Conclusions
Sedimentation of heavy chemical species upon crystallization represents a major source of energy for cool white dwarfs. The delay introduced by the C+O separation amounts 1 to 2 Gyr, depending on the chemical profile. Minor species are the main source of uncertainty since neon can introduce a delay in the range of 0.5 to 9 Gyr, while iron can introduce an additional delay of 1 Gyr. Therefore, it is of the highest importance to understand the behavior of the minor species.
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Isern, J., García-Berro, E., Hemanz, M., Mochkovitch, R. (2002). Crystallizing White Dwarfs. In: Kalman, G.J., Rommel, J.M., Blagoev, K. (eds) Strongly Coupled Coulomb Systems. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/0-306-47086-1_40
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