Skip to main content

Conclusions

In this chapter, we reviewed the literature on psychopathology and aging. It is clear that early research and theory assumed that the incidence of psychological disorder increased with age. This was attributable, in part, to negative societal attitudes about the aging process and the methodological limitations of early research strategies.

In recent years, we witnessed improvement of sampling methods in epidemiological research and increased use of longitudinal designs. These methodological changes have dispelled some of the myths about aging and old age. Unfortunately, changes in theory have not kept pace with empirical findings. New etiological theories of depression, for example, are needed to account for the consistent finding of decreased incidence of depression in late adulthood. The knowledge base has increased significantly, and researchers are now faced with the challenge of identifying the relevant mechanisms. Although information about normal and pathological aging is developing at a significant pace, our understanding of the aging process is still in its infancy.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 229.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 329.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 299.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • AARP(1998). A profile of older Americans: 1998. Washington, D.C.: Author

    Google Scholar 

  • Abraham, S., Carroll, M. D., & Dresser, C. M. (1977). Dietary intake of persons 1–74 years of age in the United States (Vital and Health Statistics of the National Center for Health Statistics, No. 6). Rockville, MD: Health Resources Administration, Public Health.

    Google Scholar 

  • Abramson, L. Y., Seligman, M. E. P., & Teasdale, J. D. (1978). Learned helplessness in humans: Critique and reformulation. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 87, 49–74.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Aldwin, C. (1995). The role of stressing aging and adult development. Adult Development and Aging, 23, 1–16.

    Google Scholar 

  • Aldwin, C. M., Spiro, A., Levenson, M. R., & Bosse, R. (1989). Longitudinal findings from the Normative Aging Study: I. Does mental health change with age? Psychology and Aging, 4, 295–306.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Andreason, N. C. (1982). Negative symptoms in schizophrenia: Definition and reliability. Archives of General Psychiatry, 39, 784–788.

    Google Scholar 

  • Angel, J. L., & Hogan, D. P. (1991). The demography of minority aging populations. In Minority elders: Longevity, economics, and health (pp 1–13). Washington, D.C.: Geron-tological Society of America.

    Google Scholar 

  • Avery, D., & Winokur, G. (1976). Mortality in depressed patients treated with electrocon vulsive therapy and antidepressants. Archives of General Psychiatry, 33, 1029–1037.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bailey, M. B., Haberman, P. W., & Alksne, H. (1965). The epidemiology of alcoholism in an urban residential area. Quarterly Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 26, 19–41.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ballard, C. G., Chithiramohan, R. N., Bannister, C., Handy, S., & Todd, N. (1991). Paranoid features in the elderly with dementia. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 6, 155–157.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ballard, C., & Oyebode, F. (1995). Psychotic symptoms in patients with dementia. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 10, 743–752.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baltes, P. B., & Schaie, K. W. (1976). On the plasticity of intelligence in adulthood and old age: Where Horn and Donaldson fail. American Psychologist, 31, 720–725.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Barlow, D. H. (1988). Anxiety and its disorders: The nature and treatment of anxiety and panic. New York: Guilford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Beck, A. T. (1967). Depression: Clinical experimental, and theoretical aspects. New York: Harper & Row.

    Google Scholar 

  • Beck, A. T. (1978). Depression inventory. Philadelphia: Center for Cognitive Therapy.

    Google Scholar 

  • Beller, S. A., & Overall, J. E. (1984). The Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS) in geropsychiatric research: II. Representative profile patterns. Journal of Gerontology, 39, 194–200.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bertera, J. H., & Parsons, O. A. (1978). Impaired visual search in alcoholics. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 2, 9–14.

    Google Scholar 

  • Biggs, J. T., Wylie, L. T., & Ziegler, V. E. (1978). Validity of the Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale. British Journal of Psychiatry, 132, 381–385.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Binstock, R. H. (1999). Challenges to United States policies on aging in the millenium. Hallym International Journal of Aging, 1, 3–13.

    Google Scholar 

  • Blazer, D. (1982). The epidemiology of psychiatric disorder in the elderly population. In L. Grinspoon (Ed.), Psychiatry update, Vol. 2. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.

    Google Scholar 

  • Borkovec, T. D. (1988). Comments on “Worry as a phenomenon relevant to the elderly.” Behavior Therapy, 19, 381–383.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bornstein, P., Clayton, P., Halikas, J., Maurice, W., & Robins, E. (1973). The depression of widowhood after thirteen months. British Journal of Psychiatry, 122, 561–566.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bortz, W. M., & Wallace, D. H. (1999). Physical fitness, aging, and sexuality. Western Journal of Medicine, 170, 167–169.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bortz, W. M., Wallace, D. H., & Wiley, D. (1999). Sexual function in 1,202 aging males: Differentiating aspects. Journals of Gerontology A: Biological Sciences & Medical Sciences, 54, M237–241.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brandstadter, J., Wentura, D., & Greve, W. (1993). Adaptive resources of the aging self: Outlines of an emergent perspective. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 16, 323–350.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brecher, E. M. (1984). Love, sex, and aging. Boston: Little, Brown.

    Google Scholar 

  • Butler, R. N., & Lewis, M. I. (1983). Aging and mental health. St. Louis: Mosby.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carey, R. (1977). The widowed: A year later. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 24, 125–131.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carstensen, L. L., & Fremouw, W. (1981). The demonstration of a behavioral intervention for late life paranoia. Gerontologist, 3, 329–332.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carpenter, W. T., Heinrichs, D. W., & Wagman, A. M. I. (1988). Deficit and nondeficit forms of schizophrenia: The concept. American Journal of Psychiatry, 145, 578–583.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Charney, D. S., & Heninger, G. R. (1986). Abnormal regulation of noradrenergic function in panic disorders. Archives of General Psychiatry, 43, 1042–1054.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chenoweth, B., & Spencer, B. (1986). Dementia: The experience of family caregivers. Gerontologist, 26, 267–272.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chorpita, B. F., & Barlow, D. H. (1998). The development of anxiety: The role of control in the early environment. Psychological Bulletin, 124, 3–21.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ciompi, L. (1985). Aging and schizophrenic psychosis. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 71, 93–105.

    Google Scholar 

  • Clayton, F. J., Halikas, J. A., & Maurice, W. L. (1972). The depression of widowhood. British Journal of Psychiatry, 120, 71–78.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cogen, R., & Steinman, W. (1990). Sexual function and practice in elderly men of lower socioeconomic status. The Journal of Family Practice, 31, 162–166.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cohen, G. D. (1991). Anxiety and general medical conditions. In C. Salzman & B. D. Lebowitz (Eds.), Anxiety in the elderly. New York: Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Coslett, H. B., & Heilman, K. M. (1986). Male sexual function: Impairment after right hemisphere stroke. Archives of Neurology, 43, 1036–1039.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Daniel, R. (1972). A five year study of 693 psychogeriatric admissions in Queensland. Geriatrics, 27, 132–158.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Danford, D. E., & Huber, A. M. (1982). Pica among mentally retarded adults. American Journal of Mental Deficiency, 87(2), 141–146.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Davidson, J. M., Chen, J. J., Crape, L., Gray, G. D., Greenleaf, W. J., & Catania, J. A. (1983). Hormonal changes and sexual function in aging men. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 57, 71–77.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Davis, S. S., Viosca, S., Gurainik, M., Windsor, C., Buttiglieri, M. W., Baker, M., & Korenman, S. E. (1985). Evaluation of impotence in older men. Western Journal of Medicine, 142, 499.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dollard, J., & Miller, N. E. (1950). Personality and psychotherapy. New York: McGraw-Hill.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eisdorfer, C. (1980). Paranoia and schizophrenic disorders in later life. In E. W. Busse & D. G. Blazer (Eds.), Handbook of geriatric psychiatry (pp. 329–337). New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold.

    Google Scholar 

  • Endicott, J., & Spitzer, R. L. (1978). A diagnostic interview: The schedule for affective disorders and schizophrenia. Archives of General Psychiatry, 35, 837–844.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Feinson, M. C. (1985). Aging and mental health: Distinguishing myth from reality. Research on Aging, 7, 155–174.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Feinson, M. C., & Thoits, P. A. (1986). The distribution of distress among elders. Journal of Gerontology, 41, 225–233.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Field, D., Schaie, K. W., & Leino, E. V. (1988). Continuity in intellectual functioning: The role of self-reported health. Psychology and Aging, 3, 385–392.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fisher, J. E., Goy, E. R., Swingen, D. N., & Szymanski, J. (1994). Functional characteristics of behavioral disturbance in Alzheimer’s disease. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Association for the Advancement of Behavior Therapy, San Diego.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fitten, L. J., Morley, J. E., Gross, P. L., Petry, S. D., & Cole, K. D. (1989). Depression: UCLA geriatric grand rounds. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 37, 459–472.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Forsell, Y., & Henderson, A. S. (1998). Epidemiology of paranoid symptoms in an elderly population. British Journal of Psychiatry, 172, 429–432.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Freeman, J. T. (1961). Sexual capacities in the aging male. Geriatrics, 16, 37–43.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Freud, S. (1924). On psychotherapy. In Collected papers, Vol. I. London: Hogarth.

    Google Scholar 

  • Freud, S. (1957). Mourning and melancholia. In J. Strachey (Ed.), The standard edition of the complete psychological works of Sigmund Freud, Vol. 14. London: Hogarth. (Originally published in 1917.)

    Google Scholar 

  • Futterman, A., Thompson, L. W., Gallagher-Thompson, D., & Ferris, R. (1995). Depression in late life: Epidemiology, assessment, etiology, and treatment. In E. E. Beckham & W. R. Leber (Eds.), Handbook of depression (2nd ed., pp 495–525). New York: Guilford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gallagher, D. E., & Thompson, L. W. (1983). Cognitive therapy for depression in the elderly: A promising model for treatment and research. In D. Breslau & M. R. Haug (Eds.), Depression and aging. New York: Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gallagher, D. E., Nies, G., & Thompson, L. W. (1982). Reliability of the Beck Depression Inventory with older adults. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 50, 152.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gallagher, C. E., Breckenridge, J., Steinmetz, J., & Thompson, L. (1983). The Beck Depression Inventory and Research Diagnostic Criteria: Congruence in an older population. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 510, 945.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gallagher, D. E., Breckenridge, J. N., Thompson, L. W., Peterson, J. A. (1983). Effects of bereavement on indicators of mental health in elderly widows and widowers. Journal of Gerontology, 38, 565–571.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gallagher-Thompson, D., & Thompson, L. (1996). Applying cognitive-behavioral therapy to the psychological problems of later life. In S. H. Zarit & B. G. Knight (Eds.), A guide to psychotherapy and aging (pp. 61–82). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gallagher-Thompson, D., Lovett, S., Rose, J., McKibbin, C., Coon, D., Futterman, A., Thompson, L. (2000). Impact of psychoeducational interventions on distressed family caregivers. Journal of Clinical Geropsychology, 6, 91–110.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gass, K. A. (1987). Coping strategies of widows. Journal of Gerontological Nursing, 13, 29–33.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gaylord, S. A., & Zung, W. W. K. (1987). Affective disorders among the aging. In L. L. Carstensen & B. A. Edelstein (Eds.), Handbook of clinical gerontology. New York: Pergamon Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • George, L. K. (1981). Subjective well-being conceptual and methodological issues. In C. Eisdorfer (Ed.), Annual review of gerontology and geriatrics, Vol. 2. New York: Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • George, L. K., & Weiler, S. J. (1981). Sexuality in middle and late life: The effects of age, cohort, and gender. Archives of General Psychiatry, 38, 919–923.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gewertz, B. L., & Zarins, C. K. (1985). Vasculogenic impotence. In R. T. Segraves & H. W. Schoenberg (Eds.), Diagnosis and treatment of erectile disturbances (pp. 105–114). New York: Plenum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gilewski, M. J., Farberow, N. L., Gallagher, D. E., & Thompson, L. W. (1988, November). Depression and bereavement in the elderly. Presented at the Annual Meeting of the Gerontological Society of America, San Francisco.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gottesman, I., & Shields, J. (1972). Schizophrenia and genetics: A twin study vantage point. New York: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gottesman, I., McGuffin, P., & Farmer, A. E. (1987). Clinical genetics as clues to the “real” genetics of schizophrenia (a decade of modest gains while playing for time). Schizophrenia Bulletin, 13, 23–47.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gray, J. A. (1985). Issues in the neuropsychology of anxiety. In A. H. Tuma & J. D. Maser (Eds.), Anxiety and the anxiety disorders. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Greer, A., McBride, D. H., & Shenkin, A. (1986). Comparison of the nutritional state of new and long-term patients in a psychogeriatric unit. British Journal of Psychiatry, 149, 738–741.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Grotjahn, M. (1951). Some analytic observations about the process of growing old. In G. Roheim (Ed.), Psychoanalysis and social science, Vol. 3. New York: International Universities Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gurland, B., & Cross, P. (1982). Epidemiology of psychopathology in old age. Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 5, 11–26.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gurland, B., Dean, L., Cross, P., & Golden, R. (1980). The epidemiology of depression and dementia in the elderly: The use of multiple indicators of these conditions. In J. O. Cole & J. E. Barrett (Eds.), Psychopathology in the aged. New York: Raven Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hamilton, G. V. (1942). Changes in personality and psychosexual phenomena with age. In E. V. Cowdry (Ed.), Problems of aging. Baltimore: Williams & Williams.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harding, C. M. (1986). Speculations on the measurement of recovery from severe psychiatric disorder and the human condition. Psychiatric Journal of the University of Ottawa, II, 199–204.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harding, C. M., Brooks, G. W., Ashikaga, T., Strauss, J., & Breier, A. (1987). The Vermont longitudinal study of persons with severe mental illness: II. Long-term outcome of subjects who retrospectively met DSM-III criteria for schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry, 144, 727–735.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hedlund, J. L., & Vieweg, B. W. (1979). The Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale: A comprehensive review. Journal of Operational Psychiatry, 10, 51–64.

    Google Scholar 

  • Heidell, E. D., & Kidd, A. H. (1975). Depression and senility. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 31, 643–645.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Herth, K. (1990). Relationship of hope, coping styles, concurrent losses, and setting to grief resolution in the elderly widow(er). Research in Nursing & Health, 13, 109–117.

    Google Scholar 

  • Himmelfarb, S., & Murrell, S. A. (1984). The prevalence and correlates of anxiety symptoms in older adults. Journal of Psychology, 116, 159–167.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Holden, K. L., McLaughlin, E. J., Reilly, E. L., & Overall, J. E. (1988). Accelerated mental aging in alcoholic patients. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 44, 286–292.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hooley, J. M., Richters, J. E., Weintraub, S., & Neale, J. M. (1987). Psychopathology and marital distress: The positive side of positive symptoms. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 1, 27–33.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hussian, R. A. (1983). A combination of operant and cognitive therapy with geriatric patients. International Journal of Behavioral Geriatrics, 1, 57–61.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hussian, R. A., & Lawrence, P. S. (1981). Social reinforcement of activity and problem-solving training in the treatment of depressed institutionalized elderly patients. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 1, 57–69.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hybels, D. C., & Miller, S. M. (1987, November). Depression in the elderly: Does the reformulated helplessness theory fit? Presented at the Annual Convention for the Advancement of Behavior Therapy, Boston.

    Google Scholar 

  • Insel, T. R. (1986). The neurobiology of anxiety: A tale of two systems. In B. E. Shaw, Z. V. Segal, T. M. Vallis, & F. E. Cashman (Eds.), Anxiety disorders: Psychological and biological perspectives. New York: Plenum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jackson, J. S., Chatters, L. M., & Taylor, R. J. (1993). Roles and resources of the Black elderly. In J. S. Jackson, L. M. Chatters, & R. J. Taylor (Eds.), Aging in Black America (pp. 1–20). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jarvik, L. E., & Perl, M. (1981). Overview of psychologic dysfunctions related to psychiatric problems in the elderly. In A. J. Levenson and R. C. W. Hall (Eds.), Aging, Vol. 14: Neuropsychiatric manifestations of disease in the elderly. New York: Raven Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jensen, S. B. (1985). Sexual relationships in couples with a diabetic partner. Journal of Sex and Mental Therapy, 12, 259–270.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jensen, S. B. (1986). Sexual dysfunction in insulin-treated diabetics: A six-year follow-up study of 101 patients. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 15, 271–283.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jones, B. M., & Parsons, O. A. (1971). Impaired abstract ability in chronic alcoholics. Archives of General Psychiatry, 24, 71–75.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kaiser, E. E., Viosca, S. P., Morley, J. E., Mooradian, A. D., Davis, S. S., & Korenman, S. G. (1988). Impotence and aging: Clinical and hormonal factors. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 36, 511–519.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kastrop, M. (1985). Characteristics of a nationwide cohort of psychiatric patients—with special reference to the elderly and the chronically admitted. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 71, 107–115.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kaufman, M. R. (1940). Old age and aging: The psychoanalytic point of view. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 10, 73–84.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kay, D. W. K., Beamish, P., & Roth, M. (1964). Old age mental disorders in Newcastle-upon-Snee. British Journal of Psychiatry, 110, 146–158.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kay, D. W. K., & Roth, M. (1961). Environmental and hereditary factors in the schizophrenias of old age (“late paraphrenia”) and their bearing on the general problem of causation in schizophrenia. Journal of Mental Science, 107, 649–686.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kellett, J., Trimble, M., & Thorley, A. (1976). Anorexia nervosa after the menopause. British Medical Journal, 1, 1770–1773.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kessler, R. C. (1995). The interplay of research design strategies and data analysis procedures in evaluating the effects of stress on health. In S. Kasl & C. L. Cooper (Eds.) Stress and health: Issues in research methodology. Wiley series on studies in occupational stress, pp. 113–140. New York: John Wiley & Sons.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kessler, R. C., Foster, C., Webster, P. S., & House, J. (1992). The relationship between age and depressive symptoms in two national surveys. Psychology & Aging, 7, 119–126.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kessler, R. C., McGonagle, K. A., Zhao, S., Nelson, C. B., et al. (1994). Lifetime and 12-month prevalence of DSM-III-R psychiatric disorders in the United States: results form the national comorbidity study. Archives of General Psychiatry, 51, 8–19.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kilcourse, J., Gallagher, D., Thompson, L., Tanke, E., & Sheikh, J. (1988). Can rating scales differentiate depression from anxiety in older adults? Paper presented at the 41st Annual Meeting of the Gerontological Society of America, San Francisco.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kinsey, A. C., Pomeroy, W. B., & Martin, C. E. (1949). Sexual behavior in the human male. Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kinsey, A. C., Pomeroy, W. B., Martin, C. E., & Gebhard, P. H. (1953). Sexual behavior in the human female. Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kitchell, M., Barbes, R., Veith, R., Okimoto, J., & Raskind, M. (1982). Screening for depression in hospitalized geriatric medical patients. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 30, 174–177.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kivela, S. L., Nissin, A., Tuomilehto, J., Pekkanen, J., Punsar, S., Lammi, U., & Puska, P. (1986). Prevalence of depressive and other symptoms in elderly Finnish men. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 73, 93–100.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Klerman, G. L. (1983). Problems in the definition and diagnosis of depression in the elderly. In L. O. Breslau, & M. R. Haig (Eds.), Depression and aging: Causes, care, and consequences. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold.

    Google Scholar 

  • Klerman, G. L., & Barrett, J. E. (1973). The affective disorders: Clinical and epidemiological aspects. In S. Gershon & B. Shopsin (Eds.), Lithium: Its role in psychiatric research and treatment. New York: Plenum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Klerman, G. L., & Weissman, M. M. (1989). Increasing rates of depression. Journal of the American Medical Association, 261, 2229–2235.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kosloski, K. (1987). Isolating age, period, and cohort effects in developmental research. Research on Aging, 8, 460–479.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lader, M. (1982). Differential diagnosis of anxiety in the elderly. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 43, 4–7.

    Google Scholar 

  • LaRue, A., Dessonville, C., & Jarvik, L. (1985). Aging and mental disorders. In J. E. Birren & K. W. Schaie (Eds.) Handbook of the psychology of aging (pp. 664–702). New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lasser, R., Siegel, E., Dukoff, R., & Sunderland, T. (1998). Diagnosis and treatment of geriatric depression. CNS Drugs, 9, 17–30.

    Google Scholar 

  • Laumann, E. O., Paik, A., Rosen, R. C. (1999). Sexual dysfunction in the United States: Prevalence and predictors. Journal of the American Medical Association, 281, 537–544.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lawton, P. (1972). Schizophrenia forty-five years later. Journal of Genetic Psychology, 121, 133–143.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lewinsohn, P. M., Duncan, E. M., Stanton, A. K., & Hautai]zinger, M. (1986). Age at first onset for nonbipolar depression. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 95, 378–383.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lewinsohn, P. M., Zeiss, A. M., & Duncan, E. M. (1989). Probability of relapse after recovery from an episode of depression. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 98, 107–116.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Libman, E., Fichten, C. S., Jacobson, S., Creti, L., & Brender, W. (1986). Risk factors related to sexual impairment after transurethral prostatectomy. Paper presented at 20th Annual Association for the Advancement of Behavior Therapy Convention, Chicago.

    Google Scholar 

  • Libman, E., Fichten, C. S., Amsel, R., Creti, L., Weinstein, N., & Brender, W. (1987). Differential consequences of prostatectomy on sexual function in younger and older males. Paper presented at 21st Annual Association for the Advancement of Behavior Therapy Convention, Boston.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lowenthal, M. E. (1964). Lives in distress: The paths of the elderly to the psychiatric ward. New York: Basic Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lyness, J. M., King, D. A., Cox, C., Yoediono, Z., & Caine, E. D. (1999). The importance of subsyndromal depression in older primary care patients: Prevalence and associated functional disability. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 47, 647–652.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mancall, E. L., Alonso, R. J., & Marlowe, W. B. (1985). Sexual dysfunction in neurological disease. In R. T. Segraves & H. W. Schoenberg (Eds.), Diagnosis and treatment of erectile disturbances (pp. 65–86). New York: Plenum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mann, A. H., Wood, K., Cross, P., Gurland, B., Schieber, P., & Hafner, H. (1984). Institutional care of the elderly: A comparison of the cities of New York, London, and Mannheim. Social Psychiatry, 19, 97–102.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Manton, K. G., Blazer, D. G., & Woodbury, M. A. (1987). Suicide in middle age-later life: Sex and race specific life table and cohort analysis. Journal of Gerontology, 42, 219–227.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Martin, C. E. (1981). Factors affecting sexual functioning in 60-to 70-year-old married males. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 10, 399–420.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Martin, J. C., & Streissguth, A. P. (1982). Alcoholism and the elderly: An overview: In C. Eisdorfer & W. E. Fann (Eds.), Treatment of psychopathology in the aging. New York: Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Masters, W. H., & Johnson, V. E. (1966). Human sexual response. Boston: Little, Brown.

    Google Scholar 

  • McGlashan, T. H. (1988). A selective review of recent North American long-term follow-up studies of schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 14, 515–542.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McIntosh, J. L. (1985). Suicide among the elderly: Levels and trends. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 55, 188–193.

    Google Scholar 

  • Meeks, S., Carstensen, L. L., Stafford, P., Brenner, L. L., Weathers, F., Welch, R., & Oltmanns, T. E. (1990). Mental health needs of the chronically mentally ill elderly. Psychology and Aging, 5, 163–171.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Modell, A. H. (1970). Aging and psychoanalytic theories of regression. Journal of Geriatric Psychology, 3, 139–146.

    Google Scholar 

  • Morley, J. E., & Silver, A. J. (1988). Anorexia in the elderly. Neurobiology of Aging, 9, 9–16.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Morley, J. E., Silver, A., Fiatarone, M., & Mooradian, A. D. (1986). UCLA Grand Rounds: Nutrition and the elderly. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 34, 823–832.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mowrer, O. H. (1948). Learning theory and the neurotic paradox. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 18, 571–610.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mulligan, T., Retchin, S. M., Chinchilli, V. M., & Bettinger, C. B. (1988). The role of aging and chronic disease in sexual dysfunction. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 36, 520–524.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Myers, J. K., Weissman, M. M., Tischler, G. L., Holyer, C. E., Leaf, F. J., Orvaschel, H., Anthony, J. C., Boyd, J. H., Burke, J. D., Kramer, M., & Stolzman, R. (1984). Six-month prevalence of psychiatric disorders in three communities. Archives of General Psychiatry, 41, 959–967.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nash, D. L., Broome, J., & Stone, S. (1987). Behavior modification of pica in a geriatric patient. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 35, 79–80.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nemeroff, C. B., Widerlov, E., Bissette, G., Walleus, H., Karlsson, I., Eklund, K., Kilts, C. D., Loosen, I. T., & Yale, W. (1984). Elevated concentrations of CSF corticotropin-releasing factor-like immunoreactivity in depressed patients. Science, 226, 1342–1343.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Newman, A. S., & Bertelson, A. D. (1966). Sexual dysfunction in diabetic women. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 9, 261–270.

    Google Scholar 

  • Newman, G., & Nichols, C. R. (1960). Sexual activities and attitudes in older persons. Journal of the American Medical Association, 173, 117–119.

    Google Scholar 

  • Newman, J. P. (1989). Aging and depression. Psychology and Aging, 4, 150–165.

    Google Scholar 

  • Newton, N. A., Bauer, D., Gutmann, D. L., & Grunes, J. (1986). Psychodynamic therapy with the aged: A review. In T. L. Brink (Ed.), Clinical gerontology: A guide to assessment and intervention. New York: Haworth.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nolen-Hoeksema, S., Parker, L. E., & Larson, J. (1994). Ruminative coping with depressed mood following loss. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67, 92–104.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Noonberg, A., Goldstein, G., & Page, H. A. (1985). Premature aging in male alcoholics: “Accelerated aging” or “Increased vulnerability”? Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 9, 334–338.

    Google Scholar 

  • Norris, J. T., Gallagher, D., Wilson, A., & Winograd, C. H. (1987). Assessment of depression in geriatric medical outpatients: The validity of two screening measures. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 35, 989–995.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • O’Donohue, W. T., Fisher, J. E., & Krasner, L. (1986). Behavior therapy and the elderly: A conceptual and ethical analysis. International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 23, 1–15.

    Google Scholar 

  • Okimoto, J., Barnes, R., Veith, R. C., Raskind, M., Inui, T., & Carter, W. (1982). Screening for depression in geriatric medical patients. American Journal of Psychiatry, 139, 799–802.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Osgood, N. J. (1985). Suicide in the elderly. Rockville, MD: Aspen.

    Google Scholar 

  • Overall, J. E., & Beller, S. A. (1984). The Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS) in geropsychiatric research: I. Factor structure on an inpatients unit. Journal of Gerontology, 39, 187–193.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ownby, R. L., & Seibel, H. P. (1990). Empirical clusters of disordered behavior among older psychiatric inpatients. Journal of Gerontology, 45, P28–P32.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Parmelee, P. A., Katz, I. R., & Lawton, M. P. (1991). The relations of pain to depression among institutionalized aged. Journal of Gerontology: Psychological Sciences, 46, P15–P21.

    Google Scholar 

  • Persson, G., & Svanborg, A. (1992). Marital coital activity in men at the age of 75: Relation to somatic, psychiatric, and social factors at the age of 70. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 40, 439–444.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pfeiffer, E. (1977). Psychopathology and social pathology. In J. E. Birren & K. W. Schaie (Eds.), Handbook of the psychology of aging. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pfeiffer, E., & Busse, E. W. (1973). Affective disorders. In R. W. Busse & E. Pfeiffer (Eds.), Mental illness in later life. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pfeiffer, E., & Davis, G. C. (1972). Determinants of sexual behavior in middle and old age. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 20, 151–158.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pfeiffer, E., Verwoerdt, A., & Davis, G. C. (1972). Sexual behavior in middle life. American Journal of Psychiatry, 128, 82–87.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pfeiffer, E., Verwoerdt, A., & Wang, H. S. (1969). The natural history of sexual behavior in a biologically advantaged group of aged individuals. Journal of Gerontology, 24, 193–198.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pinchofsky-Devin, G. D., & Kaminski, M. V. (1986). Correlation of pressure sores and nutritional status. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 34, 435–440.

    Google Scholar 

  • Post, E. (1980). Paranoid, schizophrenia-like, and schizophrenic states in the aged. In J. E. Birren & R. B. Sloan (Eds.), Handbook of mental health and aging (pp. 591–615). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.

    Google Scholar 

  • Post, E. (1987). Paranoid and schizophrenic disorders among the aging. In L. L. Carstensen & B. A. Edelstein (Eds.), Handbook of clinical gerontology (pp. 43–56). New York: Pergamon Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • President’s Commission on Mental Health. (1979). Mental health and the elderly: Recommendations for action (Report No. OHDS 80-20960). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.

    Google Scholar 

  • Price, W. A., Giannini, A. J., & Colella, J. (1985). Anorexia nervosa in the elderly. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 33, 213–215.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rachman, S. (1977). The conditioning theory of fear-acquisition: A critical examination. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 15, 375–384.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Radloff, L. S., & Teri, L. (1986). Use of Center for Epidemiologic Studies: Depression scale with older adults. Clinical Gerontologist, 5, 119–137.

    Google Scholar 

  • Raj, B. A., Corvea, M. H., & Dagon, E. M. (1993). The clinical characteristics of panic disorder in the elderly: A retrospective study. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 54, 150–155.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Regier, D. A., Myers, J. K., Kramer, M., Robins, L. N., Blazer, D. G., Hough, R. L., Eaten, W. W., & Locke, B. Z. (1984). The NIMH Epidemiologic Catchment Area program. Archives of General Psychiatry, 41, 934–941.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Reich, J. W., Zautra, A. J., & Guamaccia, C. A. (1989). Effects of disability and bereavement on the mental health and recovery of older adults. Psychology and Aging, 4, 57–65.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Reifler, B., Raskind, M., & Kethley, A. (1982). Psychiatric diagnoses among geriatric patients seen in an outreach program. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 30, 530–533.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Reilly, E. L., Kelly, J. T., Pena, Y. M., Overall, J. E., & Faillace, L. A. (1983). Short latency brain stem and somatosensory evoked potentials on alcoholics. Clinical Electroencephalography, 14, 8–16.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Renshaw, D. (1985). Sex, age, and values. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 33, 635–643.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Riccio, D. C., & Sylvestri, R. (1973). Extinction of avoidance behavior and the problem of residual fear. Behavior Research and Therapy, 11, 1–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Roberts, R. E., Kaplan, G. A., Shema, S. J., & Strawbridge, W. J. (1997). Prevalence and correlates of depression in an aging cohort: The Alameda County Study. Journals of Gerotology: Social Sciences, 52B, S252–S258.

    Google Scholar 

  • Robins, L. N., Helzer, J. E., Weissman, M. M., Orvaschel, H., Greenberg, E., Burke, J. D., & Regier, D. A. (1984). Lifetime prevalence of specific disorders in three sites. Archives of General Psychiatry, 41, 949–958.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Robins, L. N., & Regier, D. A. (Eds.). (1991). Psychiatric disorders in America: The Epidemiological Catchment Area Study. New York: The Free Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ronch, J. (1985). Suspected anorexia nervosa in a 75 year old institutionalized male: Issues in diagnosis and intervention. Clinical Gerontologist, 4, 31–38.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Roth, M. (1955). The natural history of mental disorder in old age. Journal of Mental Science, 101, 281.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Roth, M., & Kay, D. W. K. (1956). Affective disorders arising in the senium: II. Physical disability as an etiologic factor. Journal of Mental Science, 102, 141.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ryan, C., & Butters, N. (1980). Learning and memory impairments in young and old alcoholics: Evidence for premature aging hypothesis. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 4, 288–293.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ryan, C. (1982). Alcoholism and premature aging: A neuro-psychological perspective. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 6, 22–30.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sakheim, D. K., Barlow, D. H., Abrahamson, D. J., & Beck, J. G. (1987). Distinguishing between organogenic and psychogenic erectile dysfunction. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 25, 379–390.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Saltman, C., Vander Kolk, B., & Shader, R. I. (1975). Psychopharmacology and the geriatric patient. In R. I. Shader (Ed.), Manual of psychiatric therapeutics. Boston: Little, Brown.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sandman, P. O., Adolfsson, R., Nygren, C., Hallmanns, G., & Winblad, B. (1987). Nutritional status and dietary intake in institutionalized patients with Alzheimer’s disease and multi-infarct dementia. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 35, 31–38.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sauer, W. J., & Warland, R. (1982). Morale and life satisfaction. In D. J. Mangen & W. A. Peterson (Eds.), Research instruments in social gerontology: Clinical and social psychology. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schaie, K. W. (1989). The hazards of cognitive aging. The Gerontologist, 29, 484–493.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schaie, K. W. (1977). Quasi-experimental designs in the psychology of aging. In J. E. Birren & K. W. Schaie (Eds.), Handbook of the psychology of aging (pp. 39–58). New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schaie, K. W. (1994). The course of adult intellectual development. American Psychologist, 49, 304–313.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schaie, K. W. (1996). Intellectual development in adulthood: The Seattle longitudinal study. New York: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schaie, K. W., & Labouvie-Vief, G. (1974). Generational versus ontogenetic components of change in adult cognitive behavior: A fourteen-year cross-sequential study. Developmental Psychology, 10, 305–320.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schaie, K. W., & Stone, V. (1982). Psychological assessment. Annual Review of Gerontology and Geriatrics, 3, 329–360.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schaie, K. W., Campbell, R. T., Meredith, W., & Rawlings, S. C. (Eds.) (1988). Methodological issues in aging research. New York: Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schaie, W. (1990). Intellectual development in adulthood. In J. E. Birren & K. W. Schaie (Eds.), Handbook of the psychology of aging, (4th ed., pp. 266–286). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schiavi, R. C., & Schreiner-Engel, P. (1988). Nocturnal penile tumescence in healthy aging men. Journal of Gerontology, 43, M146–M150.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schover, L. R. (1986). Sexual problems. In L. Teri & P. M. Lewinsohn (Eds.), Geropsychological assessment and treatment: Selected topics (pp. 145–187). New York: Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schover, L. R., & Jensen, S. B. (1988). Sexuality and chronic illness. New York: Guilford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schreiner-Engel, P., Schiavi, R. C., Vietorisz, D., & Smith, H. (1987). The differential impact of diabetes type on female sexuality. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 31, 23–33.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Segraves, R. T., Madsen, R., Carter, C. S., & Davis, J. M. (1985). Erectile dysfunction associated with pharmacological agents. In R. T. Segraves & H. W. Schoenberg (Eds.), Diagnosis and treatment of erectile disturbances (pp. 23–64). New York: Plenum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Segraves, R. E., & Schoenberg, H. W. (Eds.) (1985). Diagnosis and treatment of erectile dysfunction. New York: Plenum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shader, R. I., & Greenblatt, D. J. (1982). Management of anxiety in the elderly: The balance between therapeutic and adverse effects. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 43, 8–18.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shapiro, S., Skinner, E. A., Kessler, L. G., Von Korff, M., German, P. S., Tischler, G. L., Leaf, P. J., Benham, L., Cottler, L., Regier, D. A. (1984). Utilization of health and mental health services. Archives of General Psychiatry, 41, 971–982.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sheikh, J. I., & Yesavage, J. A. (1986). Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS): Recent evidence and development of a shorter version. In T. L. Brink (Ed.), Clinical gerontology: A guide to assessment and intervention. New York: Haworth.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shulman, K. I., Tohen, M., Satlin, A., Mallya, G., & Kalunian, D. (1992). Mania compared with unipolar depression in old age. American Journal of Psychiatry, 149, 341–345.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Singer, C., Weiner, W. J., Sanchez-Ramos, J., & Ackerman, M. (1991). Sexual function in patients with Parkinson’s disease. Journal of Neurology and Neurosurgery and Psychiatry, 10, 942.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sirrocco, A. (1988). Nursing and related care homes as reported from the 1986 inventory of long term care places. In U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Advance data from vital and health statistics (No. 147, DHHS Pub. No. PHS 88-1250). Hyattsville, MD: Public Health Service.

    Google Scholar 

  • Slag, M. E., Morley, J. E., Elson, M. K., Trence, D. L., Nelson, C. J., Nelson, A. E., Kinlaw, W. B., Beyer, H. S., Nuttall, E. Q., & Shafer, R. B. (1983). Impotence in medical clinic outpatients. Journal of the American Medical Association, 249, 1736–1740.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Spencer, G. (1989). Projections of population of the United States by age, sex, and race: 1988–2080. Current population reports, population estimates, and projections (Series P-25, No. 1018). Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census.

    Google Scholar 

  • Spielberger, C. D. (1983). Manual for the state-trait anxiety inventory. Pale Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Spitzer, R. L., Endicott, J., & Robins, E. (1978). Research Diagnostic Criteria: Rationale and reliability. Archives of General Psychiatry, 35, 773.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Starr, B. D., & Weiner, M. B. (1981). Sex and sexuality in the mature years. New York: McGraw-Hill.

    Google Scholar 

  • Steinke, E. E. (1994). Knowledge and attitudes of older adults about sexuality in aging: A comparison of two studies. Journal of Advanced Nursing,, 19, 477–485.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stelnicki, G., & Thompson, J. K. (1989). Eating disorders in the elderly. Behavior Therapist, 12, 7–9.

    Google Scholar 

  • Strauss, J. S., Carpenter, W. T., & Bartko, J. J. (1974). The diagnosis and understanding of schizophrenia: Part II. Speculations on the processes that underlie schizophrenic symptoms and signs. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 11, 61–69.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stremgren, E. (1987). Changes in the incidence of schizophrenia? British Journal of Psychiatry, 150, 1–7.

    Google Scholar 

  • Susser, E., & Wanderling, J. (1994). Epidemiology of nonaffective acute remitting psychosis versus schizophrenia: Sex and sociocultural setting. Archives of General Psychiatry, 53, 294–301.

    Google Scholar 

  • Swearer, J. M., Drachman, D. A., O’Donnell, B. F., & Mitchell, A. L. (1988). Troublesome and disruptive behavior in dementia: Relationships to diagnosis and disease severity. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 36, 784–790.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Taylor, M., & Abrams, R. (1973). Manic states: A genetic study of early and late onset affective disorders. Archives of General Psychiatry, 28, 656–658.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Teri, L., & Lewinsohn, P. M. (1986). Gerontological assessment and treatment: Selected topics. New York: Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thorpe, L. (1997). The treatment of psychotic disorders in late life. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 42, 19S–27S.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thorson, J. A., & Powell, F. C. (1988). Elements of death anxiety and meanings of death. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 44, 691–701.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tsitouras, P. D., Martin, C. E., & Harman, S. M. (1982). Relationship of serum testosterone to sexual activity in healthy elderly men. Journal of Gerontology, 37, 288–293.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Uhde, T. W., Roy-Byme, P. P., Vittone, B. J., Boulenger, J. P., & Post, R. M. (1985). Phenomenology and neurobiology of panic disorder. In A. H. Tuma & J. D. Laser (Eds.), Anxiety and the anxiety disorders. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Uhlenhuth, E. H., Baiter, M. B., Mellinger, G. D., Cisin, I. H., & Clinthorne, J. (1983). Symptom checklist syndromes in the general population. Archives of General Psychiatry, 40, 1167–1173.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • U.S. Bureau of the Census. (1993). Population profile of the United States: 1990. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.

    Google Scholar 

  • U.S. Bureau of the Census. (1993). Population profile of the United States: 1996. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.

    Google Scholar 

  • U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (1988). NIMH National Plan for Schizophrenia Research: Panel recommendations. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 14, 413–417.

    Google Scholar 

  • Valanis, B., Yeaworth, R. C., & Mullis, M. R. (1988). Alcohol use among bereaved and nonbereaved older persons. Journal of Gerontological Nursing, 13, 26–32.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vaillant, G. E. (1996). A long-term follow-up of male alcohol abuse. Archives of General Psychiatry, 53, 243–250.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Varner, R., & Gaitz, C. (1982). Schizophrenic and paranoid disorders of the aged. Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 5, 107–118.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Veith, R. C., & Borson, S. (1986). Does age make a difference? Generations, 10, 9–13.

    Google Scholar 

  • Verwoerdt, A. (1980). Anxiety, dissociative and personality disorders in the elderly. In E. W. Busse & D. G. Blazer (Eds.), Handbook of geriatric psychiatry. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold.

    Google Scholar 

  • Verwoerdt, A., Pfeiffer, E., & Wang, H. S. (1969a). Sexual behavior in senescence: I. Changes in sexual activity and interest of aging men and women. Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 2, 163–180.

    Google Scholar 

  • Verwoerdt, A., Pfeiffer, E., & Wang, H. S. (1969b). Sexual behavior in senescence: II. Patterns of sexual activity and interest. Geriatrics, 24, 137–154.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Weg, R. (1983). Sexuality in the later years: Roles and behavior. New York: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weizman, R., & Hart, J. (1987). Sexual behavior in healthy married elderly men. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 16, 39–44.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • White, C. B. (1982). A scale for the assessment of attitudes and knowledge regarding sexuality in the aged. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 11, 491–502.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Willenbring, M. L., Christiansen, K. J., Spring, W. D., & Rasmussen, R. (1987). Alcoholism screening in the elderly. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 35, 864–869.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wisocki, P. A. (1988). Worry as a phenomenon relevant to the elderly. Behavior Therapy, 19, 369–379.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wong, D. E., Wagner, H. N., Dannals, R. E., Links, J. M., Frost, J. J., Ravert, H. T., Wilson, A. A., Rosenbaum, A. E., Gjedde, A., Douglass, K. H., Pentronis, J. D., Folstein, M. E., Toung, J. K. T., Burns, H. D., & Kuhar, M. J. (1984). Effects of age on dopamine and serotonin receptors measured by positron tomography on the living human brain. Science, 226, 1395–1396.

    Google Scholar 

  • World Health Organization. (1998). Life in the 21st Century — A Vision for All. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 76, 256.

    Google Scholar 

  • Young, R. C., & Klerman, G. L. (1992). Mania in late life: Focus on age at onset. American Journal of Psychiatry, 149, 867–876.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zarsky, E. L., & Blau, D. (1970). The understanding and management of narcissistic regression and dependency in an elderly woman observed over an extended period of time. Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 3, 160–176.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zeiss, A. M., Davies, H., Wood, M., & Tinklenberg, J. (1990). The incidence and correlates of male erectile dysfunction in Alzheimer’s disease patients. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 19, 325–331.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zeiss, A. M., Lewinsohn, P. M., Rohde, P., & Seeley, J. R. (1996). Relationship of physical disease and functional impairment to depression in older people. Psychology and Aging, 11, 572–581.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zeiss, A. M., Zeiss, R. A., & Dornbrand, L. (1989). Treating sexual problems in older adults: Predictors of outcome. Paper presented at 23rd Annual Association for the Advancement of Behavior Therapy convention, Washington, DC.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zimberg, S. (1987). Alcohol abuse among the elderly. In L. L. Carstensen & B. A. Edelstein (Eds.), Handbook of clinical gerontology. New York: Pergamon Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zimmer, J. G., Watson, N., & Treat, A. (1984). Behavioral problems among patients in skilled nursing facilities. American Journal of Public Health, 74, 1118–1121.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zisook, S., & Shuchter, S. R. (1991). Early psychological reaction to the stress of widowhood. Psychiatry, 54, 320–333.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zubin, J., & Spring, B. (1977). Vulnerability—a new view on schizophrenia. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 86, 103–126.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zung, W. W. K. (1965). A self-rating depression scale. Archives of General Psychiatry, 12, 63–70.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zung, W. W. K. (1967). Depression in the normal aged. Psychosomatics, 8, 287–292.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zung, W. W. K., Gianturaco, D., Pfeiffer, E., Wang, S., Whanger, A., Bridge, T., & Potkin, S. (1974). Pharmacology of depression in the aged: Evaluation of Gerovital H3 as an antidepressant. Psychosomatics, 15, 127–131.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zung, W. W. K., & Zung, E. M. (1986). Use of the Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale in the elderly. In T. L. Brink (Ed.), Clinical gerontology: A guide to assessment and intervention. New York: Haworth.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2002 Kluwer Academic Publishers

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Fisher, J.E., Zeiss, A.M., Carstensen, L.L. (2002). Psychopathology in the Aged. In: Sutker, P.B., Adams, H.E. (eds) Comprehensive Handbook of Psychopathology. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/0-306-47377-1_32

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/0-306-47377-1_32

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-0-306-46490-4

  • Online ISBN: 978-0-306-47377-7

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics