Chapter PDF
Keywords
- Nursing Home
- Respiratory Syncytial Virus
- Influenza Vaccine
- Nursing Home Resident
- Lower Respiratory Tract Infection
These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
References
Addiss, D. G., Davis, J. P., Meade, B. D., Burstyn, D. G., Meissner, M., Zastrow, J. A., Berg, J. L., Drinka, P., & Phillips, R. (1991). A pertussis outbreak in a Wisconsin nursing home. J. Infect. Dis., 164, 704–710.
Agius, G., Dindinaud, G., Biggar, R. J., Payre, R., Vaillant, V., Ranger, S., Poupet, J. Y., Cisse, M. F., & Castets, M. (1990). An epidemic of respiratory syncytial virus in elderly people: clinical and serological findings. J. Med. Virol, 30, 117–127.
Ahkee, S., Srinath, L., & Ramirez, J. (1997). Community-acquired pneumonia in the elderly: Association of mortality with lack of fever and leukocytosis. South. Med. J., 90, 296–298.
Alvarez, S., Shell, C. G., Woolley, T. W., Berk, S. L., & Smith, J. K. (1988). Nosocomial infections in long-term facilities. J. Gerontol., 43, M9–M17.
American Thoracic Society. (1993). Guidelines for the initial management of adults with community-acquired pneumonia: diagnosis, assessment of severity, and initial antimicrobial therapy. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis., 148, 1418–1426.
Amman, A. J., Schiffman, G., & Austrian, R. (1980). The antibody responses to pneumococcal capsular polysaccharides in aged individuals. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med., 164, 312–316.
Andrews, J., Chandrasekaran, P., & McSwiggan, D. (1984). Lower respiratory tract infections in an acute geriatric male ward: a one-year prospective surveillance. Gerontology, 30, 290–296.
Arden, N. H., Patriarca, P. A., Fasano, M. B., Lui, K.-J., Harmon, M. W., Kendal, A. P., & Rimland, D. (1988). The roles of vaccination and amantadine prophylaxis in controlling an outbreak of influenza A (H3N2) in a nursing home. Arch. Intern. Med., 148, 865–868.
Arroyo, J. C., Jordan, W., & Milligan, L. (1988). Upper respiratory tract infection and serum antibody responses in nursing home patients. Am. J. Infect. Control, 16, 152–158.
Barker, W. H., & Mullooly, J. P. (1980). Impact of epidemic type A influenza in a defined adult population. Am. J. Epidemiol, 112,798–813.
Barker, W. H., Borisute, H., & Cox, C. (1998). A study of the impact of influenza on the functional status of frail older people. Arch. Intern. Med., 158, 645–650.
Bartlett, J. G., Dowell, S. F, Mandell, L. A., File, T. M., Musher, D. M., & Fine, M. J. (2000). Practice guidelines for the management of community-acquired pneumonia in adults. Clin. Inject. Dis., 31, 347–382.
Beck-Sague, C., Banerjee, S., & Jarvis, W. R., 1993, Infectious diseases and mortality among US nursing home residents. Am. J. Publ. Health, 83, 1739–1742.
Beck-Sague, C., Villarino, E., Giuliano, D., Welbel, S., Latts, L., Manangan, L. M., Sinkowitz, R. L., & Jarvis, W. R. (1994). Infectious diseases and death among nursing home residents: results of surveillance in 13 nursing homes. Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol., 15, 494–496.
Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System. (1997). Pneumococcal and influenza vaccination levels among adults ≥ years-United States, 1995. MMWR, 46, 913–919.
Bentley, D. W. (1984). Bacterial pneumonia in the elderly: clinical features, diagnosis, etiology, and treatment. Gerontology, 30, 297–307.
Berman, P., Hogan, D. B., & Fox, R. A. (1987). The atypical presentation of infection in old age. Age Ageing, 16, 201–207.
Brammer, L., Fukuda, K., Arden, N., Schmeltz, L. M., Simonen, L., Khan, A., Regnery, H. L., Schonberger, L. B., & Cox, N. J. (1997). Influenza surveillance-United States, 1992–93 and 1993–94. MMWR, 46(SS-1), 1–12.
Brennen, C, Vickers, R. M., Yu, V. L., Puntereri, A., & Yee, Y. C. (1987). Discovery of occult legionella pneumonia in a long stay hospital: results of prospective serological survey. Br. Med. J., 295, 306–307.
British Thoracic Society. (1987). Community-acquired pneumonia in adults in British hospitals in 1982–1983: a BTS/PHLS survey of aetiology, mortality, prognostic factors and outcome. Quart. J. Med., 62, 195–200.
Butler, J. C., Breiman, R. F., Campbell, J. K, Lipman, H. B., Broome, C. V., & Facklam, R. R. (1993). Pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine efficacy. An evaluation of current recommendations. JAMA, 270, 1826–1831.
Carman, W. F., Elder, A. G., Wallace, L. A., McAulay, K., Walker, A., Murray, G. D., & Stout, D. J. (2000). Effects of influenza vaccination of health-care workers on mortality of elderly people in long-term-care: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet, 355, 93–97.
Cartter, M. L., Renzullo, P. O., Helgerson, S. D., Martin, S. M., & Jekel, J. F. (1990). Influenza outbreaks in nursing homes: How effective is influenza vaccine in the institutionalized elderly? Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol., 11, 473–478.
Castle, S. C., Norman, D. C., Yeh, M., Miller, D., & Yoshikawa, T. T. (1991). Fever response in elderly nursing home residents: are the older truly colder? J. Am. Geriatr. Soc., 39, 853–857.
Centers for Disease Control. (1978). Parainfluenza outbreaks in extended care facilities-United States. MMWR, 27, 475–476.
Centers for Disease Control. (1990). Hospitalizations for the leading causes of death among the elderly-United States, 1987. MMWR, 39, 777–779.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (1996). Prevention and control of influenza: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). MMWR, 45(No. RR-5), 1–24.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (1997). Prevention of pneumococcal disease. Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). MMWR, 46(RR-8), 1–24.
Couch, R. B. (1981). The effects of influenza on host defenses. J. Infect. Dis., 144, 284–291.
Crapo, R. O., & Morris, A. H. (1981). Standardized single breath normal values for carbon monoxide diffusing capacity. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis., 123, 185–189.
Crossley, K. B., & Thurn, J. R. (1989). Nursing home-acquired pneumonia. Semin. Respir. Infect., 4, 64–72.
Darnowski, S. B., Gordon, M., & Simor, A. E. (1991). Two years of infection surveillance in a geriatric long-term care facility. Am. J. Infect. Control, 19, 185–190.
Darowski, A., Najim, Z., Weinberg, J., & Guz, A. (1991). The febrile response to mild infections in elderly hospital inpatients. Age Ageing, 20, 193–198.
Degelau, J., Guay, D., Straub, K., & Luxenberg, M. G. (1995). Effectiveness of oral antibiotic treatment in nursing homeacquired pneumonia. J. Am. Geriatr. Soc., 43, 245–251.
Drinka, P. J., Gauerkc, C., Voeks, S., Miller, J., Schultz, S., Krause, P., & Golubjatnikov, R. (1994). Pneumonia in a nursing home. J. Gen. Intern. Med., 9, 650–652.
Ebright, J. R., & Rytel, M. W. (1980). Bacterial pneumonia in the elderly. J. Am. Geriatr. Soc., 28, 220–223.
Esposito, A. L., & Pennington, J. E. (1983). Effects of aging on antibacterial mechanisms in experimental pneumonia. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis., 128, 662–667.
Falsey, A. R. (1991). Noninfluenza respiratory virus infection in long-term care facilities. Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol, 12,602–608.
Falsey, A. R., Walsh, E. E., & Betts, R. F. (1990). Serologic evidence of respiratory syncytial virus infection in nursing home patients. J. Infect. Dis., 162, 568–569.
Falsey, A. R., Treanor, J. J., Betts, R. F., & Walsh, E. E. (1992). Viral respiratory infections in the institutionalized elderly: clinical and epidemiologic findings. J. Am. Geriatr. Soc., 40, 115–119.
Falsey, A. R., Cunningham, C. K., Barker, W. H., Kouides, R. W., Yuen, J. B., Menegus, M., Weiner. L. B., Bonville, C. A., & Betts, R. F. (1995). Respiratory syncytial virus and influenza A infections in the hospitalized elderly. J. Infect. Dis., 172, 389–394.
Falsey, A. R., McCann, R. M., Hall, W. J., Criddle, M. M., Formica, M. A., Wycoff, D., & Kolassa, J. E. (1997). The “common cold” in frail older persons: Impact of rhinovirus and coronavirus in a senior daycare center. J. Am. Geriatr. Soc., 45, 706–711.
Farber, B. F., Brennen, C., Puntereri, A. J., & Brody, J. P. (1984). A prospective study of nosocomial infections in a chronic care facility. J. Am. Geriatr. Soc., 32, 499–502.
Fein, A. M. (1994). Pneumonia in the elderly. Special diagnostic and therapeutic considerations. Med. Clin. North Am., 78, 1015–1033.
Fein, A. M., Feinsilver, S. H., & Niederman, M. S. (1991). Atypical manifestations of pneumonia in the elderly. Clin. Chest. Med., 12, 319–336.
Fine, M. J., Smith, M. A., Carson, C. A., Meffe, F., Sankey, S. S., Weissfeld, L. A., Detsky, A. S., & Kapoor, W. N. (1994). Efficacy of pneumococcal vaccination in adults. A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Arch. Intern. Med., 154, 2666–2677.
Fine, M. J., Smilh, M. A., Carson, C. A., Mulha, S. S., Sankey, S. S., Weissfeld, L. A., & Kapoor, W. N. (1996). Prognosis and outcomes of patients with community-acquired pneumonia. A meta-analysis. JAMA, 274, 134–141.
Fine, M. J., Auble, T. E., Yealy, D. M., Hanusa, B. H., Weissfeld, L. A., Singer, D. E., Coley, C. M., Marrie, T. J., & Kapoor, W. N. (1997). A prediction rule to identify low-risk patients with community-acquired pneumonia. N. Engl. J. Med., 336, 243–250.
Finkelstein, M. S., Petkun, W. M., Freedman, M. L., & Antopol, S. C. (1983). Pneumococcal bacteremia in adults: age-dependent differences in presentation and in outcome. J. Am. Geriatr. Soc., 31, 19–27.
Finnegan, T. P., Austin, T. W., & Cape, R. D. (1985). A 12-month fever surveillance study in a Veterans’ long-stay institution. J. Am. Geriatr. Soc., 33, 590–594.
Fiore, A. E., Iverson, C., Messmer, T., Erdman, D., Lett, S. M., Talkington, D. F., Anderson, L. J., Fields, B., Carlone, G. M., Breiman, R. F., & Cetron, M. S. (1998). Outbreak of pneumonia in a long-term care facility: Antecedent human parainfluenza virus 1 infection may predispose to bacterial pneumonia. J. Am. Geriatr. Soc., 46, 1112–1117.
Fleming, D. M., & Cross, K. W. (1993). Respiratory syncytial virus or influenza? Lancet, 342, 1507–1510.
Freeman, E., Sutton, R. N. P., & Çcvikbaş A. (1982). Respiratory infections on longstay wards. J. Infect., 4, 237–242.
Fried, T. R., Gillick, M. R., & Lipsitz, L. A. (1995). Whether to transfer? Factors associated with hospitalization and out-come of elderly long-term care patients with pneumonia. J. Gen. Intern. Med., 10, 246–250.
Fried, T. R., Gillick, M. R., & Lipsitz, L. A. (1997). Short-term functional outcomes of long-term care residents with pneumonia treated with and without hospital transfer. J. Am Geriatr. Soc., 45, 302–306.
Garb, J. L., Brown, R. B., Garb, J. R., & Tuthill, R. W. (1978). Differences in etiology of pneumonia in nursing home and community patients. JAMA, 240, 2169–2172.
Garibaldi, R. A., Brodine, S., & Matsumiya, S. (1981). Infections among patients in nursing homes: policies, prevalence, and problems. N. Engl. J. Med., 305, 731–735.
Garvie, D. G., & Gray, J. (1980). Outbreak of respiratory syncytial virus infection in the elderly. Br. Med. J., 281, 1253–1254.
Glasgow, K. W., Tamblyn, S. E., & Blair, G. (1995). A respiratory outbreak due to parainfluenza virus type 3 in a home for the aged-Ontario. Can. Commun. Dis. Rep., 21, 57–61.
Goetz, M. B., O’Brien, H., Musser, J. M., & Ward, J. I. (1994). Nosocomial transmission of disease caused by nontypeable strains of Haemophilus influenzae. Am. J. Med., 96, 342–347.
Gomolin, I. H., Leib, H. B., Arden, N. H., & Sherman, F. T. (1995). Control of influenza outbreaks in the nursing home: guidelines for diagnosis and management. J. Am. Geriatr. Soc., 43, 71–74.
Goodman, R. A., Orenstein, W. A., Munro, T. F., Smith, S. C., & Sikes, R. K. (1982). Impact of influenza A in a nursing home. JAMA, 247, 1451–1453.
Goodwin, J. S., Searles, R. P., & Tung, K. S. K. (1982). Immuno-logical responses of a healthy elderly population. Clin, Exp. Immunol., 48, 403–410.
Gordon, W. Z., Kane, R. L., & Rothenberg, R. (1985). Acute hospitalization in a home for the aged. J. Am. Geriatr. Soc., 33, 519–523.
Grvenstein, S., Miller, B. A., & Drinka, P. (1992). Prevention and control of Influenza A outbreaks in long-term care facilities, Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol., 13, 49–54.
Gross, J. S., Neufeld, R. R., Libow, L. S., Gerber, I., & Rodstein, M. (1988a). Autopsy study of the elderly institutionalized patient: review of 234 autopsies. Arch. Intern. Med., 148, 173–176.
Gross, P. A., Rodstein, M., LaMontagne, J. R., Kaslow, R. A., Saah, A. J., Wallenstein, S., Neufeld, R., Denning, C., Gaerlan, P., & Quinnan, G. V. (1988b). Epidemiology of acute respiratory illness during an influenza outbreak in a nursing home: a prospective study. Arch. Intern. Med., 148, 559–561.
Gross, P. A., Hermogenes, A. W., Sacks, H. S., Lau, J., & Levendowski, R. A. (1995). The efficacy of influenza vaccine in elderly persons. A meta-analysis and review of the literature. Ann. Intern. Med., 123, 518–527.
Guay, D. R. P. (1994). Amantadine and rimantadine prophylaxis of Influenza A in nursing homes: a tolerability perspective. Drugs Aging, 5, 8–19.
Haglund, L. A., Istre, G. R., Pickett, D. A., Welch, D. F, Fine, D.P., & the Pneumococcus Study Group. (1993). Invasive pneumococcal disease in central Oklahoma: emergence of high-level penicillin resistance and multiple antibiotic resistance. J. Infect. Dis., 168, 1532–1536.
Harkness, G. A., Bentley, D. W., & Roghmann, K. J. (1990). Risk factors for nosocomial pneumonia in the elderly. Am. J. Med., 89, 457–463.
Hart, R. J. C. (1984). An outbreak of respiratory syncytial virus infection in an old people’s home. J. Infect., 8, 259–261.
Hirata-Dulas, C. A. I., Stein, D. J., Guay, D. R. P., Gruninger, R. P., & Peterson, P. K. (1991). A randomized study of ciprofloxacin versus ceftriaxone in the treatment of nursing home-acquired lower respiratory tract infections. J. Am. Geriatr. Soc., 39, 979–985.
Hoffman, N., Jenkins, R., & Putney, K. (1990). Nosocomial infection rates during a one-year period in a nursing home care unit of a Veterans Administration hospital. Am. J. Infect. Control, 18, 55–63.
Irvine, P. W., Van Buren, N., & Crossley, K. (1984). Causes for hospitalization of nursing home residents: the role of infection, J. Am. Geriatr. Soc., 32, 103–107.
Irwin, R. S., Whitaker, S., Pratter, M.R., Millard, C.E., Tarpey, J. T., & Corwin, R. W. (1982). The transiency of oropharyngeal colonization with gram-negative bacilli in residents of a skilled nursing facility. Chest, 81, 31–35.
Jackson, M. M., & Fierer, J. (1985). Infections and infection risk in residents of long-term care facilities: a review of the literature, 1970–1984. Am. J. Infect. Control, 13, 63–77.
Jackson, M. M., Fierer, J., Barrett-Connor, E., Fraser, D., Klauber, M. R., Hatch, R., Burkhart, B., & Jones, M. (1992). Intensive surveillance for infections in a three-year study of nursing home patients. Am. J. Epidemiol., 135, 685–696.
Jacobson, C., & Strausbaugh, L. J. (1990). Incidence and impact of infection in a nursing home care unit. Am. J. Infect. Control, 18, 151–159.
Janssens, J.-P., Gauthey, L., Herrmann, F., Tkatch, L., & Michel, J. P. (1996). Community-acquired pneumonia in older patients. J. Am. Geriatr. Soc., 44, 539–544.
Kikuchi, R., Watabe, N., Konno, T., Mishina, N., Sekizawa, K., & Sasaki, H. (1994). High incidence of silent aspiration in elderly patients with community-acquired pneumonia. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., 150, 251–253.
Kludt, P., Lett, S. M., DeMaria, A., Crutcher, J. M, Curtis, N. M., Garvey, C. W., Frank, L. L., Danner, A., Benjamin, G. C., & Dwyer, D. (1997). Outbreaks of pneumococcal pneumonia among unvaccinated residents in chronic-care facilities—Massachusetts, October 1995, Oklahoma, February 1996, and Maryland May–June 1996. MMWR, 46, 60–62.
Knudson, R. J., Clark, D. F, Kennedy, T. C., & Knudson, D. E. (1977). Effect of aging alone on mechanical properties of the normal adult human lung. J. Appl. Physiol., 43, 1054–1062.
Koivula, I., Stén, M., Leinonen, M., & Mäkelä, P. H. (1997). Clinical efficacy of pneumococcal vaccine in the elderly: a randomized, single-blind population-based trial. Am. J. Med., 103, 281–290.
Lee, Y.-L., Thrupp, L. D., Northvogel, L. S., Farsad, N., & Cesario, T. (1996). Infection surveillance and antibiotic utilization in a community-based skilled nursing facility. A Clin. Exp. Res., 8, 113–122.
Leonardi, G. P., Leib, H., Birkhead, G. S., Smith, C., Costello, P., & Conron, W. (1994). Comparison of rapid detection methods for influenza A virus and their value in health-care management of institutionalized geriatric patients. J. Clin. Microbiol, 32, 70–74.
Li, J., Birkhead, G. S., Strogatz, D. S., & Coles, F. B. (1996). Impact of institution size, staffing patterns, and infection control practices on communicable disease outbreaks in New York state nursing homes. Am. J. Epidemiol., 143, 1042–1049.
Loeb, M., McGeer, A., McArthur, M., Walter, S., & Simor, A. E. (1999). Risk factors for pneumonia and other lower respiratory tract infections in elderly residents of long-term care facilities. Arch.Intern. Med., 159, 2058–2064.
Loeb, M., McGreer, A., McArthur, M., Peeling, R. W., Petric, M., & Simor, A. E. (2000). Surveillance for outbreaks of respiratory tract infections in nursing homes. Can. Med. Assoc. J., 162, 1133–1137.
Mafsaki, S., Kohno, S., Koga, H., Kaku, M., Yoshitomi, Y, Yamada, H., Matsuda, H., Higashiyama, Y, Hara, K., Seto, M., & Nakaguchi, S. (1992). An outbreak of Legionnaire’s pneumonia in a nursing home. Med., 31, 508–512.
Magaziner, J., Tenney, J. H., DeForge, B., Herbel, R., Muncie, H. L., & Warren, J. W. (1991). Prevalence and characteristics of nursing home-acquired infections in the aged. J. Am. Geriatr. Soc., 39, 1071–1078.
Mai, V, & Tamblyn, S. (1987). Outbreak of respiratory syncytial virus in a home for the aged-Ontario. Can. Dis. Weekly Rep., 13, 215–217.
Mandal, S. K., Joglekar, V. M., & Khan, A. S. (1985). An outbreak of respiratory syncytial virus infection in a continuing-care geriatric ward. Age Ageing, 14, 184–186.
Mandell, L. A., Niederman, M., & the Canadian Community-Acquired Pneumonia Consensus Conference Group. (1993). Antimicrobial treatment of community acquired pneumonia in adults: a conference report. Can. J. Infect. Dis., 4, 25–28.
Marrie, T. J. (1990). Epidemiology of community-acquired pneumonia in the elderly. Semin. Respir. Infect., 5, 260–268.
Marrie, T. J. (1992). Bacteraemic pneumococcal pneumonia: a continuously evolving disease. J. Infect., 24, 247–255.
Marrie, T. J. (1994). Community-acquired pneumonia, Clin. Infect. Dis., 18, 501–515.
Marrie, T. J., & Blanchard, W. (1997). A comparison of nursing home-acquired pneumonia patients with patients with community-acquired pneumonia and nursing home patients without pneumonia. 7. Am. Geriatr. Soc., 45, 50–55.
Marrie, T. J., & Slayter, K. L. (1996). Nursing home-acquired pneumonia. Treatment options. Drugs Aging, 8, 338–348.
Marrie, T. J., Haldane, E. V., Faulkner, R. S., Durant, H., & Kwan, C. (1985). Community-acquired pneumonia requiring hospitalization: Is it different in the elderly? J. Am. Geriatr. Soc., 33, 671–680.
Marrie, T. J., Durant, H., & Kwan, C. (1986). Nursing home-acquired pneumonia. A case-control study. J. Am. Geriatr. Soc., 34, 697–702.
Marrie, T. J., Durant, H., & Yates, L. (1989). Community-acquired pneumonia requiring hospitalization: 5-year prospective study. Rev. Infect. Dis., 11, 586–599.
Mathur, U., Bentley, D. W., & Hall, C. B. (1980). Concurrent respiratory syncytial virus and influenza A infections in the institutionalized elderly and chronically ill. Ann. Intern. Med., 93, 49–52.
McAlpine, C. H., Martin, B. J., Lennox, I. M., & Roberts, M. A. (1986). Pyrexia in infection in the elderly. Age Ageing, 15, 230–234.
McArthur, M. A., Simor, A. E., Campbell, B., & McGeer, A. (1995). Influenza and pneumococcal vaccination and tuberculin skin testing programs in long-term care facilities: Where do we stand? Infect. Control Hasp. Epidemiol., 16, 18–24.
McBean, A. M., Babish, J. D., & Warren, J. L. (1993). The impact and cost of influenza in the elderly. Arch.Intern. Med., 153, 2105–2111.
McDonald, A. M., Dietsche, L., Litsche, M., Spurgas, R., Ledgerwood, R., Subitha, C. J., & LaForce, F. M. (1992). A retrospective study of nosocomial pneumonia at a long-term care facility. Am. J. Infect. Control, 20, 234–238.
McFadden, J. P., Price, R. C., Eastwood, H. D., & Briggs, R. S. (1982). Raised respiratory rate in elderly patients: a valuable physical sign. Br. Med. J., 284, 626–627.
McGeer, A., Campbell, B., Emori, T. G., Hierholzer, W. J., Jackson, M. M., Nicolle, L. E., Peppier, C., Rivera, A., Schollenberger, D. G., Simor, A. E., Smith, P. W., & Wang, E.-L. (1991). Definitions of infection for surveillance in long-term care facilities. Am. J. Infect. Control, 19, 1–7.
Medina-Walpole, A. M., & McCormick, W. C. (1998). Provider practice patterns in nursing home-acquired pneumonia. J. Am. Geriatr. Soc., 46, 187–192.
Mehr, D. R., Foxan, B., & Colombo, P. (1992). Risk factors for mortality from lower respiratory infections in nursing home patients. J. Fam. Pract, 34, 585–591.
Metlay, J. P., Schulz, R., Li, Y.-H., Singer, D. E., Marrie, T. J., Coley, C. M., Hough, L. J., Obrosky, D. S., Kapoor, W. N., & Fine, M. J. (1997). Influence of age on symptoms at presentation in patients with community-acquired pneumonia. Arch.Intern. Med., 157, 1453–1459.
Meyer, K. C., Ershler, W., Rosenthal, N. S., Lu, X.-G., & Peterson, K. (1996). Immune dysregulation in the aging human lung. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., 153, 1072–1079.
Monto, A. S. (1987). Influenza: quantifying morbidity and mortality. Am. J. Med., 82(Suppl. 6A), 20–25.
Monto, A. S., Ohmit, S. E., Hornbuckle, K., & Pearce, C. L. (1995). Safety and efficacy of long-term use of amantadine for prophylaxis of type A influenza in nursing homes. Antimicmb. Agents Chemother., 39, 2224–2228.
Morales, F., Calder, M. A., Inglis, J. M., Murdoch, P. S., & Williamson, J. (1983). A study of respiratory infections in the elderly to assess the role of respiratory syncytial virus. J. Infect., 7, 236–247.
Morens, D. M., & Rash, V. M. (1995). Lessons from a nursing home outbreak of influenza A. Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemicl., 16, 275–280.
Morris, J. F. (1994). Physiological changes due to age: Implications for respiratory drug therapy. Drugs Aging, 4, 207–220.
Morris, R. D., & Munasinghe, R. L. (1994). Geographic variability in hospital admission rates for respiratory disease among the elderly in the United States. Chest, 106, 1172–1181.
Muder, R. R., Brennen, C., Wagener, M. M., & Goetz, A. M. (1992). Bacteremia in a long-term tare facility: a five-year prospective study of 163 consecutive episodes, Clin. Infect. Dix., 14, 647–654.
Muder, R. R., Brennen, C., Swenson, D. L., & Wagener, M. (1996). Pneumonia in a long-term care facility: A prospective study of outcome. Arch.Intern. Med., 156, 2365–2370.
Musher, D. M. (1998). Pneumococcal outbreaks in nursing homes. N. Engl. J. Med., 338, 1915–1916. [Editorial]
Mylotte, J. M., Ksiazek, S., & Bentley, D. W. (1994). Rational approach to the antibiotic treatment of pneumonia in the elderly. Drugx Aging, 4, 21–33.
Nakagawa, T., Sekizawa, K.. Arai, H., Kikuchi, R., Manabe, K., & Sasaki, H. (1997). High incidence of pneumonia in elderly patients with basal ganglia infarction. Arch.Intern. Med., 157, 321–324.
National Center for Health Statistics. (1993). Advance report of final mortality statistics, 1991. Monthly Vital Stat. Rep., 42(Suppl. 2), 1–64.
Nicholson, K. G., Baker, D. J., Farquhar, A., Hurd, D., Kent, J., & Smith, S. H. (1990). Acute upper respiratory tract viral illness and influenza immunization in homes for the elderly. Epidemiol. Infect., 105, 609–618.
Nicholson, K. G., Kent, J., Hammersley, V., & Cancio, E. (1997). Acute viral infections of upper respiratory tract in elderly people living in the community: comparative, prospective, population based study of disease burden. Br. Med. J., 315, 1060–1064.
Nicolle, L. E., & Garibaldi, R. A. (1995). Infection control in long-term-care facilities. Infect. Control Hasp. Epidemiol., 16, 348–353.
Nicolle, L. E., McIntyre, M., Zacharias, H., & MacDonell, J. A. (1984). Twelve-month surveillance of infections in institutionalized elderly men. J. Am. Geriatr. Soc., 32, 513–519.
Nicolle, L. E., McLeod, J., Mclntyre, M., & MacDonell, J. A. (1986). Significance of pharyngeal colonization with aerobic gram-negative bacilli in elderly institutionalized men. Age Ageing, 15, 47–52.
Nicolle, L. E., Bentley, D., Garibaldi, R., Neuhaus, E.. Smith, P., & SHEA Long-Term-Care Committee. (1996a). Anti-microbial use in long-term-care facilities. Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol., 17, 119–128.
Nicolle, L. E., Kirshen, A., Boustcha, E., & Montgomery, P. (1996b). Treatment of moderate-to-severe pneumonia in elderly, long-term care facility residents. Infect. Dis. Clin. Pract., 5, 130–137.
Niederman, M. S., & Fein, A. M. (1986). Pneumonia in the elderly. Geriatr. Clin. North Am., 2, 241–268.
Norman, D. C., & Yoshikawa, T. T. (1996). Fever in the elderly. Infect. Dis. Clin. North Am., 10, 93–99.
Nuorti, J. P., Butler, J. C., Crutcher, J. M., Guevara, R., Welch, D., Holder, P., & Elliott, J. A. (1998). An outbreak of multidrug-resistant pneumococcal pneumonia and bacteremia among unvaccinated nursing home residents. N. Engl. J. Med., 338, 1861–1868.
Orr, P. H., Peeling, R. W., Fast, M., Brunka, J., Duckworth, H., Harding, G. K. M., & Nicolle, L. E. (1996). Serological study of responses to selected pathogens causing respiratory tract infection in the institutionalized elderly. Clin. Infect. Dis., 23, 1240–1245.
Örtqvist, A., Hedlund, J., Burman, L.,-A., Elbel, E., Höfer, M., Leinonen, M., Lindblad, I., Sundelöf, B., Kalin, M., & Swedish Pneumococcal Vaccination Study Group. (1998). Randomised trial of 23-valent pneumococcal capsular polysaccharide vaccine in prevention of pneumonia in middle-aged and elderly people. Lancet, 351, 399–403.
Osler, W. (1892). The Principles and Practice of Medicine. New York: Appleton and Co.
Osler, W. (1898). The Principles and Practice of Medicine, 3rd ed. New York: Appleton and Co.
Osterweil, D., & Norman, D. (1990). An outbreak of influenza-like illness in a nursing home. J. Am. Geriatr. Soc., 38, 659–662.
Patriarca, P. A., Weber, J. A., Parker, R. A., Hall, W. N., Kendal, A. P., Bregman, D. J., & Schonberger, L. B. (1985). Efficacy of influenza vaccine in nursing homes: reduction in illness and complications during an influenza A (H3N2) epidemic. JAMA, 253, 1136–1139.
Patriarca, P. A., Weber, J. A., Parker, R. A., Orenstein, W. A., Hall, W. N., Kendal, A. P., & Schonberger, L. B. (1986). Risk factors for outbreaks of influenza in nursing homes. Am. J. Epidemiol., 124, 114–119.
Patterson, J. E., Madden, G. M., Krisiunas, E. P., Masecar, B., Hierholzer, Jr., W. J., Zervos, M. J., & Lyons, R. W. (1988). A nosocomial outbreak of ampicillin-resistant Haemophilus inftuenzae type b in a geriatric unit. J. Infect. Dis., 157, 1002–1007.
Peters, N. L., Oboler, S., Hair, C., Laxson, L., Kost, J., & Meiklejohn, G. (1989). Treatment of an influenza A out-break in a teaching nursing home: effectiveness of a protocol for prevention and control. J. Am. Geriatr. Soc., 37, 210–218.
Peterson, P. K., Stein, D., Guay D. R. P., Logan, G., Obaid, S., Gruninger, R., Davies, S., & Breitenbucher, R. (1988). Prospective study of lower respiratory tract infections in an extended-care nursing home program: potential role of oral ciprofloxacin. Am. J. Med., 85, 164–171.
Phair, J. P., Kauffman, C. A., & Bjornson, A. (1978). Investigation of host defense mechanisms in the aged as determinants of nosocomial colonization and pneumonia. J. Reticuloendothel. Soc., 23, 397–405.
Phillips, S. L., & Branaman-Phillips, J. (1993). The use of intramuscular cefoperazone versus intramuscular ceftriaxone in patients with nursing home-acquired pneumonia. J. Am. Geriatr. Soc., 41, 1071–1074.
Pick, N., McDonald, A., Bennett, N., Litsche, M., Dietsche, L., Legerwood, R., Spurgas, R., & LaForce, F. M. (1996). Pulmonary aspiration in a long-term care setting: clinical and laboratory observations and an analysis of risk factors. J. Am. Geriatr. Soc., 44, 763–768.
Plouffe, J. R, Breiman, R. F, Facklam, R. R., & Franklin County Pneumonia Study Group. (1996). Bacteremia with Streptococcus pneumonias. Implications for therapy and prevention. JAMA, 275, 194–198.
Potter, J., Stott, D. J., Roberts, M. A., Elder, A. G., O’Donnell, B., Knight, P. V., & Carman, W. F. (1997). Influenza vaccination of health care workers in long-term-care hospitals reduces the mortality of elderly patients. J. Infect. Dis., 175, 1–6.
Powers, D. C. (1993). Influenza A virus-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte activity declines with advancing age. J. Am. Geriatr. Soc., 41, 1–5.
Price, L. E., Sarubbi, F. A., & Rutala, W. A. (1985). Infection control programs in twelve North Carolina extended care facilities. Infect. Control, 11, 437–441.
Public Health Laboratory Service Communicable Disease Surveillance Centre. (1983). Parainfluenza infections in the elderly 1976–82. Br. J. Med., 287, 1619.
Quick, R. E., Hoge, C. W., Hamilton, D. J., Whitney, C. J., Borges, M., & Kobayashi, J. M. (1993). Underutilization of pneumococcal vaccine in nursing homes in Washington state: report of a serotype-specific outbreak and a survey. Am. J. Med., 94, 149–152.
Riquelme, R., Torres, A., El-Ebiary, M., Mensa, J., Estruch, R., Ruiz, M., Angrill, J., & Soler, N. (1997). Community-acquired pneumonia in the elderly. Clinical and nutritional aspects. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., 156, 1908–1914.
Rossman, I., Rodstein, M., & Bornstein, A. (1974). Undiagnosed diseases in an aging population. Arch.Intern. Med., 133, 366–369.
Rubins, J. B., Puri, A. K. G., Loch, J., Charboneau, D., Mac-Donald, R., Opstad, N., & Janoff, E. N. (1998). Magnitude, duration, quality, and function of pneumococcal vaccine responses in elderly adults. J. Infect. Dis., 178, 431–440.
Salive, M. E., Satterfield, S., Ostfeld. A. M., Wallace, R. B., & Havlik, R. J. (1993). Disability and cognitive impairment are risk factors for pneumonia-related mortality in older adults. Publ. Health Rep., 108, 314–322.
Saltiel, E., & Weingarten, S. (1993). Drug treatment of pneumonia in the elderly: efficacy and cost. Pharmacoeconomics, 3, 268–275.
Sankilampi, U., Honkanen, P. O., Bloigu, A., Herva, E., & Leinonen, M. (1996). Antibody response to pneumococcal capsular polysaccharide vaccine in the elderly. J. Infect. Dis., 173, 387–393.
Scheckler, W. E., & Peterson, P. J. (1986). Infections and infection control among residents of eight rural Wisconsin nursing homes. Arch.Intern. Med.. 146. 1981–1984.
Scheiblauer, H., Reinacher, M., Tashiro, M., & Rott, R. (1992). Interactions between bacteria and influenza A virus in the development of influenza pneumonia. J. Infect. Dis., 166, 783–791.
Scordamaglia, A., Ciprandi, G., Indiveri, R, & Canonica, G. W (1991). The effect of aging on host defences: implications for therapy. Drugs Aging, 1, 303–316.
Setia, U., Serventi, I., & Lorenz, P. (1984). Bacteremia in a long-term care facility. Spectrum and mortality. Arch. Intern. Med., 144, 1633–1635.
Setia, U., Serventi, I., & Lorenz, P. (1985). Nosocomial infections among patients in a long-term care facility: spectrum, prevalence, and risk factors. Am. J. Inject. Control, 13, 57–62.
Shapiro, E. D., Berg, A. T, Austrian, R., Schroeder, D., Parcells, V., Margolis, A., Adair, R. K., & Clemens, J. D. (1991). The protective efficacy of polyvalent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine. N. Engl. J. Med., 325, 1453–1460.
Simons, R. J., & Reynolds, H. Y. (1990). Altered immune status in the elderly. Semin. Respir. Infect., 5, 251–259.
Simor, A. E., Sharpe, S., Byrne, S., Cruz, T, & McLaughlin, B. (1988). Influenza B outbreak in a home for the aged—Ontario. Can. Dis. Weekly Rep., 14, 181–184.
Sims, R. V, Steinmann, W. C., McConville, J. H., King, L. R., Zwick, W. C., & Schwartz, J. S. (1988). The clinical effectiveness of pneumococcal vaccine in the elderly. Ann. Intern. Med., 108, 653–657.
Sisk, J. E., Moskowitz, A. J., Whang, W., Lin, J. D., Fedson, D. S., McBean, A. M., Plouffe, J. F., Cetron, M. S., & Butler, J. C. (1997). Cost-effectiveness of vaccination against pneumococcal bacteremia among elderly people. JAMA, 278, 1333–1339.
Smith, P. F., Stricof, R. L., Shayegani, M., & Morse, D. L. (1988). Cluster of Haemophilus influenzae type b infections in adults. JAMA, 260, 1446–1449.
Smith, P. W. (1985). Infections in long-term care facilities. Infect. Control, 6, 435–436.
Smith, P. W., & Rusnak, P. G. (1997). Infection prevention and control in the long-term-care facility. Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol, 18, 831–849.
Sorvillo, F. J., Huie, S. F., Strassburg, M. A., Butsumyo, A., Shandera, W. X., & Fannin, S. L. (1984). An outbreak of respiratory syncytial virus pneumonia in a nursing home for the elderly. J. Infect., 9, 252–256.
Stange, K. C., Little, D. W., & Blatnik, B. (1991). Adverse reactions to amantadine prophylaxis of influenza in a retirement home. J. Am. Geriatr. Soc., 33, 700–705.
Starczewski, A. R., Alien, S. C., Vargas, E., & Lye, M. (1988). Clinical prognostic indices of fatality in elderly patients admitted to hospital with acute pneumonia. Age Ageing, 17. 181–186.
Staynor, K., Foster, G., McArthur, M., McGeer, A., Petric. M., & Simor, A. E. (1994). Influenza A outbreak in a nursing home: The value of early diagnosis and the use of amantadine hydrochloride. Can. J. Infect. Control, 9, 109–111.
Storch, G., Hayes, P. S., Hill, D. L., & Baine, W. B. (1979). Prevalence of antibody to Legionella pneumophila in middle-aged and elderly Americans. J. Infect. Dis., 140, 784–788.
Sveinbjörnsdóttir, S., Gudmundsson, S., & Briem, H. (1991). Oropharyngeal colonization in the elderly. Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis., 10, 959–963.
Thompson, A. B., Scholer, S. G., Daughton, D. M., Potter, J. F., & Rennard, S. I. (1992). Altered epithelial lining fluid parameters in old normal individuals. J. Gerontol., 2, M17I–M176.
Thompson, R. S., Hall, N. K., Szpiech, M., & Reisenberg, L. A. (1997). Treatments and outcomes of nursing-home-acquired pneumonia. J. Am. Board Fam. Pract., 10, 82–87.
Troy, C. J., Peeling, R. W., Ellis, A. G., Hockin, J. C., Bennett, D. A., Murphy. M. R., & Spika, J. S. (1997). Chlamydia pneumoniae as a new source of infectious outbreaks in nursing homes. JAMA, 277, 1214–1218.
Valenti, W. M., Trudell, R. G., & Bentley, D. W. (1978). Factors predisposing to oropharyngeal colonization with gram-negative bacilli in the aged. N. Engl. J. Med., 298, 1108–1111.
Van Nostrand, J., Zappola, A., & Hing, E. (1979). The national nursing home survey: 1977 summary. Vital Health Stat.,43, 28–29.
Van Voris, L. P., Belshe, R. B., & Shaffer, J. L. (1982). Nosocomial Influenza B virus infection in the elderly. Ann. Intern. Med., 96, 153–158.
Venkatesan, P., Gladman, J., McFarlane, J. T., Barer, D., Berman. P., Kinnear, W., & Finch, R. G. (1990). A hospital study of community acquired pneumonia in the elderly. Thorax, 45, 254–258.
Verghese, A., & Berk, S. L. (1983). Bacterial pneumonia in the elderly. Medicine, 62, 271–285.
Vlahov, D., Tenney, J. H., Cervino, K. W., & Shamer, D. K. (1987). Routine surveillance tor infections in nursing homes: experience at two facilities. Am. J. Infect. Control, 15, 47–53.
Wald, T. G., Miller, B. A., Shult, P., Drinka, P., Langer, L., & Gravenstein, S. (1995a). Can respiratory syncytial virus and influenza A be distinguished clinically in institutionalized older persons? J. Am. Geriatr. Soc., 43, 170–174.
Wald, T. G., Shult, P., Krause, P., Miller, B. A., Drinka, P., & Gravenstein, S. (1995b). A rhinovirus outbreak among residents of a long-term care facility. Ann. Intern. Med., 123, 588–593.
Waner, J. L., Todd, S. J., Shalaby, H., Murphy, P., & Wall, L. V. (1991). Comparison of Directigen FLU-A with viral isolation and direct immunofluorescence for the rapid detection and identification of influenza A virus. J. Clin. Microbiol., 29, 479–482.
Windsor, A. C. M. (1983). Bacteraemia in a geriatric unit. Gerontology, 29, 125–130.
Woodhead, M. (1994). Pneumonia in the elderly. J. Antimicrob. Chemother., 34(Suppl. A), 85–92.
Yao, J., Kanchana, M. V., Comeau, J., Allen, B., McArthur, M., Green, K., Connelly, R., Conway, R., & McGeer, A. (1994). Concomitant pneumococcal and influenza outbreaks in a highly vaccinated nursing home. Infectious Diseases Society of America 32nd annual meeting, October 7–9, Orlando, Florida. Abstract.
Yoshikawa, T. T. (1991). Treatment of nursing home-acquired pneumonia. J. Am. Geriatr. Soc., 39, 1040–1041.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2002 Kluwer Academic Publishers
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Simor, A.E. (2002). Nursing Home-Acquired Pneumonia. In: Marrie, T.J. (eds) Community-Acquired Pneumonia. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/0-306-46834-4_9
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/0-306-46834-4_9
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-0-306-46432-4
Online ISBN: 978-0-306-46834-6
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive