Abstract
Contamination in low permeability soils poses a significant technical challenge to in situ remediation, primarily due to low mobilization of the contaminants and difficulty in uniform delivery of treatment reagents. An alternative approach using electroosmosis (EO) is used to mobilize Trichloroethylene (TCE) in soil. However, the EO approach causes significant chemical changes in the soil which may affect transport and/or chemical transformation of TCE. Laboratory experiments and mathematical modeling were used to characterize the transport and chemical transformation of TCE in undisturbed soil cores during EO. A contamination zone (CZ) were located 1 cm below the anode. Electroosmotic fluid flow was vertically downwards from anode to cathode. A voltage gradient of 1.4 V/cm was applied to the soil for 4 weeks. More than 95% of the TCE was mobilized toward the cathode in the soil over a period of 672 hrs. The advective velocity of TCE was approximately 1.3×10−5 cm/sec and the dispersion coefficient is two times the diffusion coefficient of 6.9×10−6 cm2/sec We observed dichloroethylene (cis-1,2-DCE) indicating dechlorination of TCE. Dechlorination occurred in parts of the soil column where reducing conditions (Eh-pH conditions) are dominant. The most significant reductive dechlorination of TCE occurred near the cathode, a source of electrons during electroosmosis. Results show the need to include a decay term in the transport equations. The results show that potential chemical transformation of chlorinated organic compounds could enhance the remediation efficiency during EO.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
Bibliography
Acar, Y. B., Alshawabkeh, A. N., and Gale, R. J., (1992). “A review of fundamentals of removing contaminants from soils by electrokinetic soil processing.” Proceedings of the Mediterranean Conference on Environmental Geotechnology, May 25–27, 1992, Cesme, Turkey, Balkema Publishers, Inc., Amsterdam, Holland.
Acar, Y. B., Gale, R. J., Alshawabkeh, A. N., Marks, R. E., Puppala, S., Bricka, M., and Parker, R., (1995). “Electrokinetic remediation: Basics and technology status.” Journal of Hazardous Materials, 40, 117–137.
Bruell, C. J., Segall, B. A., and Walsh, M. T. (1992). “Electroosmotic removal of gasoline hydrocarbons and TCE from clay.” Journal of Environmental Engineering, 118(1), 68–83.
Chen, J.-L., Al-Abed, S. R., Bryndzia, L. T., and Murdoch, L. C. (1999) “Cation Transport and Patitioning During a Field Test of Electroosmosis.” Water Resources Research, 35(12), 3841–3851.
Eyklot, G. R., and Daniel D. E. (1994). “Impact of System Chemistry on Electroosmosis in Contaminated Soil.” J. Geotech. Eng., 120(5), 797–815.
Fetter, C. W. (1993). Contaminant Hydrogeology. Macmillan Pub., New York, NY, 458 pp.
Fischer, H. B., List, E. J., Koh, R. C. Y., Imberger, J., and Brooks, N. H. (1979). Mixing in Inland and Coastal Waters. Academic Press, New York, NY, 483pp.
Fusillo, T. V., Hochreiter, J. J., Jr., and Lord, D. G. (1985). “Distribution of Volatile Organic Compounds in a New Jersey Costal Plain Aquifer System.” Groundwater, 23, 354–360.
Hamed, J., Acar, Y. B., and Gale R. J. (1991) “Pb(II) Removal from Kaolinite by Electrokinetics.” J. Geotech. Eng. 117, 241–271.
Ho, S. V., Sheridan, W, Athmer, C. J., Heitkamp, M. A., Brackin, J. M., Weber, D., and Brodsky, P. H. (1995). “Integrated In Situ Soil Remediation Technology: The Lasagna Process.” Environmental Science and Technology. 29, 2528–2534.
Ho, S. V., Athmer, C. J., Sheridan, W, Sheridan P. W., Orth, R., Macenzie D., Brodsky, P. H., Shapiro A., Thornton R., Salvo J., Schultz D., Landis R., Griffith R., and Shoemaker S. (1999). “The Lasagna Technology for In situ Soil Remediation. 1. Small Field Test.” Environmental Science and Technology. 29, 2528–2534.
Jackson, M. L. Soil Chemical Analysis, Prentice Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs, N.J., 1958.
Mercer, J. W., Sipp, D. C., and Giffm, D. (1990). “U.S. Environ. Protect. Agency Report”EPA/600/8-90/003.
Pamukcu, S., and Wittle, J. K., (1992). “Electrokinetic removal of selected heavy metals from soil.” Environmental Progress, 11(3), 241–250.
Probstein, R. F., and Hicks, R. E., (1993). “Removal of contaminants from soil by electric fields.” Science, 260, 498–503.
Runnells, D., and J. L. Larson. (1986). “A Laboratory Study of Electromigration as Possible Field Techniques for the Removal of Contaminants from Groundwater.” Ground Water Monitoring Review. 6(3), 85–88.
Segall, B. A., and Bruell, C. J., (1992). “Electoosmotic contaminant removal processes.” Journal of Environmental Engineering, 118(1), 84–100.
Shapiro, A. P., Renaud, P. C., and Probstein, R. F. (1989). “Preliminary studies on the removal of chemical species from saturated porous media by electroosmosis.” PhysicoChemical Hydrodynamics, 11(5/6), 785–802.
Shapiro, A. P., and Probstein, R. F. (1993). “Removal of contaminants from saturated clay by electroosmosis.” Environmental Science and Technology, 27, 283–291.
USEPA, (1992). “A Technology Assessment of Soil Vapor Extraction and Air Sparging.” EPA/600/R-92/173.
USEPA, (1990). “Ground Water Volume I: Groundwater and Contamination.” EPA/625/6-90/016a.
Van Genuchten, M. Th., and Parker, T. C. (1984). “Boundary Conditions for Displacement Experiments through Short Laboratory Soil Columns.” Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 48, 703–708.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2002 Kluwer Academic Publishers
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Al-Abed, S.R., Chen, JL. (2002). Transport of Trichloroethylene (TCE) in Natural Soil by Electroosmosis. In: Smith, J.A., Burns, S.E. (eds) Physicochemical Groundwater Remediation. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/0-306-46928-6_5
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/0-306-46928-6_5
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-0-306-46569-7
Online ISBN: 978-0-306-46928-2
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive