Skip to main content

Epidemiology, Manifestations, and Treatment of HIV Infection in Women

  • Chapter
Women and AIDS

Part of the book series: AIDS Prevention and Mental Health ((APMH))

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 119.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 159.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 159.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Aboulker, J. P., & Swart, A. M. (1993). Preliminary analysis of the Concorde trial. Lancet, 341, 889–890.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Adachi, A., Fleming, I., Burk, R. D., Ho, G. Y., & Klein, R. S. (1993). Women with immunodeficiency virus infection and abnormal Papanicolaou smears: A prospective study of colposcopy and clinical outcome. Obstetrics and Gynecology, 81, 372–377.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • American College of Obstetrics and Gynecology. (1992). Human immunodeficiency virus infections (Tech. Bull. No. 165). Chicago: Author.

    Google Scholar 

  • American Public Health Association. (1991, January). Women and HIV disease: A report of the special initiative on AIDS. Washington, DC: Author.

    Google Scholar 

  • Araneta, M. R. G., Weisfuse, I. B., Greenberg, B., Schultz, S., & Thomas, P. A. (1992). Abortions and HIV-1 infection in New York City, 1987–1989 AIDS, 6, 1195–1201

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bastian, L., Bennett, C. L., Adams, J., Waskin, H., Divine, G., & Edlin, B. R. (1993). Differences between men and women with HIV-related Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia: Experience from 3,070 cases in New York City in 1987. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, 6(6), 617–623.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Beevor, A. S., & Catalan, J. (1993). Women’s experience of HIV testing: The views of HIV positive and HIV negative women. AIDS Care, 5(2), 177–186.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Beral, V., Peterman, T. A., Berkelman, R. L., & Jaffe, H. W. (1990). Kaposi’s sarcoma among persons with AIDS: A sexually transmitted infection? Lancet, 335,123–128.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Biggar, R. J., Pahwa, S., Minkoff, H., Mendes, H., Willoughby, A., Landesman, S., & Goedert, J. J. (1989). Immunosuppression in pregnant women infected with human immunodeficiency virus. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 161, 1239–1244.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Blaxhult, A., Granath, F., Lidman, K., & Giesecke, J. (1990). The influence of age on the latency period to AIDS in people infected by HIV through blood transfusion. AIDS, 4, 125–130.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Boekeloo, B. O., Rabin, D. L., Coughlin, S. S., Labbok, M. H., & Johnson, J. C. (1993). Knowledge, attitudes, and practices of obstetrician-gynecologists regarding the prevention of human immunodeficiency virus infection. Obstetrics and Gynecology, 81, 131–136.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brettle, R. P., & Leen, C. L. S. (1991). The natural history of HIV and AIDS in women. AIDS, 5, 1283–1292.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Buehler, J. W., Hanson, D. L., & Chu, S. Y. (1992). The reporting of HIV/AIDS deaths in women. American Journal of Public Health, 82, 1500–1505.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Carpenter, C. C., Mayer, K. H., Fisher, A., Desai, M. B., & Durand, L. (1989). Natural history of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome in women in Rhode Island. American Journal of Medicine, 86, 771–775.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Carpenter, C. C., Mayer, K. H., Stein, M. D., Leibman, B. D., Fisher, A., & Fiore, T. C. (1991). Human immunodeficiency virus infection in North American women: Experience with 200 cases and a review of the literature. Medicine (Baltimore), 70(5), 307–325.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Castro, K. G., Lifson, A. R., White, C. R., Bush, T. S., Chamberland, M. E., Lekatsas, A. M., & Jaffe, H. W. (1988). Investigations of AIDS patients with no previously identified risk factors. Journal of the American Medical Association, 259, 1338–1342.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Catania, J. A., Coates, T. J., Stall, R., Turner, H., Petersen, J., Hearst, N., Dolcini, M. M., Hudes, E., Gagnon, J., Wiley, J., & Groves, R. (1992). Prevalence of AIDS-related risk factors and condom use in the United States. Science, 258, 1101–1106.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Centers for Disease Control. (1981). Follow-up on Kaposi’s sarcoma and Pneumocystis pneumonia. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 30, 409–410.

    Google Scholar 

  • Centers for Disease Control. (1987). AIDS Weekly Surveillance Report, Atlanta: Author.

    Google Scholar 

  • Centers for Disease Control. (1990). Screening for tuberculosis and tuberculosis infection in high-risk populations and the use of preventive therapy for tuberculosis infection in the United States. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 39, 409–410.

    Google Scholar 

  • Centers for Disease Control. (1991). Premarital sexual experience among adolescent women—United States, 1970–1988. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 39, 929–931.

    Google Scholar 

  • Centers for Disease Control. (1992a). Projections of the number of person diagnosed with AIDS and the number of immunosuppressed HIV-infected person—United States, 1992–1994. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 41, 1–29.

    Google Scholar 

  • Centers for Disease Control. (1992b). 1993 Revised classification system for HIV infection and expanded surveillance case definition for AIDS among adolescents and adults. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 41, 1–19.

    Google Scholar 

  • Centers for Disease Control. (1992c). Recommendations for prophylaxis against Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia for adults and adolescents infected with human immunodeficiency virus. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 41, 1–11.

    Google Scholar 

  • Centers for Disease Control. (1993a). Update: Mortality attributable to HIV infection among persons aged 25–44 years—United States, 1991 and 1992. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 42, 869–872.

    Google Scholar 

  • Centers for Disease Control. (1993b). Update: Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome—United States, 1992. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 42, 547–557.

    Google Scholar 

  • Centers for Disease Control. (1993c). Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP): Use of vaccines and immune globulins in persons with altered immunocompetence. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 42, 1–18.

    Google Scholar 

  • Centers for Disease Control. (1993d). 1993 Sexually transmitted diseases treatment guidelines. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report: Recommendations and Report, 14,42, 89–91.

    Google Scholar 

  • Centers for Disease Control. (1993e). Recommendation on prophylaxis and therapy for disseminated Mycobacterium avium complex for adults and adolescents infected with human immunodeficiency virus. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 42, 14–20.

    Google Scholar 

  • Centers for Disease Control. (1993f). Recommendations for HIV testing services for inpatients and outpatients in acute-care hospital settings and technical guidance on HIV counseling. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 42, 1–17.

    Google Scholar 

  • Centers for Disease Control. (1994a). National HIV serosurveillance—Summary—Results through 1992. (Vol.3).

    Google Scholar 

  • Centers for Disease Control. (1994b). Zidovudine for the prevention of HIV transmission from mother to infant. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 43, 285–287.

    Google Scholar 

  • Centers for Disease Control. (1995). HIV/AIDS surveillance report, 7, 1–34.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chaisson, R. E., Moss, A. R., Onishi, R., Osmond, D., & Carlson, J. R. (1987). Human immunodeficiency virus infection in heterosexual intravenous drug users in San Francisco. American Journal of Public Health, 77, 169–172.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chaisson, R. E., Taylor, E., Margolick, J. B., Muñoz, A., Solomon, L., Cohn, S., Nelson, K. E., & Vlahov, D. (1992). Immune serum markers and CD4 cell counts in HIV-infected intravenous drug users. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, 5, 456–460.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chavkin, W. (1990). Preventing AIDS, targeting women. Health/PAC Bulletin, 20(1), 19–23.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chu, S. Y., Buehler, J. W., & Berkelman, R. L. (1990). Impact of the human immunodeficiency virus epidemic on mortality in women of reproductive age, United States. Journal of the American Medical Association, 264, 225–229.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chu, S. Y., Conti, L., & Schable, C. (1994). Female to female sexual contact and HIV transmission. Journal of the American Medical Association, 272, 433.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chu, S. Y., Hammett, T. A., & Buehler, J. W. (1992). Update: Epidemiology of reported cases of AIDS in women who report sex only with other women, United States, 1980–1991 AIDS, 6, 518–519.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Connor, E. M., Sperling, R. S., Gelber, R., Kiseley, P., Scott, G., O’Sullivan, M. J., VanDyke, R., Bey, M., Shearer, W., Jacobson, R. L., Jimenez, E., O’Neill, E., Bazin, B., Delfraissy, J., Culnane, M., Coombs, R., Elkins, M., Moye, J., Stratton, P., & Balsey, J., for the Pediatric AIDS Clinical Trials Group Protocol 076 Study Group. (1994). Reduction of maternal-infant transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type-I with zidovudine treatment. New England Journal of Medicine, 331, 1173–1180.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cooper, D. A., Gatell, J. M., Kroon, S., Clumeck, N., Millard, J., Goebel, F. D., Bruun, J. N., Stingl, G., Melville, R. L., Gonz’alez-Lahoz, J., Stevens, J. W., Fiddian, A. P., & the European-Australian Collaborative Group. (1993). Zidovudine in persons with asymptomatic HIV infection and CD4+ cell counts greater than 400 per cubic millimeter. New England Journal of Medicine, 329, 297–303.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Curran, J., Jaffe, H., Hardy, A., Morgan, W., Selik, R., & Dondero, T. (1988). Epidemiology of HIV infection and AIDS in the United States. Science, 239, 610–616.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Darrow, W., & the Centers for Disease Control Collaborative Group for the Study of HIV-1 in Selected Women. (1990). Prostitution, intravenous drug use, and HIV-1 in the United States. AIDS, Drugs, and Prostitution, 18–40.

    Google Scholar 

  • Deschamps, M. M., Pape, J. W., Desvarieux, M., Williams-Russo, P., Madhaven, S., Ho, J. L., & Johnson, W. D. (1993). A prospective study of HIV-seropositive asymptomatic women of child-bearing age in adeveloping country. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, 6, 446–451.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Doll, L. S., Petersen, L. R., White, C. R., Ward, J. W., & the HIV Blood Donor Study Group. (1991). Human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected blood donors: Behavioral characteristics and reasons for donation. Transfusion, 31, 704–709.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Edlin, B. R., Irwin, K. L., Faruque, S., McCoy, C. B., Word, C., Serrano, Y., Inciardi, J. A., Bowser, B. P., Schilling, R. F., Holmberg, S. D., & the Multicenter Crack Cocaine and HIV Infection Study Team. (1994). Intersecting epidemics—crack cocaine use and HIV infection among inner-city young adults. New England Journal of Medicine, 331, 1422–1427.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ellerbrock, T. V., Bush, T. J., Chamberland, M. E., & Oxtoby, M. J. (1991). Epidemiology of women with AIDS in the United States, 1981–1990 A comparison with heterosexual men with AIDS. Journal of the American Medical Association, 265, 2971–2975.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ellerbrock, T. V., Harrington, P. E., Bush, T. J., Schoenfisch, S. A., Oxtoby, M. J., & Witte, J. J. (1995). Risk of human immunodeficiency virus infection among pregnant crack-cocaine users in a rural community. Obstetrics and Gynecology, 86, 400–404.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ellerbrock, T., Wright, T. C., Chaisson, M. A., Bush, T. J., & the Cervical Disease Study Group. (1993). Strong independent association between HIV infection and cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN). Abstracts of the IXth International Conference on AIDS (Abstract No. WS-B07-5). Berlin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Farizo, K. M., Buehler, J. W., Chamberland, M. E., Whyte, B. M., Froelicher, E. S., Hopkins, S. G., Reed, C. M., Mokotoff, E. D., Cohn, D. L., Troxler, S., Phelps, A. P., & Berkelman, R. L. (1992). Spectrum of disease in persons with human immunodeficiency virus infection in the United States. Journal of the American Medical Association, 267, 1798–1805.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Feingold, A. R., Vermund, S. H., Burk, R. D., Kelley, K. F., Schrager, L. K., Schreiber, K., Munk, G., Friedland, G. H., & Klein, R. S. (1990). Cervical cytologic abnormalities and papillomavirus in women infected with human immunodeficiency virus. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, 3, 896–903.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fischl, M. A., Richman, D. D., Grieco, M. H., Gottlieb, M. S., Volberding, P. A., Laskin, O. L., Leedom, J. M., Groopman, J. E., Milddvan, D., Schooley, R. T., Jackson, G. G., Durack, D. T., King, D., & the AZT Collaborative Working Group. (1987). The efficacy of azidothymidine (AZT) in the treatment of patients with AIDS and AIDS-related complex. New England Journal of Medicine, 317,185–191.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fischl, M. A., Richman, D. D., Hansen, N., Collier, A. C., Carey, J. J., Para, M. F., Hardy, W. D., Dolin, R., Powderly, W. G., Allan, J. D., Wong, B., Merigan, T. C., McAuliffe, V. J., Hyslop, N. E., Rhame, F. S., Balfour, H. H., Spector, S. A., Volberding, P., Pettinelli, C., Anderson, J., & the AIDS Clinical Trials Group. (1990). The safety and efficacy of zidovudine (AZT) in the treatment of subjects with mildly symptomatic human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV) infection: A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Annals of Internal Medicine, 112, 727–737.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Flanigan, T. P., Imam, N., Lange, N., Fiore, T., Hoy, J., Stein, M., & Carpenter, C. C. (1992). Decline of CD4 lymphocyte counts from the time of seroconversion in HIV-positive women. Journal of Women’s Health, 1(3), 231–234.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fleming, P. L., Ciesielski, C. A., Byers, R. H., Castro, K. G., & Berkelman, R. L. (1993). Gender differences in reported AIDS-indicative diagnoses. Journal of Infectious Diseases, 168(7), 61–67.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fullilove, R. E., Fullilove, M., Bowser, B. P., & Gross, S. A. (1990). Risk of sexually transmitted disease among black adolescent crack users in Oakland and San Francisco, California. Journal of the American Medical Association, 263, 851–855.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Goedert, J. J., Duli’ege, A. M., Amos, C. I., Felton, S., & Biggar, R. J. (1991). High risk of HIV-1 infection for first-born twins. Lancet, 338, 1471–1475.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Goedert, J. J., Kessler, C. M., Aledort, L. M., Biggar, R. J., Andes, W. A., White, G. C., Drummond, J. E., Vaidya, K., Mann, D. L., Eyster, M. E., Ragni, M. V., Lederman, M. M., Cohen, A. R., Bray, G. L., Rosenberg, P. S., Friedman, R. M., Hilgartner, M. W., Blattner, W. A., Kroner, B., & Gail, M. (1989). A prospective study of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection and the development of AIDS in subjects with hemophilia. New England Journal of Medicine, 321, 1141–1148.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Greenberg, J., Magder, L., & Aral, S. (1992). Age at first coitus a marker for risky sexual behavior in women. Sexually Transmitted Diseuses, 19, 331–334.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Grossman, J. H., Nies, B. M., Lopez-Zeno, J., Bathgate, S. L., & Parenti, D. M. (1992). Management and therapy of human immunodeficiency virus-infected pregnancies in maternal-fetalmedicine fellowship training programs. Obstetrics and Gynecology, 80, 985–988.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gwinn, M., Wasser, S., Fleming, P., Karon, J., & Petersen, L. (1993, June). Increasing prevalence of HIV infection among childbearing women, United States, 1989–1991. Paper presented at the Ninth International Conference on AIDS, Berlin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hahn, R. A., Onorato, I. M., Jones, S., & Doughtery, I. (1989). Prevalence of HIV infection among intravenous drug users in the United States. Journal of the American Medical Association, 261, 2677–2684.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hamilton, J. D., Hartigan, P. M., Simberkoff, M. S., Day, P. L., Diamond, G. R., Dickinson, G. M., Drusano, G. L., Egorin, M. J., George, W. L., Gordin, F. M., Hawkes, C. A., Jensen, P. C., Klimas, N. G., Labriola, A. M., Lahart, C. J., O’Brien, W. A., Oster, C. N., Weinhold, K. J., Wray, N. P., Zolla-Pazner, S. B., & the Veterans Affairs Cooperative Study Group on AIDS Treatment. (1992). A controlled trial of early versus late treatment with zidovudine in symptomatic human immuno-deficiency virus infection: Results of the Veterans Affairs Cooperative Study. New England Journal of Medicine, 326, 437–443.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hoegsberg, B., Abulafia, O., Sedlis, A., Feldman, J., DesJarlais, D., Landesman, S., & Minkoff, H. (1990). Sexually transmitted diseases and human immunodeficiency virus infection among women with pelvic inflammatory disease. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 163, 1135–1139.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Holmberg, S. C., Horsburgh, C. R., Ward, J. W., & Jaffe, H. W. (1989). Biological factors in the sexual transmission of human immunodeficiency virus. Journal of Infectious Diseases, 160, 116–125.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Imam, N., Carpenter, C. C., Mayer, K. H., Fisher, A., Stein, M., & Danforth, S. B. (1990). Hierarchical pattern of mucosal candida infection in HIV-infected women. American Journal of Medicine, 89(2), 142–146.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Irwin, K., O’Sullivan, M., Sperling, R., Brodman, M., Moorman, A., & the Multicenter HIV and PID Study Group. (1993). The microbiologic etiology of pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) in HIV+ and HIV-women: Preliminary findings of a multicenter study. Abstracts of the IXth International Conference on AIDS (Abstract No. WS-B07-1). Berlin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jensen, L. P., O’Sullivan, M. J., Gomez-Del-Rio, Setzer, E. S., Gaskin, C., & Penso, C. (1985). Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) in pregnancy. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 148, 1145–1146.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jewett, J. F., & Hecht, F. M. (1993). Preventive health care for adults with HIV infection. Journal of the American Medical Association, 269, 1144–1153.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kaslow, R. A., Blackweider, W. C., Ostrow, D. G., Yerg, D., Palenicek, J., Coulson, A. H., & Valdiserri, R. O. (1989). No evidence for a role of alcohol or other psychoactive drugs in accelerating immunodeficiency in HIV-1-positive individuals: A report from the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study. Journal of the American Medical Association, 261, 3424–3429.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kinloch-de Loës, S., de Saussure, P., Saurat, J.-H., Stalder, H., Hirschel, B., & Perrin, L. H. (1993). Symptomatic primary infection due to human immunodeficiency virus type 1: Review of 31 cases. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 17(1) 59–65.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lange, W. R., Snyder, F. R., Lozovsky, D., Kaistha, V., Kaczaniuk, M. A., Jaffe, J. H., & the AIDS Epidemiology Collaborating Group. (1988). Geographic distribution of human immunodeficiency virus markers in parenteral drug abusers. American Journal of Public Health, 78, 443–446.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lemp, G. F., Hirozawa, A. M., Cohen, J. B., Derish, P. A., McKinney, K. C., & Hernandez, S. R. (1992). Survival for women and men with AIDS. Journal of Infectious Diseases, 166(1), 74–79.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lemp, G. F., Payne, S. F., Neal, D., Temelso, T., & Rutherford, G. W. (1990). Survival trends for patients with AIDS. Journal of the American Medical Association, 263, 402–406.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Levine, C. (1990). Women and HIV/AIDS research: The barriers to equity. Evaluation Review, 14, 447–463.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lewis, D. K., & Waters, J. K. (1991). Sexual risk behavior among heterosexual intravenous drug abusers: Ethnic and gender variation. AIDS, 5, 77–83.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lifson, A. R., Hessol, N. A., & Rutherford, G. W. (1992). Progression and clinical outcome of infection due to human immunodeficiency virus. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 14, 966–971.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lindan, C. P., Allen, S., Serufilira, A., Lifson, A. R., Van de Perre, P., Chen-Rundle, A., Batungwanayo, J., Nsengumuremyi, F., Bogaerts, J., & Hulley, S. (1992). Predictors of mortality among HIV-infected women in Kigali, Rwanda. Annals of Internal Medicine, 116(4), 320–328.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lurie, N., Ward, N., Shapiro, M., Gallego, C., Vaghaiwalla, R., & Brook, R. H. (1986). Termination of Medi-Cal benefits, a follow-up study one year later. New England Journal of Medicine, 314, 1266–1268.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Maiman, M., Fruchter, R. G., Serur, E., Levine, P. A., Arrastia, C. D., & Sedlis, A. (1993). Recurrent cervical intraepithelial neoplasia in human immunodeficiency virus seropositive women. Obstetrics and Gynecology, 81, 170–174.

    Google Scholar 

  • Maiman, M., Tarricone, N., Vieira, J., Suarez, J., Serur, E., & Boyce, J. C. (1991). Colposcopic evaluation of human immunodeficiency virus seropositive women. Obstetrics and Gynecology, 78(1), 84–88.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Marmor, M., Weiss, L. R., Lyden, M., Weiss, S. H., Saxinger, W. C., Spira, T. J., & Feorino, P. M. (1986). Possible female-to-female transmission of human immunodeficiency virus [Letter to the editor]. Annals of Internal Medicine, 105, 969.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Masur, H., Michelis, M. A., Wormser, G. P., Lewin, S., Gold, J., Tapper, M. L., Giron, J., Lerner, C. W., Armstrong, D., Setia, U., Sender, J. A., Siebken, R. S., Nicholas, P., Arlen, Z., Maayan, S., Ernst, J. A., Siegel, F. P., & Cunningham-Rundles, S. (1982). Opportunistic infection in previously healthy women: Initial manifestations of a community-acquired cellular immunodeficiency. Annals of Internal Medicine, 97, 533–539.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Medley, G. F., Anderson, R. M., Cox, D. R., & Billard, L. (1987). Incubation period of AIDS in patients infected via blood transfusion. Nature, 328, 719–721.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Melnick, S. L., Sherer, R., Louis, T. A., Hillman, D., Rodriguez, E. M., Lackman, C., Capps, L., Brown, L. S., Carlyn, M., Korvick, J. A., & Deyton, L., for the Terry Beirn Community Programs for Clinical Research on AIDS. (1994). Survival and disease progression according to gender of patients with HIV infection. The Terry Beirn Community Programs for Clinical Research on AIDS. Journal of the American Medical Association, 272, 1915–1921.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Miller, H. G., Turner, C. F., & Moes, L. (Eds.). (1990). AIDS: The second decade. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Minkoff, H. L., & DeHovitz, J. A. (1991). Care of women infected with the human immunodeficiency virus. Journal of the American Medical Association, 266, 2253–2258.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Minkoff, H. L., & Moreno, J. D. (1990). Drug prophylaxis for human immunodeficiency virus infected pregnant women: Ethical considerations. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 163, 1111–1113.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Minkoff, H., Nanda, D., Menez, R., & Kikhig, S. (1987). Pregnancies resulting in infants with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome or AIDS-related complex: Follow-up of mothers, children, and subsequently born siblings. Obstetrics and Gynecology, 69 (3, Pt. 1), 288–291.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mondanaro, J. (1990). Community-based AIDS prevention interventions: Special issues of women intravenous drug users. In C. Leukefeld, R. Battjes, & Z. Amsel (Eds.), AIDS and intravenous drug use: Future directions for community-based prevention research (NIDA Research Monograph No. 93, pp. 68–82). Rockville, MD: National Institute on Drug Abuse.

    Google Scholar 

  • Monzon, O. T., & Capellan, J. M. B. (1987). Female-to-female transmission of HIV [Letter to the editor]. Lancet, 2, 40–41.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Moore, R. D., Stanton, D., Gopalan, R., & Chaisson, R. E. (1994). Racial differences in the use of drug therapy for HIV disease in an urban community. New England Journal of Medicine, 330, 763–768.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Moorman, A., Rice, R., Irwin, K., O’Sullivan, M., Sperling, R., Grodman, M., & the Multicenter HIV and PID Study Group. (1993). The clinical presentation and course of pelvic inflammatory disease in HIV+ and HIV—women: Preliminary results of a multicenter study. Abstracts of the IXth International Conference on AIDS (Abstract No. PO-B23-1937). Berlin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Morlat, P., Parniex, P., Douard, D., Lacosta, D., Dupon, M., Chene, G., Pellegrin, J. L., Raynaud, J. M., & Dabis, F. (1992). Women and HIV infection: A cohort study of 483 HIV-infected women in Bourdeaux, France, 1985–1991. AIDS, 6, 1187–1193.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Moss, A. R., & Bacchetti, P. (1989). Natural history of HIV infection. AIDS, 3(2), 55–61.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Muller, C. (1988). Medicaid: The lower tier of health care for women. Women and Health, 14(2), 81–103.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • National Center for Health Statistics. (1993a). Physician contacts, according to place of contact and selected patient characteristics: United States, 1986 and 1991. Health United State, —1992, p. 117.

    Google Scholar 

  • National Center for Health Statistics. (1993b). Interval since last physician contact, according to selected patient characteristics: United States, 1986 and 1991. Health United State, —1992, p. 118.

    Google Scholar 

  • National Center for Health Statistics. (1994). Annual summary of births, marriages, divorces, and deaths: United States, 1993. Monthly Vital Statistics Report, 42. Hyattsville, MD: Public Health Service.

    Google Scholar 

  • National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases/National Institutes of Health. State-of-the-Art Conference. (1990). AZT therapy for early HIV infection. Clinical Courier, 8, 1–8.

    Google Scholar 

  • National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases. (1991, March). ACTG Protocol 076-Questions and answers. Backgrounder.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nightingale, S. D., Cameron, W., Gordin, F. M., Sulam, P. M., Cohn, D. L., Chaisson, R. E., Eron, L. J., Sparti, P. D., Bihari, B., Kaufman, D. L., Stern, J. J., Pearce, D. D., Weinberg, W. G., LaMarca, A., & Siegle, F. P. (1993). Two controlled trials of Rifabutin prophylaxis against Mycobacterium avium complex infection in AIDS. New England Journal of Medicine, 329, 828–833.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Novick, L. F., Glebatis, D. M., Stricof, R. L., MacCubbin, P. A., Lessner, L., & Berns, D. S. (1991). Newborns seroprevalence study: Methods and results. American Journal of Public Health, 81, 15–21.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • O’Sullivan, M. J., Boyer, P. J., Scott, G. B., Parks, W. P., Weller, S., Blum, M. R., Balsely, J., Bryson, Y. J., and the Zidovudine Collaborative Working Group. (1993). The pharmacokinetics and safety of zidovudine in the third trimester of pregnancy for women infected with human immunodeficiency virus and their infants: Phase I acquired immunodeficiency syndrome clinical trials group study (protocol 082). American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 168, 1510–1516.

    Google Scholar 

  • Padian, N., Shiboski, S., & Jewell, N. (1990, June). The relative efficiency offemale-to-male HIV sexual transmission. Paper presented at the Sixth International Conference on AIDS, San Francisco.

    Google Scholar 

  • Perry, S., Jacobsberg, L., & Fogel, K. (1989). Orogenital transmission of HIV. Annals of Internal Medicine, 111, 951–952.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Quinn, T. C., Glaser, D., Cannon, R., Matuszak, D., Dunning, R., Kline, R., Campbell, C., Israel, E., Fauci, A., & Hook, E. (1988). Human immunodeficiency virus infection among patients attending clinics for sexually transmitted diseases. New England Journal of Medicine, 318, 197.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rhoads, J. L., Wright, C., Redfield, R. R., & Burke, D. S. (1987). Chronic vaginal candidiasis in women with human immunodeficiency virus infection. Journal of the American Medical Association, 257, 3105–3107.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rothenberg, R., Woelfel, M., Stoneburner, R., Milberg, J., Parker, R., & Truman, B. (1987). Survival with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: Experience with 5833 cases in New York City. New England Journal of Medicine, 317, 1297–1302.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Royce, R. A., & Winklestein, W. (1990). HIV infection, cigarette smoking and CD4+ T-lymphocyte counts: Preliminary results from the San Francisco Men’s Health Study. AIDS, 4, 327–333.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rutherford, G. W., Lifson, A. R., Hessol, N. A., Darrow, W. W., O’Malley, P. M., Buchbinder, S. P., Barnhart, J. L., Bodecker, T. W., Cannon, L., Doll, L. S., Holmberg, S. D., Harrison, J. S., Rogers, M. F., Werdegar, D., & Jaffe, H. W. (1990). Course of HIV-1 infection in a cohort of homosexual and bisexual men: An 11-year follow-up study. British Medical Journal, 301, 1183–1188.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schafer, A., Friedmann, W., Mielke, M., Schwartlander, B., & Koch, M. A. (1991). The increased frequency of cervical dysplasia-neoplasia in women infected with the human immunodeficiency virus is related to the degree of immunosuppression. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 164, 593–599.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schoenbaum, E. E., & Webber, M. P. (1993). The underrecognition of HIV infection in women in an inner-city emergency room. American Journal of Public Health, 83, 363–368.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Scott, G. B., Fischl, M. A., Klimas, N., Fletcher, M. A., Dickinson, G. M., Levine, R. S., & Parks, W. P. (1985). Mothers of infants with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Journal of the American Medical Association, 253, 363–366.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Seage, G. R., Oddleifson, S., Carr, E., Shea, B., Makarewicz-Robert, L., van Beuzekom, M., & De Maria, A., (1993). Survival with AIDS in Massachusetts, 1979 to 1989. American Journal of Public Health, 83, 72–78.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Seidman, S. N., Mosher, W. D., & Aral, S. O. (1992). Women with multiple sexual partners: United States, 1988. American Journal of Public Health, 82, 1388–1394.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Selik, R. M., Chu, S. Y., & Buehler, J. W. (1993). Human immunodeficiency virus infection as the leading cause of death among young adults in U.S. cities and states. Journal of the American Medical Association, 269, 2991–2994.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Selwyn, P. A., Alcabes, P., Hartel, D., Buono, D., Schoenbaum, E. E., & Klein, R. S., Davenny, L., & Friedland, G. H. (1992). Clinical manifestations and predictors of disease progression in drug users with human immunodeficiency virus infection. New England Journal of Medicine, 327, 1697–1703.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shah, P. N., Smith, J. R., Wells, C., Barton, S. E., Kitchen, V. S., & Steer, P. J. (1994). Menstrual symptoms in women infected by the human immunodeficiency virus. Obstetrics and Gynecology, 83, 397–400.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shiboski, C. H., Hilton, J. F., Greenspan, D., Westenhouse, J. L., Derish, P., Vranizan, K., Lifson, A. R., Canchola, A., Katz, M. H., Cohen, J. B., Moss, A. R., & Greenspan, J. S. (1994). HIV-related oral manifestations in two cohorts of women in San Francisco. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, 7, 964–971.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Smith, T. W. (1991). Adult sexual behavior in 1989. Numbers of partners, frequency of intercourse, and risk of AIDS. Family Planning Perspectives, 23, 102–106.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Soskolne, V., Aral, S. O., Magder, L. S., Reed, D. S., & Bowen, G. S. (1991). Condom use with regular and casual partners among women attending family planning clinics. Family Planning Perspectives, 23, 222–225.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sperling, R. S., Steatton, P., O’Sullivan, M. J., Boyer, P., Watts, D. H., Lambert, J. S., Hammill, H., Livingston, E. S., Gloeb, D. J., Minkoff, H., & Fox, H. E. (1992). A survey of zidovudine use in pregnant women with human immunodeficiency virus infection. New England Journal of Medicine, 326, 857–861.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stein, M. D., Leibman, B., Wachtel, T. J., Carpenter, C. C., Fisher, A., Durand, L., O’Sullivan, P. S., & Mayer, K. H. (1991). HIV-positive women: Reasons why they are tested for HIV and their clinical characteristics on entry into the health care system. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 6(4), 286–289.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stein, M. D., Piette, J., Mor, V., Wachtel, T. J., Fleishman, J., Mayer, K. H., & Carpenter, C. C. (1991). Differences in access to zidovudine (AZT) among symptomatic HIV-infected persons. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 6(1), 35–40.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stokes, J. P., McKirnan, D. J., Doll, L., & Burzette, R. G. Female partners of bisexual men: What they don’t know might hurt them. Psychology of Women Quarterly (in press).

    Google Scholar 

  • Stone, V. E., Seage, G. R., Hertz, T., & Epstein, A. M. (1992). The relation between hospital experience and mortality for patients with AIDS. Journal of the American Medical Association, 268, 2655–2661.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Styrt, B., & Sugarman, B. (1991). Estrogens and infection. Reviews of Infectious Diseases, 13, 1139–1150.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sweeney, P. A., Onorato, I. M., Allen, D. M., Byers, R. H., & the Field Services Branch. (1992). Sentinel surveillance of human immunodeficiency virus infection in women seeking reproductive health services in the United States, 1988–1989. Obstetrics and Gynecology, 79, 503–510.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tindall, B., & Cooper, D. A. (1991). Primary HIV infection: Host responses and intervention strategies. AIDS, 5(1), 1–14.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • University of Massachusetts Law Center. (1992). Searching for women: A literature review on women, HIV and AIDS in the United States (pp. 92, 94). Boston: Author.

    Google Scholar 

  • U.S. Bureau of the Census. (1989). Health insurance coverage status by selected characteristics, 1985. Statistical Abstract (p. 96).

    Google Scholar 

  • Vermund, S. H., Galbraith, M. A., Ebner, S. C., Sheon, A. R., & Kawlow, R. A. (1992). Human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome in pregnant women. Annals of Epidemiology, 2, 773–803.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vermund, S. H., Kelley, K. F., Klein, R. S., Feingold, A. R., Schreiber, K., Munk, G., & Burk, R. D. (1991). High risk of human papillomavirus infection and cervical squamous intraepithelial lesions among women with symptomatic human immunodeficiency virus infection. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 165, 392–400.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Volberding, P. A., Lagakos, S. W., Koch, M. A., Pettinelli, C., Myers, M. W., Booth, D. K., Balfour, H. H., Reichman, R. C., Bartlett, J. A., Hirsch, M. S., Murphy, R. L., Hardy, W. D., Soeiro, R., Fischl, M. A., Bartlett, J. G., Merigan, T. C., Hysloop, N. E., Richman, D. D., Valentine, F. T., Corey, L., & the AIDS Clinical Trials Group of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases. (1990). Zidovudine in asymptomatic human immunodeficiency virus infection: A controlled trial in persons with fewer than 500 CD4-positive cells per cubic millimeter. New England Journal of Medicine, 322, 941–949.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ward, J. W., Bush, T. J., Perkins, H. A., Lieb, L. E., Allen, J. R., Goldfinger, D., Samson, S. M., Pepkowitz, S. H., Fernando, L. P., Holland, P. V., Kleinman, S. H., Grindon, A. J., Gamer, J. L., Rutherford, G. W., & Holmberg, S. D. (1989). The natural history of transfusion-associated infection with human immunodeficiency virus: Factors influencing the rate of progression to disease. New England Journal of Medicine, 321, 947–952.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ward, J. W., Kleinman, S. H., Douglas, D. K., Grindon, A. J., & Holmberg, S. D. (1988). Epidemiologic characteristics of blood donors with antibody to human immunodeficiency virus. Transfusion, 28(4), 298–301.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wasser, S. C., Gwinn, M., & Fleming, P. (1993). Urban-nonurbandistribution of HIV infection in childbearing women in the United States. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, 6, 1035–1042.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Weber, R., Ledergerber, B., Opravil, M., Siegenthaler, W., & Lutley, R. (1990). Progression of HIV infection in misusers of injected drugs who stop injecting or follow a programme of maintenance treatment with methadone. British Medical Journal, 301, 1362–1365.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wright, T. C., Ellerbrock, T. V., Chaisson, M. A., Xun, X. W., Young, S., Bush, T., Dole, P., Van Devanter, N., Richart, R. M., Koulos, J., Brudney, K., Marte, C., Perez, G., & Johnson, E. (1994). Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia in women infected with human immunodeficiency virus: Prevalence, risk factors, and validity of Pap smears. Obstetrics and Gynecology, 84, 591–597.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wright, T. C., Koulos, J., Schnoll, F., Swanbeck, J., Ellerbrock, T. V., Chaisson, M. A., & Richart, R. M. (1994). Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia in women infected with human immunodeficiency virus: Outcome after loop electrosurgical excision. Gynecologic Oncology, 55, 253–258.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Xiao-Wei, S., Ellerbrock, T. V., Lungu, O., Chaisson, M. A., Bush, T. J., & Wright, T. C. (1995). Human papillomavirus infection in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive women. Obstetrics and Gynecology, 85, 680–686.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2002 Kluwer Academic Publishers

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Smith, D.K., Moore, J.S. (2002). Epidemiology, Manifestations, and Treatment of HIV Infection in Women. In: O’Leary, A., Jemmott, L.S. (eds) Women and AIDS. AIDS Prevention and Mental Health. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/0-306-47140-X_1

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/0-306-47140-X_1

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-0-306-45258-1

  • Online ISBN: 978-0-306-47140-7

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics