Abstract
In the present work, the effect of acrylic acid copolymers in the formation of calcium carbonate and calcium phosphate scale deposits on heated surfaces was studied. The experiments were done in a small heat exchanger and the effectiveness of acrylic acid copolymers was tested for 50 hours. In the calcium carbonate formation experiments, the presence of acrylic acid copolymers was found to stabilize thermodynamically unstable polymorphs of calcium carbonate and did not cause significant changes in morphology of the crystals formed. Ten ppm of polyacrylic acid, molecular weight ca. 2000, was found to be the most effective inhibitor for calcium carbonate yielding 95% inhibition efficiency. Polyacrylic acid effectiveness was found to decrease with increasing pH. The acrylic acid-sulfonic acid copolymer and acrylic acid-sulfonic acid-styrene sodium sulfonate tertpolymer were found to be less effective in comparison with polyacrylic acid at the same concentration (43 and 34% inhibition efficiency respectively) but their effectiveness was found to increase with increasing pH. In the calcium phosphate formation experiments hydroxyapatite, the thermodynamically most stable phase of calcium phosphate, was formed both in the presence and in the absence of acrylic acid copolymers. Polyacrylic acid at a concentration of 10 ppm was found to be the most effective inhibitor for calcium phosphate with inhibition efficiency of 60%. The other copolymers of acrylic acid tested did not affect significantly the formation of calcium phosphate. The inhibition efficiency of PAA was found to decrease with increasing total calcium concentration in the solution.
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© 2002 Kluwer Academic Publishers
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Klepetsanis, P.G., Koutsoukos, P.G., Amjad, Z. (2002). Calcium Carbonate and Calcium Phosphate Scale Formation and Inhibition at Elevated Temperature. In: Amjad, Z. (eds) Advances in Crystal Growth Inhibition Technologies. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/0-306-46924-3_10
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/0-306-46924-3_10
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
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