Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Parasitic Infections

  • Chapter
MR Imaging and Spectroscopy of Central Nervous System Infection

Abstract

Infection of the central nervous system (CNS) by different parasites is in endemic proportion in different parts of the world. The distribution of the type of infection depends on the food habits, prevalence of the type of infection in the region, and local hygienic conditions in many developing countries in Asia, Africa, Central and South America, and Mexico. These infections may also be seen in developed countries due to population migration from the developing countries where these infections may be prevalent. Although a definite diagnosis of CNS parasitic infection is usually made on histopathology, the clinical diagnosis is generally based on a combination of the origin of the patient, clinical features, serology, and neuroimaging characteristic features. Neuroimaging plays a critical role in diagnosis and management of such patients as it provides the accurate location and extent of parasitic load and degree of host’s immune response to the parasites.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Pitella JEH. Neurocysticercosis. Brain Pathol 1997; 7: 681–693.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Ahuja GK, Roy S, Kamla G, Virmani V. Cerebral cysticercosis. J Neurol Sci 1978; 35: 365–374.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Del Brutto OH, Sotelo J. Neurocysticercosis: An update. Rev Infect Dis 1988; 10: 1075–1087.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Lobato RD, Lamas E, Portillo JM, et al. Hydrocephalus in cerebral cysticercosis. Pathogenetic and therapeutic considerations. J Neurosurg 1981; 55: 786–793.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Monteiro L, Coelho T, Stocker A. Neurocysticercosis-A review of 231 cases. Infection 1992; 20: 61–65.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Nash TE, Neva FA. Recent advances in the diagnosis and treatment of cerebral cysticercosis. N Engl J Med 1984; 311: 1492–1496.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Schantz PM. Surveillance and control programs for cestode diseases. In Parasitic diseases: Treatment and control MJ Miller, EJ Love, eds. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press; 275–290.

    Google Scholar 

  8. Scharf D. Neurocysticercosis. Two hundred thirty eight cases from a California hospital. Arch Neurol 1988; 45: 777–780.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Sparks AK, Neafie RC, Connor DH. Cysticercosis. In Pathology of tropical and extraordinary diseases ,CH Binford, DH Connor, eds. Washington, DC: Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, 1976; 539–543.

    Google Scholar 

  10. Orihel TC, Ash LR. Parasites in human tissues. Chicago: American Society of Clinical Pathologists, 1995.

    Google Scholar 

  11. Escobar A, Nieto D. Parasitic diseases. In Pathology of the nervous system ,J Minckler, ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1972; 2503–2521.

    Google Scholar 

  12. Flisser A, Madrazo I. Evagination of Taenia solium in the fourth ventricle. N Engl J Med 1996; 335: 753–754.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Rabiela Cervantes MT, Rivas-Hernandez A, Rodrigues-Ibarra J, Castillo-Medina S, Cancino FM. Anatomopathological aspects of human brain cysticercosis. In Cysticercosis: Present state of knowledge and perspectives ,A Flisser, K Sillms, JP Laclette, C Larralde, eds. New York: Academic Press, 1982; 179–200.

    Google Scholar 

  14. McCormick GF, Zee C-S, Heiden J. Cysticercosis cerebri. Review of 127 cases. Arch Neurol 1982; 39: 534–539.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Wadia N, Desai S, Bhatt M. Disseminated cysticercosis. New observations, including CT scan findings and experience with treatment by praziquantel. Brain 1988; 111: 597–614.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Sotelo Jguerrero V, Rubio F. Neurocysticercosis: A new classification based on active and inactive forms. A study of 753 cases. Arch Intern Med 1985; 145: 442–445.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Trelles JO, Trelles L. Cysticercosis of the nervous system. In Handbook of clinical neurology ,PJ Vinken, GW Bruyn, eds. Amsterdam: North-Holland, 1978; 291–320.

    Google Scholar 

  18. Zee CS, Segali HD, Destian S, Ahmadi J, Apuzzo ML. MRI of intraventricular cysticercosis: Surgical implications. J Comput Assist Tomogr 1993; 17: 932–939.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Del Brutto OH. Cysticercosis and cerebrovascular disease: A review. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1992; 55: 252–254.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Rodriguez-Cabajal J, Del Brutto OH, Panagos P, Huebe J, Escobar A. Occlusion of the middle cerebral artery due to cysticercotic angiitis. Stroke 1989; 20: 1095–1099.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Kohli A, Gupta RK, Kishore J. Anterior cerebral artery territory infarction in neurocysticercosis: Evaluation by MR angiography and in vivo proton MR spectroscopy. Pediatr Neurosurg 1997; 26: 93–96.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Sharma K, Gupta RK. Negative scan in Neurocysticercosis. Pediatr Neurosurg 1993; 19:206–207.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Teitelbaum GP, Otto RJ, Lin M, et al. MR imaging of neurocysticercosis. Am J Neuroradiol 1989; 153: 857–866.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Zee CS, Segall HD, Boswell W, Ahmadi J, Nelson M, Colleti P. MR imaging of neurocysticercosis. J Comput Assist Tomogr 1988; 12: 927–934.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Del Brutto OH, Zenteno MA, Salgado P, Sotelo J. MR imaging in cysticercotic encephalitis. Am J Neuroradiol 1989; 10: S18–S20.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Suss RA, Maravilla KR, Thompson J. MR imaging of intracranial cysticercosis: Comparison with CT and anatomopathologic features. Am J Neuroradiol 1986; 7: 235–242.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Jena A, Sanchetee PC, Gupta RK, Khushu S, Chandra R, Lakshmipathi N. Cysticercosis of brain shown by magnetic resonance imaging. Clin Radiol 1988; 39: 542–546.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Creasy J, Alacron J. Magnetic resonance imaging of neurocysticercosis. Top Magn Reson Imaging 1994; 6: 59–68.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Chang KH, Cho SY, Hesselink JR, Han MH, Han MC. Parasitic diseases of the central nervous system. Neuroimaging Clin North Am 1991; 1: 159–178.

    Google Scholar 

  30. Chang KH, Lee JH, Han MH, et al. The role of contrast enhanced MR imaging in the diagnosis of neurocysticercosis. Am J Neuroradiol 1991; 12: 501–513.

    Google Scholar 

  31. Rajshekhar V, Chandy MJ. Comparative study of CT and MRI in patients with seizures and a solitary cerebral cysticercus granuloma. Neuroradiology 1996; 38: 542–546.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Spickler EM, Lufkin RB, Teresi L, Lanman T, Levesque M, Bentson JR. High-signal intraventricular cysticercosis on Tl-weighted MR imaging [Case Report]. Am J Neuroradiol 1989; 10: S64.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Suh DC, Chang KH, Han MH, Lee SR, Han MC, Kim CW. Unusual MR manifestations of neurocysticercosis. Neuroradiology 1989; 31: 396–402.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Jena A, Sanchetee P, Tripathi R, Jain R, Gupta A, Sapra M. MR observations on the effects of praziquantel in neurocysticercosis. Magn Reson Imaging 1992; 10: 77–80.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Kathuria MK, Gupta RK, Roy R, Gaur V, Hussain N, Pradhan S. Measurement of magnetization transfer in different stages of neurocysticercosis. J Magn Resom Imaging 1998; 8: 473–479.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Gupta RK, Kathuria MK, Pradhan S. Magnetization transfer MR imaging in central nervous system tuberculosis. Am J Neuroradiol 1999; 20: 867–875.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Yamada N, Imakita S, Sakuma RT, Takamiya M. Intracranial calcification on gradient-echo phase images depiction of diamagnetic susceptibility. Radiology 1996; 198:171–178.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Kramer LD. Medical treatment of cysticercosis: Ineffective. Arch Neurol 1995; 52: 101–102.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Del Brutto OH, Santibanez R, Noboa CA, Aguirre R, Diaz E, Alarcon TA. Epilepsy due to neurocysticercosis: Analysis of 203 patients. Neurology 1992; 42: 389–392.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Gupta RK, Kathuria MK, Pradhan S. Magnetization transfer MR imaging demonstration of perilesional gliosis: Its relationship with epilepsy in treated or healed neurocysticercosis. Lancet 1999; 354: 41–42.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  41. Rhee RS, Kumasaki DY, Sarwar M, Rodriguez J, Naseem M. MR imaging of intraventricular cysticercosis. J Comput Assist Tomogr 1988; 11: 598–601.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  42. Gupta RK, Jain VK, Kumar S, Gupta S, Haque I, Gujral RB. Unusual MRI appearance of cysticercus within the fourth ventricle. Neuroradiology 1993; 35: 457–458.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Chang KH, Song IC, Kim SH, et al. In vivo single voxel proton MR spectroscopy in intracranial cystic masses. Am J Neuroradiol 1998; 19: 401–405.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Castillo M, Quencer RM, Post MJD. MR of intramedullary spinal cysticercosis. Am J Neuroradiol 1988; 9: 393–395.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Gaur V, Dev R, Kathuria M, Husain M, Gupta RK. MRI of isolated intramedullary cysticercosis. Clin Radiol 2000; 55: 311–314.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Bia FJ, Barry M. Parasitic infections of the central nervous system. Neurol Clin 1986; 4: 171–206.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Chang KH, Cho SY, Hesselink JR, Han MH, Han MC. Parasitic diseases of the central nervous system. Neuroimaging Clin North Am 1991; 1: 159–178.

    Google Scholar 

  48. Chang KH, Han MH. MRI of CNS parasitic diseases. J Magn Reson Imaging 1998; 8: 297–307.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Cha SH, Chang KH, Cho SY, et al. Cerebral paragonimiasis in early active stage: CT and MR features. Am J Roentgenol 1994; 162: 141–145.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Chang KH, Cha SH, Han MH, et al. An imaging diagnosis of cerebral paragonimiasis: CT and MR findings and correlation with ELISA antibody test. J Korean Rad Soc 1993; 29: 345–354.

    Google Scholar 

  51. Kadota T, Ishikura R, Tabuchi Y, et al. MR imaging of chronic cerebral paragonimiasis. Am J Neuroradiol 1989; 10: S2l–S22.

    Google Scholar 

  52. Oh SJ. Roentgen findings in cerebral paragonimiasis. Radiology 1968; 90: 291–299.

    Google Scholar 

  53. Udaka F, Okuda B, Okada M, Tsufi T, Kameyama M. CT findings of cerebral paragonimiasis in the chronic state. Neuroradiology 1988; 30: 31–34.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Cho SY, Bae JH, Seo BS, et al. Some aspects of human sparganosis in Korea. Korean J Parasitol 1975; 13: 60–77.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  55. Chang KH, Cho SY, Chi JG, et al. Cerebral sparganosis: CT characteristics. Radiology 1987; 165: 505–510.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Moon WK, Chang KH, Cho SY, et al. Cerebral sparganosis: MR imaging versus CT features. Radiology 1993; 188:751–757.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Kim DG, Paek SH, Chang KH, et al. Cerebral sparganosis: Clinical manifestations, treatment and outcome. J Neurosurg 1996; 85: 1066–1071.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Taratuto AL, Venturiello SM. Echinococcosis. Brain Pathol 1997; 7: 673–679.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Kammerer WS. Echinococcosis affecting the central nervous system. Semin Neurol 1993; 13:144–147.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Coats R, von Sinner W, Rahm B. MR imaging of an intracerebral hydatid cyst. Am J Neuroradiol 1990; 11: 1249–1250.

    Google Scholar 

  61. Turgut M, Benli K, Eryilmaz M. Secondary multiple intracranial hydatid cysts caused by intracerebral embolism of cardiac echinococcosis: An exceptional case of hydatidosis. J Neurosurg 1997; 86: 714–718.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Nurchi G, Floris F, Montaldo C, Mastio F, Peltz T, Coraddu M. Multiple cerebral hydatid disease: Case report with magnetic resonance imaging study. Neurosurgery 1992; 30: 436–438.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Aksungur EH, Oguz M, Bicakci K, Altey M. Cerebral hydatid lesion with daughter cysts: MR and CT findings. Am J Roentgenol 1994; 163: 1269–1270.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Kohli A, Gupta RK, Poptani H, Roy R. In vivo proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy in a case of intracranial hydatid cyst. Neurology 1995; 45: 562–564.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Novak M, Hameed N, Buist R, Blackburn BJ. Metabolites of alveolar echinococcus as determined by 31-P and 1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Parasitol Res 1992; 78: 665–670

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Bensaid AH, Dietemann JL, Filippi de la Palavesa MM, et al. Intracranial alveolar echinococcosis: CT and MRI. Neuroradiology 1994; 36: 289–291.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Braithwaite PA, Lees RF. Vertebral hydatid disease. Radiological assessment. Radiology 1981; 140. 763–766.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Jena A, Tripathi RP, Jain AK. Primary spinal echinococcosis causing paraplegia. Case report with MR and pathological correlation. Am J Neuroradiol 1991; 12: 560.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Ogut AG, Kanberoglu K, Altug A, Cokyuksel O. CT and MRI in hydatid disease of cervical vertebrae. Neuroradiology 1992; 34: 430–432.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Marani SAD, Canossi GC, Nicoli FA, Alberti GP, Monni SG, Casolo PM. Hydatid disease: MR imaging study. Radiology 1990; 175: 701–706.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Tekkok IH, Benli K. Primary spinal extradural hydatid disease: Report of a case with magnetic resonance characteristics and pathological correlation. Neurosurgery 1993; 33: 320–323.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Campbells. Amoebic brain abscess and meningoencephalitis. Semin Neurol 1993; 13: 153–160.

    Google Scholar 

  73. Lombardo L, Alonso P, Saenz-Arroyo L, et al. Cerebral amoebiasis-report of 17 cases. J Neurosurg 1964; 21:704–708.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Dietz R, Schanen S, Kramann B, Erpelding J. Intracranial amoebic abscess: CT and MRI findings. J Comput Assist Tomogr 1991; 15: 168–170.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. De Villiers JP, Durra G. Amoebic abscess of the brain. Clin Radiol 1998; 6: 307–309.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  76. Zagardo MT, Castellani RJ, Zoarski GH, Bauserman SC. Granulomatous amebic encephalitis caused by leptomyxoid amoebae in an HIV-infected patient. Am J Neuroradiol 1997; 18: 903–908.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Marsden PD, Bruce-Chwatt LJ. Cerebral malaria. In Topics on tropical neurology ,RW Hornabrook, ed. Philadelphia: Davis, 1975; 29–44.

    Google Scholar 

  78. Janota I, Doshi B. Cerebral malaria in United Kingdom. J Clin Pathol 1979; 32: 769–772.

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Turner G. Cerebral malaria. Brain Pathol 1997; 7: 569–582.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Millan JM, San Millan JM, Munoz M, Navas E, Lopez-Veles R. CNS complications in acute malaria: MR findings. Am J Neuroradiol 1993; 14: 493–494.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Kampfl AW, Birbamer GG, Pfausler BE, Haring HP, Schmutzhard E. Isolated pontine lesion in algid malaria: Clinical features, management and MRI findings. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1993; 48: 818–822.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. Saissy JM, Pats B, Renard JL, Dubayle P, Herve R. Isolated bulb lesion following mild Plasmodium falciparum malaria diagnosed by MRI. Intens Care Med 1996; 22:610.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. Looareesuwan S, Wilairatana P, Krishna S, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging of the brain in patients with cerebral malaria. Clin Infect Dis 1995; 21: 300–309.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  84. Cordoliani YS, Sarrazin JL, Feiten D, Caumes E, Leveque C, Fisch A. MR of cerebral malaria. Am J Neuroradiol 1998; 19: 871–874.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  85. Pawlowski ZS. Clinical aspects in man. In Trichinella and trichinosis ,WC Campbell, ed. New York: Plenum Press, 1983; 367–401.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  86. Fourestie V, Douceron H, Brugieres P, Ancelle T, Lejonc JL, Gherardi RK. Neurotrichinosis. A cerebrovascular disease associated with myocardial injury and hypereosinophilia. Brain 1993; 116: 603–616.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  87. Ellrodt A, Halfon P, LeBras P, et al. Multifocal central nervous system lesions in three patients with trichinosis. Arch Neurol 1987; 44: 432–434.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  88. Feydy A, Touze E, Miaux Y, et al. MRI in a case of neurotrichinosis. Neuroradiology 1996; 38: S80–S82.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  89. Ruttinger P, Hadidi H. MRI in cerebral toxocaral disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1991; 54: 361– 362.

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  90. Kumar J, Kimm J. MR in Toxocara canis myelopathy. Am J Neuroradiol 1994; 15: 1918–1920.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  91. Duprez TPJ, Bigaignon G, Delgrange E, et al. MRI of cervical cord lesions and their resolution in Toxocara canis myelopathy. Neuroradiology 1996; 38: 792–795.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  92. Liu L. Spinal and cerebral schistosomiasis. Semin Neurol 1993; 13:189–200.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  93. Pittella JE, Lana-Peixoto MA. Brain involvement in hepatosplenic schistosomiasis mansoni. Brain 1981; 104:621–632.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  94. Gelfand M. Neurological complications of parasitic disease. In Tropical neurology ,JD Spillane, ed. London: Oxford University Press, 1977; 247–258.

    Google Scholar 

  95. Scrïmgeor EM, Gajdusek DC. Involvement of the CNS in schistosomiasis mansoni: A review. Brain 1985; 108:1023–1038.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  96. Silbergleit R, Silbergleit R. Schistosomal granuloma of the spinal cord: Evaluation with MR imaging and intraoperative sonography. Am J Roentgenol 1992; 158:1351–1353.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  97. Murphy KJ, Brunberg JA, Quint DJ, Kazanjian PH. Spinal cord infection: Myelitis and abscess formation. Am J Neuroradiol 1998; 19: 341–348.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Radiodiagnosis, Sanjay Gandhi Post-Graduate of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, 226014, India

    Rakesh K. Gupta

  2. Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 110-744, South korea

    Kee-Hyun Chang

Authors
  1. Rakesh K. Gupta
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Kee-Hyun Chang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Radiodiagnosis, Sanjay Gandhi Post-Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, 226014, India

    Rakesh K. Gupta M.D. (Additional Professor) (Additional Professor)

  2. Department of Radiological Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, 90095, USA

    Robert B. Lufkin M.D. (Professor) (Professor)

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2001 Kluwer Academic / Plenum Publishers

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Gupta, R.K., Chang, KH. (2001). Parasitic Infections. In: Gupta, R.K., Lufkin, R.B. (eds) MR Imaging and Spectroscopy of Central Nervous System Infection. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/0-306-46844-1_6

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/0-306-46844-1_6

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4757-0573-7

  • Online ISBN: 978-0-306-46844-5

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation