of fluconazole. Clin Infect Dis 25:200–205, 1997.
Vartivarian SE, Anaissie EJ, Bodey GP: Emerging fungal pathogens in immunocompromised patients: Classification, diagnosis, and management. Clin Infect Dis 17(Suppl 2):S487–S491, 1993.
Walsh TJ, Groll AH: Emerging fungal pathogens: Evolving challenges to immunocompromised patients for the twenty-first century. Transplant Infect Dis 1:247–261, 1999.
Anaissie E, Bodey GP, Rinaldi MG: Emerging fungal pathogens. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 8:323–330, 1989.
Supparatpinyo K, Khamwan C, Baosoung V, et al: Disseminated Penicillium marneffei infection in Southeast Asia. Lancet 334: 110–113, 1994.
Goldani LZ, Sugar AM: Paracoccidioidomycosis and AIDS: An overview. Clin Infect Dis 21:1275–1281, 1995.
Walsh TJ, Peter J, McGough DA, et al: Activities of amphotericin B and antifungal azoles alone and in combination against Pseud-allescheria boydii. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 39:1361–1364, 1995.
Patterson TF, Andriole VT, Zervos MJ, et al: The epidemiolog y of pseudallescheriasis complicating transplantation: Nosocomial and community-acquired infection. Mycoses 33:297–302, 1990.
Goldberg SL, Geha DJ, Marshall WF, et al: Successful treatment of simultaneous pulmonary Pseudallescheria boydii and Aspergillus terreus infection with oral itraconazole. Clin Infect Dis 16:803–805, 1993.
Ruxin TA, Steck WD, Helm TN, et al: Pseudallescheria boydii in an immunocompromised host—Successful treatment with debridement and itraconazole. Arch Dermatol 132:382–384, 1996.
Verweij PE, Cox NJM, Meis JFG: Oral terbinafine for treatment of pulmonary Pseudallescheria boydii infection refractory to itraconazole therapy. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 16:26–28, 1997.
Sharkey PK, Graybill JR, Rinaldi MG, et al: Itraconazole treatment of phaeohyphomycosis. J Am Acad Dermatol 23:577–586, 1990.
Anaissie E, Bodey GP, Kantarjian H, et al: New spectrum of fungal infection in patients with cancer. Rev Infect Dis 11:369–378, 1989.
Lowenthal RM, Atkinson K, Challis DR, et al: Invasive Trichosporon cutaneum infection: An increasing problem in immunosuppressed patients. Bone Marrow Transplant 2:321–327, 1987.
Gallis HA, Drew RH, Pickard WW: Amphotericin B: 30 years of clinical experience. Rev Infect Dis 12:308–329, 1987.
Walsh TJ, Pizzo A: Treatment of systemic fungal infections: Recent progress and current problems. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 7:460–475, 1988.
Wong-Beringer A, Jacobs RA, Guglielmo BJ: Lipid formulations of amphotericin B: Clinical efficacy and toxicities. Clin Infect Dis 27:603–618, 1998.
Walsh TJ, Finberg RW, Arndt C, et al: Liposomal amphotericin B for empirical therapy in patients with persistent fever and neutropenia. N Engl J Med 340:764–771, 1999.
Dix SP: Pharmacology of lipid formulations of amphotericin B. Infect Dis Clin Pract 7:S8–S15, 1998.
Storm G, Van Etten E: Biopharmaceutical aspects of lipid formulations of amphotericin B. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 16:64–73, 1997.
Petersen D, Demertzis S, Freund M, et al: Individualization of 5-fluorocytosine therapy. Chemotherapy 40:149–156, 1994.
Stamm AM, Diasio RB, Dismukes WE, et al: Toxicitiy of amphotericin B plus flucytosine in 194 patients with cryptococcal meningtitis. Am J Med 83:236–242, 1987.
Kitchen VS, Savage M, Harris JRW: Candida albicans resistance in AIDS [letter to the editor]. J Infect 22:204–205, 1991.
Fox R, Neal KR, Leen CLS, et al: Fluconazole resistant Candida in AIDS. J Infect 22:201–212, 1991.
Brammer KW, Farrow PR, Faulkner JK: Clinical pharmacology pharmacokinetics and tissue penetration of fluconazole in humans. Rev Infect Dis 12:S318–S326, 1990.
Apseloff G, Hilligoss DM, Gardner MJ, et al: Induction of fluconazole metabolism by rifampin: In vivo study in humans. J Clin Pharmacol 31:358–361, 1991.
Blum RA, Wilton JH, Hilligoss DM, et al: Effect of fluconazole on the disposition of phenytoin. Clin Pharmacol Ther 49:420–425, 1991.
Canafax DM, Graves NM, Hilligoss DM, et al: Increased cyclosporine levels as a result of simultaneous fluconazole and cyclosporine therapy in renal transplant recipients: A double-blind, randomized pharmacokinetic and safety study. Transplant Proc 23:1041–1042, 1991.
Graybill JR, Stevens DA, Galgiani N, et al: Itraconazole treatment of coccidioidomycosis. Am J Med 89:282–290, 1990.
Stevens DA: Itraconazole and fluconazole for treatment of coccidioidomycosis. Clin infect Dis 18:470–470, 1994.
Tucker RM, Denning DW, Arathoon EG, et al: Itraconazole therapy for nonmeningeal coccidioidomyosis: Clinical and laboratory observation. J Am Acad Dermatol 23:593–601, 1990.
Tucker RM, Haq Y, Denning DW, Stevens DA: Adverse events associated with itraconazole in 189 patients on chronic therapy. J Antimicrob Chemother 26:561–566, 1990.
Diaz M, Puente R, DeHoyos LA, Cruz S: Itraconazole in the treatment of coccidioidomycosis. Chest 100:682–684, 1990.
Sharkey-Mathis PK, Kauffman CA, Graybill JR, et al: Treatment of sporotrichosis with itraconazole. Am J Med 95:279–285, 1993.
Grant SM, Clissold SP: Itraconazole A: A review of its pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties, and therapeutic use in superficial and systemic mycoses. Drugs 37:310–344, 1989.
Van’t Wout JW, Novakova I, et al: The efficacy of itraconazole against systemic fungal infections in neutropenic patients: A randomized comparative study with amphotericin B. J Infect 22:45–52, 1991.
Barchiesi F, Colombo AL, McGough DA, et al: In vitro activity of itraconazole against fluconazole-susceptible and-resistant Candida albicans isolates from oral cavities of patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 38:1530–1533, 1994.
Phillips P, Zemcov J, Mahmood W, et al: Itraconazole cyclodextrin solution for fluconazole-refractory oropharyngeal candidiasis in AIDS: Correlation of clinical response with in vitro susceptibility. AIDS 10:1369–1376, 1996.
Cartledge JD, Midgley J, Gazzard BG: Itraconazole cyclodextrin solution: The role of in vitro susceptibility testing in predicting successful treatment of HIV-related fluconazole-resistant and fluconazole-susceptible oral candidosis. AIDS 11:163–168, 1997.
Blomley M, DeBelder A, Thyway Y, Weston M: Itraconazole and anti-tuberculosis drugs. Lancet 336:1255, 1991.
Kramer MR, Marshall SE, Denning DW, et al: Cyclosporine and itraconazole interaction in heart and lung transplant recipients. Ann Intern Med 113:327–329, 1990.
Sharkey PK, Rinaldi MG, Dunn JF, et al: High-dose itraconazole in the treatment of severe mycoses. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 35:707–713, 1991.
Tucker RM, Denning DW, Dupont B, Stevens DA: Itraconazole therapy for chronic coccidioidal meningitis. Ann Intern Med 112:108–112, 1990.
Belanger P, Nast CC, Fratti R, et al: Voriconazole (UK-109,496) inhibits the growth and alters the morphology of fluconazole-susceptible and-resistant Candida species. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 41:1840–1842, 1997.
Hegener P, Troke PF, Fätkenheuer G, et al: Treatment of fluconazole-resistant candidiasis with voriconazole in patients with AIDS. AIDS 12:2227–2228, 1998.
Pfaller MA, Zhang J, Messer SA, et al: In vitro activities of voriconazole, fluconazole, and itraconazole against 566 clinical isolates of Cryptococcus neoformans from the United States and Africa. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 43:169–171, 1999.
Cuenca-Estrella M, Rodríguez-Tudela JL, Mellado E, et al: Comparison of the in vitro activity of voriconazole (UK-109,496), itraconazole and amphotericin B against clinical isolates of Aspergillus fumigatus. J Antimicrob Chemother 42:531–533, 1998.
Murphy M, Bernard EM, Ishimaru T, Armstrong D: Activity of voriconazole (UK-109,496) against clinical isolates of Aspergillus species and its effectiveness in an experimental model of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 41:696–698, 1997.
Van’t Hek LG, Verweij PE, Weemaes CM, et al: Successful treatment with voriconazole of invasive aspergillosis in chronic granulomatous disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 157:1694–1696, 1998.
Schwartz S, Milatovic D, Thiel E: Successful treatment of cerebral aspergillosis with a novel triazole (voriconazole) in a patient with acute leukaemia. Br J Haematol 97:663–665, 1997.
Girmenia C, Luzi G, Monaco M, Martino P: Use of voriconazole in treatment of Scedosporium apiospermum infection: Case report. J Clin Microbiol 36:1436–1438, 1998.
Johnson EM, Szekely A, Warnock DW: In-vitro activity of voriconazole, itraconazole and amphotericin B against filamentous fungi. J Antimicrob Chemother 42:741–745, 1998.
Radford SA, Johnson EM, Warnock DW: In vitro studies of activity of voriconazole (WK-109,496), a new triazole antifungal agent, against emerging and less-common mold pathogens. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 41:841–843, 1997.
Lutz JE, Clemons KV, Aristizabal BH, Stevens DA: Activity of the triazole SCH 56592 against disseminated murine coccidioido-mycohsis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 41:1558–1561, 1997.
Law D, Moore CB, Denning DW: Activity of SCH 56592 compared with those of fluconazole and itraconazole against Candida spp. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 41:2310–2311, 1997.
Bartizal K, Gill CJ, Abruzzo GK, et al: In vitro preclinical evaluation studies with the echinocandin antifungal MK-0991 (L-743,872). Antimicrob Agents Chemother 41:2326–2332, 1997.
Graybill JR, Bocanegra R, Luther M, et al: Treatment of murine Candida krusei or Candida glabrata infection with L-743,872. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 41:1937–1939, 1997.
Bartlett MS, Current WL, Goheen MP, et al: Semisynthetic echinocandins affect cell wall deposition of Pneumocystis carinii in vitro and in vivo. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 40:1811–1816, 1996.
Boswell GW, Buell D, Bekersky I: AmBisome (liposomal amphotericin B): A comparative review. J Clin Pharmacol 38:583–592, 1998.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2002 Kluwer Academic Publishers
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Joseph Wheat, L., Goldman, M., Sarosi, G.A. (2002). Fungal Infections in the Immunocompromised Host. In: Rubin, R.H., Young, L.S., Van Furth, R. (eds) Clinical Approach to Infection in the Compromised Host. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/0-306-47527-8_6
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/0-306-47527-8_6
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-0-306-46693-9
Online ISBN: 978-0-306-47527-6
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive