Abstract
This cry cannot be muted. Those who suffer unjustly have a right to complain and protest. Their cry expressesboth their bewilderment and their faith (Gutierrez, 1987: 101).
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Academy for Educational Development. (1997). HIV Prevention Among Drug Users: A Resource Book for Community Planners and Program Managers. June.
AIDS Alert. (1994). Common sense about AIDS avoiding alcohol, illegal drugs may reduce HIV exposure risk. AIDS Alert, 9, insert.
Buning, E. C. (1991). Effects of Amsterdam needle and syringe exchange. International Journal of the Addictions, 26, 1303–1311.
Carvell, A. M., & Hart, G. J. (1990). Help-seeking and referrals in a needle exchange: A comprehensive service to injecting drug users. British Journal of Addiction, 85, 235–240.
Centers for Disease Control. (1993). Facts About Drug Use and HIV/AIDS. Atlanta, Georgia: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
Centers for Disease Control. (1996). HIV AIDS Surveillance Report, Atlanta, Georgia: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
Centers for Disease Control. (1990). Protection against viral hepatitis: Recommendations of the Immunization Practices Advisory Committee. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 39, 1–26.
Chiasson, M. A., Stoneburner, R. L., Telzak, E., Hildebrandt, D., Schultz, S., & Jaffe, H. (1989). Risk factors for HIV-1 infection in STD clinic patients: Evidence for crack-related heterosexual transmission. Presented at the Fifth International AIDS Conference, Montreal, June.
Des Jarlais, D. C., Friedman, S. R., Sotheran, J. L., & Stoneburner, R. (1988). The sharing of drug injection equipment and the AIDS epidemic in New York City. In Needle Sharing Among Intravenous Drug Abusers: National and International Perspectives. Institute on Drug Abuse Research Monograph Series.
Diaz, T., Des Jarlais, D. C., Vlahov, D., Perlis, T. E., Edwards, V., Friedman, S. R., Rockwell, R., Hoover, D., Williams, I. T., & Monteroso, E. R. (2002). Factors associated with prevalent hepatitis C: Differences among young adult injection drug users in lower and upper Manhattan, New York City. American Journal of Public Health, 91, 23–30.
Doherty, M. C., Junge, B., Rathouz, P., Garfein, R. S., Riley, E., & Vlahov, D. (2000). The effect of a needle exchange program on numbers of discarded needles: A 2-year follow-up. American Journal of Public Health, 90, 936–939.
Executive Office of the President, Office of National Drug Control Policy. (1992). Needle exchange programs: Are they effective? ONDCP Bulletin, 7, 1–7.
Faden, V. B., & Graubard, B. I. (2001). Maternal substance use during pregnancy and developmental outcome at age three. Journal of Substance Abuse, 12, 329–340.
Feldman, H. W., & Biernacki, P. (1988). The ethnography of needle sharing among intravenous drug users and implications for public policies and intervention strategies. In Needle Sharing Among Intravenous Drug Abusers: National and International Perspectives (pp. 28–39). National Institute on Drug Abuse, Research Monograph Series.
Ferrini, R. (2000). American College of Preventive Medicine public policy on needle-exchange programs to reduce drug-associated morbidity and mortality. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 18, 173–175.
Friedman, S. R., Perlis, T., & Des Jarlais, D. C. (2001). Laws prohibiting over-the-counter syringe sales to injection drug users: Relations to population density, HIV prevalence, and HIV incidence. American Journal of Public Health, 91, 791–793.
Garfein, R. S., Vlahov, D., Galai, N. et al. (1996). Viral infections in short-term injection drug users: The prevalence of hepatitis C, hepatitis B, human immunodeficiency, and human T-lymphotropic viruses. American Journal of Public Health, 86, 655–661.
Green, J. O. (1993). Estimates of Drug Users in San Diego County, 1990–1992, Final Report. Prepared for the San Diego County Department of Health Services, Alcohol and Drug Services, San Diego, California. June.
Grund, J. P. C., Blanken, P., Adriaans, N. F. P., Kaplan, C. D., Barendregt, C., & Meeeuwsen, M. (1992). Reaching the unreached: Targeting hidden IDU populations with clean needles via known user groups. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 24, 41–47.
Guydish, J., Bucardo, J., Young, M. et al. (193). Evaluating needle exchange: Are there negative effects? AIDS, 7, 871–876.
Hagan, H., Des Jarlais, D. C., Friedman, S. R., Purchase, D., & Alter, M. J. (1995). Reduced risk of hepatitis B and hepatitis C among injection drug users in the Tacoma Syringe Exchange Program. American Journal of Public Health, 85, 1531–1537.
Hagan, H., Reid, T., Des Jarlais, D. C. et al. (1991). The incidence of HBV infection and syringe exchange programs. Journal of the American Medical Association, 266, 1646–1647.
Hagan, H., Thiede, H., Weiss, N. S.,, Hopkins, S. G., Duchin, J. S., & Alexander, E. R. (2001). Sharing of drug preparation equipment as a risk factor for hepatitis C. American Journal of Public Health, 91, 42–46.
Heimer, R., Kaplan, E. H., Khoshnood, K., Jariwala, B., & Cadman, E. C. (1993). Needle exchange decreases the prevalence of HIV-1 proviral DNA in returned syringes in New Haven, Connecticut. American Journal of Medicine, 95, 214–220.
Kaplan, E. H., & Heimer, R. (1992a). A model-based estimate of HIV infectivity via needle sharing. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, 5, 116–118.
Kaplan, E. H., & Heimer, R. (1992b). HIV prevalence among intravenous drug users: Model-based estimates from New Haven’s legal needle exchange. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, 5, 163–169.
Kirp, D. L., & Bayer, R., eds. (1992). AIDS in the Industrialized Democracies: Passions, Politics, and Policies. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Rutgers University Press.
Kirp, D.L., Bayer, R. (1993). The politics. In J. Stryker, & M. D. Smith (Eds.)., Dimensions of HIV Prevention: Needle Exchange (pp. 77–97). Menlo Park, California: Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation.
Kleiman, M. (1992). Against Excess: Drug Policy for Results. New York: Basic Books.
Lane, S. D. (1993). A brief history. In In J. Stryker, & M. D. Smith (Eds.)., Dimensions of HIV Prevention: Needle Exchange (pp. 1–9). Menlo Park, California: Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation.
Lloyd, L. S., & O’Shea, D. J., Injection Drug Use Study Group. (1994). Injection Drug Use in San Diego County: A Needs Assessment. San Diego: Alliance Healthcare Foundation, October.
Lorvick, J., Kral, A. H., Seal, K., Gee, L., & Edlin, B. R. (2001). Prevalence and duration of hepatitis C among injection drug users in San Francisco, California. American Journal of Public Health, 91, 46–47.
Lurie P, Reingold, A. L., Lee, P. R., Bowser, B., Chen, D., Foley, J., Guydish, J., Kahn, J. G., Lane, S., & Sorenson, J. (1993a). The Public Health Impact of Needle Exchange Programs in the United States and Abroad, Volumes 1 and 2. Prepared for the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) by the School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, and the Institute for Health Policy Studies, University of California, San Francisco. Atlanta, Georgia: CDC.
Lurie. P., Reingold, A. L., Lee, P. R., Bowser, B., Chen, D., Foley, J., Guydish, J., Kahn, J. G., Lane, S., & Sorenson, J. (1993). The Public Health Impact of Needle Exchange Programs in the United States and Abroad: Summary, Conclusions, and Recommendations. Prepared for the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) by the School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, and the Institute for Health Policy Studies, University of California, San Francisco. Atlanta, Georgia: CDC.
Lurie, P., & Chen, D. (1993). A review of programs in North America. In Dimensions of HIV Prevention: Needle Exchange (J. Stryker, M. B. Smith, eds.). Menlo Park, California: The Kaiser Forums, The Kaiser Family Foundation.
Martinez, R. (1992). Executive Office of the President, Office of National Drug Control Policy. Letter to ONDCP Bulletin, 7, Needle exchange programs, Are they effective? July.
National Institutes of Health. (1997). Management of Hepatitis C. Consensus Statement 15. Washington, D.C.: National Institutes of Health.
Osmond, D. H. (1999). Epidemiology of HIV/AIDS in the United States. In P. T. Cohen, M. A. Sande, P. A. Volberding (eds.). The AIDS Knowledge Base: A Textbook on HIV Disease from the University of California, San Francisco, and the San Francisco General Hospital (pp. 13–21). Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
Pollard, I. (2000). Substance abuse and parenthood: Biological mechanisms-bioethical challenges. Women and Health, 30, 1–24.
Ray, O., & Ksir, C. (1990). Drugs, Society, and Human Behavior. St. Louis, Missouri: Times Mirror/Mosby College Publishing.
Robert Wood Johnson Foundation. (1993). Substance Abuse: The Nation’s Number One Health Problem. Key Indicators for Policy. Prepared by the Institute for Health Policy, Brandeis University, October.
San Diego Department of Health Services, Office of AIDS Coordination. (1993). Baseline HIV/AIDS Needs Assessment for San Diego County. San Diego, California: San Diego County Department of Health Services, Office of AIDS Coordination, September.
San Diego Department of Health Services, Office of AIDS Coordination. (1994). County of San Diego FY 1994 Supplemental Application for Ryan White Comprehensive Emergency Act of 1990 Emergency Relief Grant Program. San Diego, California: San Diego County Department of Health Services, Office of AIDS Coordination, January 11.
Schwartz, R. H. A. (1993). Syringe and needle exchange programs: Part I. Southern Medical Journal 86, 318–322.
Stein, M. D., Hanna, L., Natarajan, R., Clarke, J., Marisi, M., Sobota, M., & Rich, J. (2000). Alcohol use patterns predict high-risk HIV behaviors among active injection drug users. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 18, 359–363.
Stryker, J. (1989). IV drug use and AIDS: Public policy and dirty needles. Journal of Health Politics, Policy and Law, 14, 719–740.
Taylor, F. (1991). Decline in hepatitis B cases. American Journal of Public Health, 81, 221–222.
Watters, J. K., Estilio, M. J., Clark, G. L., & Lorvick, J. Syringe and needle exchange as HIV/AIDS prevention for injection drug users. Journal of the American Medical Association, 271, 115–120.
Weinhardt, L. S., Carey, M. P., Carey, K. B., Maisto, S. A., & Gordon, C. M. (2001). The relation of alcohol use to HIV-risk sexual behavior among adults with severe and persistent mental illness. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 69, 77–84.
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2002 Kluwer Academic Publishers
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
(2002). Case Study Six. In: Case Studies in Forensic Epidemiology. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/0-306-47524-3_9
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/0-306-47524-3_9
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-0-306-46792-9
Online ISBN: 978-0-306-47524-5
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive