Skip to main content

Caregiving and Detrimental Mental and Physical Health Outcomes

  • Chapter
Physical Illness and Depression in Older Adults

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Administration on Aging. (1997). Compassion in action: A look at caregiving in America [On-line]. Available: www.aoa.dhhs.gov/May97/compassion.html.

    Google Scholar 

  • American Psychological Association. (1997). What practitioners should know about working with older adults. Washington, DC: Author.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bass, D. M., Noelker, L. S., & Rechlin, L. R. (1996). The moderating influence of service use on negative caregiving consequences. Journal of Gerontology: Social Sciences, 51B, S121–Sl31.

    Google Scholar 

  • Beach, S. R., Schulz, R., Yee, J. L., & Jackson, S. (in press). Negative (and positive) health effects of caring for a disabled spouse: When do they occur? Psychology and Aging.

    Google Scholar 

  • Beck, A. T., Ward, C. H., Mendelson, M., Mock, J,, & Erbaugh, J. (1961). An inventory for measuring depression. Archives of General Psychiatry, 4, 561–571.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Blazer, D. G. (1994). Geriatric psychiatry. In R. E. Hales, S. C. Yudofsky, & J. A. Talbott (Eds.), The American Psychiatric Press textbook of psychiatry (2nd edition, pp. 1405–1421). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bookwala, J., & Schulz, R. (1996). Spousal similarity in subjective well-being: The Cardiovascular Health Study. Psychology and Aging, 11, 582–590.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bookwala, J., & Schulz, R. (1998). The role of neuroticism and mastery in spouse caregivers’ assessment of and response to a contextual stressor. Journal of Gerontology: Psychological Sciences, 53B, P155–P164.

    Google Scholar 

  • Burton, L. C., Newsom, J. T., Schulz, R., Hirsch, C. H., & German, P. S. (1997). Preventive health behaviors among spousal caregivers. Preventive Medicine, 26, 162–169.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Canning, R. D., Dew, M. A., & Davidson, S. (1996). Psychological distress among caregivers to heart transplant recipients. Social Science and Medicine, 42, 599–608.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cochrane, J. J., Goering, P. N., & Rogers, J. M. (1997). The mental health of informal caregivers in Ontario: An epidemiological survey. American Journal of Public Health, 87, 2002–2007.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Collins, C. & Jones, R. (1997). Emotional distress and morbidity in dementia carers: A matched comparison of husbands and wives. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 12, 1168–1173.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Derogatis, L. R. (1983). SCL-9OR administration, scoring, and procedures manual-II (2nd edition). Towson:, MD: Clinical Psychometrics Research.

    Google Scholar 

  • Di Nardo, P. A., O’Brien, G. T., Barlow, D. H., Waddell, M. T., & Blanchard, E. B. (1983). Reliability of DSM-III anxiety disorder categories using a new structured interview. Archives of General Psychiatry, 40, 1070–1074.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Draper, B. M., Poulos, R. G., Poulos, C. J., & Ehrlich, F. (1995). Risk factors for stress in elderly caregivers. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 11, 227–231.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fingerman, K. L., Gallagher-Thompson, D., Lovett, S., & Rose, J. (1996). Internal resourcefulness, task demands, coping, and dysphoric affect. International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 42 (3), 229–248.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fuller-Jonap, F., & Haley, W. E. (1995). Mental and physical health of male caregivers of a spouse with Alzheimer’s disease. Journal of Aging and Health, 7 (1), 99–118.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • General Accounting Office. (1998). Alzheimer’s disease: Estimates of prevalence in the United States. (GAO/HEHS-98-16). Washington DC: United States General Accounting Office, Health, Education, and Human Services Division.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gignac, M. A. M., & Gottlieb, B. H. (1996). Caregivers’ appraisals of efficacy in coping with dementia. Psychology and Aging, 11,214–225.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Glaser, R., & Kiecolt-Glaser, J. K. (1997). Chronic stress modulates the virus-specific immune response to latent herpes simplex virus type 1. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 19, 78–82.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Goldberg, D. P., & Hillier, V. F. (1979). A scaled version of the General Health Questionnaire. Psychological Medicine, 9, 139–145.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Haley, W. E., West, C. A., Wadley, V. G., Ford, G. R., White, F. A., Barrett, J. J., Harrell, L. E., & Roth, D. L. (1995). Psychological, social, and health impact of caregiving: A comparison of black and white dementia caregivers and noncaregivers. Psychology and Aging, 10(4), 540–552.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hamilton, M. (1967). Development of a rating scale for primary depressive illness. British Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 6, 278–296.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hooker, K., Monahan, D. J., Bowman, S. R., Frazier, L. D., & Shifren, K. (1998). Personality counts for a lot: Predictors of mental and physical health of spouse caregivers in two disease groups. Journal of Gerontology: Psychological Sciences, 53B, P73–P85.

    Google Scholar 

  • Irwin, M., Hauger, R., Patterson, T. L., Semple, S., Ziegler, M., & Grant, I. (1997). Alzheimer caregiver stress: Basal natural killer cell activity, pituitary-adrenal-cortical function, and sympathetic tone. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 19, 83–90.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jutras, S., & Lavoie, J. P. (1995). Living with an impaired elderly person: The informal caregivers’ physical and mental health. Journal of Aging and Health, 7(1), 46–73.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kiecolt-Glaser, J. K., Glaser, R., Gravenstein, S., Malarkey, W. B., & Sheridan, J. (1996). Chronic stress alters the immune response to influenza virus vaccine in older adults. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA, 93(7), 3043–3047.

    Google Scholar 

  • King, A. C., & Brassington, G. (1997). Enhancing physical and psychological functioning in older family caregivers: The role of regular activity. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 29(2), 91–100.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kramer, B. J. (1997). Gain in the caregiving experience: Where are we? What next? The Gerontologist, 37, 218–232.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lawrence, R. H., Tennstedt, S. L., & Assmann, S. F. (1998). Quality of the caregiver-care recipient relation-ship: Does it offset negative consequences of caregiving for family caregivers? Psychology and Aging, 13, 150–158.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Li, L. W., Seltzer, M. M., & Greenberg, J. S. (1997). Social support and depressive symptoms: Differential patterns in wife and daughter caregivers. Journal of Gerontology: Social Sciences, 52B, S200–S211.

    Google Scholar 

  • Majerovitz, S. D. (1995). Role of family adaptability in the psychological adjustment of spouse caregivers to patients with dementia. Psychology and Aging, 20, 447–457.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Malone Beach, E. E., & Zarit, S. H. (1995). Dimensions of social support and social conflict as predictors of caregiver depression. International Psychogeriatrics, 7, 25–38.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Martire, L. M., Stephens, M. A. P., & Atienza, A. A. (1997). The interplay of work and caregiving: Relation-ships between role satisfaction, role involvement, and caregivers’ well-being. Journal of Gerontology: Social Sciences, 52B, S279–S289.

    Google Scholar 

  • Meshefedjian, G., McCusker, J., Bellavance, F., & Baumgarten, M. (1998). Factors associated with symptoms of depression among informal caregivers of demented elders in the community. Gerontologist, 38, 247–253.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Miller, B., Campbell, R. T., Farran, C. J., Kaufman, J. R., & Davis, L. (1995). Race, control, mastery, and caregiver distress. Journal of Gerontology: Social Sciences, 50B, S374–S382.

    Google Scholar 

  • Miller, B., & Lawton, M. P. (1997). Introduction: Finding balance in caregiving research. Gerontologist, 37, 216–217.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moritz, D. J., Kasl, S. V., & Berkman, L. F. (1989). The health impact of living with a cognitively impaired spouse: Depressive symptoms and functioning. Journal of Gerontology: Social Sciences, 44, S17–S27.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mui, A. C. (1995). Perceived health and functional status among spouse caregivers of frail older persons. Journal of Aging and Health, 7(2), 283–300.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • National Alliance for Caregiving and the American Association for Retired Persons (1997). Family caregiving in the U.S.: Findings from a national survey: Final report. Bethesda, MD: National Alliance for Caregiving.

    Google Scholar 

  • Newsom, J. T., & Schulz, R. (1996). Social support as a mediator in the relation between functional status and quality of life in older adults. Psychology and Aging, 11, 34–44.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Newsom, J. T., & Schulz, R. (1998). Caregiving from the recipient’s perspective: Negative reactions to being helped. Health Psychology, 17, 172–181.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pariante, C. M., Carpiniello, B., Orru, M. G., Sitzia, R., Piras, A., Farci, A. M. G., DelGiacco, G. S., Piludu, G., & Miller, A. H. (1997). Chronic caregiving stress alters peripheral blood immune parameters: The role of age and severity of stress. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 66(4), 199–207.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Penning, M. J. (1998). In the middle: Parental caregiving in the context of other roles. Journal of Gerontology: Social Sciences, 53B, S188–S197.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pruchno, R. A., Burant, C. J. & Peters, N. D. (1997). Typologies of caregiving families: Family congruence and individual well-being. Gerontologist, 37, 157–168.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pruchno, R. A., Kleban, M. H., Michaels, J. E., & Dempsey, N. P. (1990). Mental and physical health of caregiving spouses: Development of a causal model. Journal of Gerontology: Psychological Sciences, 45, P192–P199.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pruchno, R., Patrick, J. H., & Burant, C. J. (1996). Mental health of aging women with children who are chronically disabled: Examination of a two-factor model. Journal of Gerontology: Social Sciences, 52, S284–S296.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pruchno, R., Peters, N. D., & Burant, C. J. (1995). Mental health of coresident family caregivers: Examination of a two-factor model. Journal of Gerontology: Psychological Sciences, 50B, P247–P256.

    Google Scholar 

  • Radloff, L. S. (1977). The CES-D scale: A self-report depression scale for research in the general population. Applied Psychological Measurement, 1, 385–401.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rauktis, M. E., Koeske, G. F., & Tershko, O. (1995). Negative social interactions, distress, and depression among those caring for a serious and persistently mentally ill relative. American Journal of Community Psychology, 23(2), 279–299.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Redinbaugh, E. M., MacCullum, R. C., & Kiecolt-Glaser, J. K. (1995). Recurrent syndromal depression in caregivers. Psychology and Aging, 10(3), 358–368.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rose-Rego, S. K., Strauss, M. E., & Smyth, K. A. (1998). Differences in the perceived well-being of wives and husbands caring for persons with Alzheimer’s disease. Gerontologist, 38, 224–230.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schulz, R., Mittelmark, M., Kronmal, R., Polak, J. F., Hirsch, C. H., German, P., & Bookwala, J. (1994). Predictors of perceived health status in elderly men and women: The Cardiovascular Health Study. Journal of Aging and Health, 6,419–447.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schulz, R., Newsom, J. T., Mittelmark, M., Burton, L., Hirsch, C., &Jackson, S. (1997). Health effects of caregiving: The Caregiver Health Effects Study: An ancillary study of the Cardiovascular Health Study. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 19, 110–116.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schulz, R., O’ Brien, A. T., Bookwala, J., & Fleissner, K. (1995). Psychiatric and physical morbidity effects of dementia caregiving: Prevalence, correlates, and causes. Gerontologist, 35, 771–791.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schulz, R., Visintainer, P., & Williamson, G. M. (1990). Psychiatric and physical morbidity effects of caregiving. Journal of Gerontology: Psychological Sciences, 45, P181–P191.

    Google Scholar 

  • Seltzer, M. M., Greenberg, J. S., Krauss, M. W. (1995). A comparison of coping strategies of aging mothers of adults with mental illness or mental retardation. Psychology and Aging, 10(1), 64–75.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shaw, W. S., Patterson, T. L., Semple, Grant, I., Yu, E. S., Zhang, M. Y. He, Y., & Wu W. Y. (1997). A cross-cultural validation of coping strategies and their associations with caregiving distress. Gerontologist, 37, 490–504.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shaw, W. S., Patterson, T. L., Semple, S. J., Ho, S., Irwin, M. R., Hauger, R. L., & Grant, I. (1997). Longitudinal analysis of multiple indicators of health decline among spacial caregivers. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 29(2), 101–109.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Skaff, M. M., Pearlin, L. I., & Mullan, J. T. (1996). Transitions in the caregiving career: Effects on sense of mastery. Psychology and Aging, 22, 247–257.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Smerglia, V. L., & Demling, G. T. (1997). Care-related decision-making satisfaction and caregiver well-being in families caring for older members. Gerontologist, 37(5), 658–665.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Smith, G. C. (1996). Caregiving outcomes for older mothers of adults with mental retardation: A test of the two-factor model. Psychology and Aging, 11, 353–361.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Spitzer, R. L., Williams, J. B. W., Gibbon, M., & First, M. B. (1992). The structured clinical interview for DSM-III-R (SCID): History, rationale, and description. Archives of General Psychiatry, 49, 624–629.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • St.-Onge, M., & Lavoie, F. (1997). The experience of caregiving among mothers of adults suffering from psychotic disorders: Factors associated with their psychological distress. American Journal of Community Psychology, 25, 73–94.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stephens, S., & Christianson, J. B. (1986). Informal care of the elderly. Lexington, MA: Lexington Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stephens, M. A. P., Franks, M. F., & Atienza, A. A. (1997). Where two roles intersect: Spillover between parent care and employment. Psychology and Aging, 22, 30–37.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stephens, M. A. P., & Townsend A. L. (1997). Stress of parent care: Positive and negative effects of women’s other roles. Psychology and Aging, 12, 376–386.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stone, R., Cafferata, G. L., & Sangl, J. (1987). Caregivers of the frail elderly: A national profile. Gerontologist, 27, 616–626.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Strawbridge, W. J., Wallhagen, M. I., Shema, S. J., & Kaplan, G. A. (1997). New burdens or more of the same? Comparing grandparent, spouse, and adult-child caregivers. Gerontologist, 37, 505–510.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tower, R. B., Kasl, S. V., & Moritz, D. J. (1997). The influence of spouse cognitive impairment on respondents’ depressive symptoms: The moderating role of marital closeness. Journal of Gerontology: Social Sciences, 52B, S259–S269.

    Google Scholar 

  • United States Bureau of the Census. (1995). Statistical brief 65+ in the United States. Washington, DC: Department of Commerce.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vitaliano, P. P., Russo, J., Scanlan, J. M., & Greeno, C. G. (1996). Weight changes in caregivers of Alzheimer’s care recipients: Psychobehavioral predictors. Psychology and Aging, 11, 155–163.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vitaliano, P. P., Scanlan, J. M., Krenz, C., & Fujimoto, W. (1996). Insulin and glucose: Relationships with hassles, anger, and hostility in nondiabetic older adults. Psychosomatic Medicine, 58, 489–499.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vitaliano, P. P., Scanlan, J. M., Krenz, C., Schwartz, R. S., & Marcovina, S. M. (1996). Psychological distress, caregiving, and metabolic variables. Journal of Gerontology: Psychological Sciences, 52B, P290–P299.

    Google Scholar 

  • Williamson, G. M., & Schulz, R. (1995). Caring for a family member with cancer: Past communal behavior and affective reactions. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 25, 93–116.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wright, L. K., Clipp, E. C., & George, L. K. (1993). Health consequences of caregiver stress. Medicine, Exercise, Nutrition, and Health, 2, 181–195.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zung, W. K. (1965). A self-rating depression scale. Archives of General Psychiatry, 22, 63–70.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zung, W. K. (1975). The measurement of depression. Columbus, OH: Merrill.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2002 Kluwer Academic Publishers

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Bookwala, J., Yee, J.L., Schulz, R. (2002). Caregiving and Detrimental Mental and Physical Health Outcomes. In: Williamson, G.M., Shaffer, D.R., Parmelee, P.A. (eds) Physical Illness and Depression in Older Adults. The Plenum Series in Social/Clinical Psychology. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/0-306-47178-7_6

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/0-306-47178-7_6

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-0-306-46269-6

  • Online ISBN: 978-0-306-47178-0

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics