Skip to main content

Evolution of Melatonin-Producing Pinealocytes

  • Chapter
Melatonin After Four Decades

Part of the book series: Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology ((AEMB,volume 460))

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Arendt, J. Melatonin and the mammalian pineal gland. London, Chapman and Hall, pp. 1–331, 1995.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Baler, R., Covington, S., and Klein, D.C. The rat arylalkylamine N-acetyltransferase gene promoter. J. Biol. Chem. 272:6979–6985, 1997.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Bégay, V., Bois, P., Collin, J.P., Lenfant, J., and Falcon, J. Calcium and melatonin production in dissociated trout pineal photoreceptor cells in culture. Cell Calcium 16:37–46, 1994.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Bégay, V., Falcon, J., Cahill, G.M., Klein, D.C., and Coon, S. Transcripts encoding two melatonin synthesis enzymes in the teleost pineal organ: circadian regulation in pike and zebrafish, but not in trout. Endocrinology 139:905–912, 1998.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Bernard, M., Voisin, P., Guerlotte, J., and Collin, J.P. Molecular and cellular aspects of hydoxyindole-O-methyltransferase expression in the developing chick pineal gland. Dev. Brain Res. 59:75–81, 1991.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Blackshaw, S. and Snyder, S.H. Parapinopsin, a novel catfish opsin localized to the parapineal organ, defines a new gene family. J. Neurosci. 17:8083–8092, 1997.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Blackshaw, S. and Snyder, S.H. Development expression pattern of phototransduction components in mammalian pineal implies a light-sensing function. J. Neurosci. 17:8074–8082, 1997.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Blank, H.M., Müller, B., and Korf, H.W. Comparative investigations of the neuronal apparatus in the pineal organ and retina of the rainbow trout: immunocytochemical demonstration of neurofilament 200-kDa and neuropeptide Y, and tracing with DiI. Cell Tissue Res. 288:417–425, 1997.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Borjigin, J., Wang, M.M., and Snyder, S.H. Diurnal variation in mRNA encoding serotonin-N-acetyltransferase in pineal gland. Nature 378:783–785, 1995.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Caracamo, B., Hurwitz, M.Y., Craft, C.M., and Hurwitz, R.L. The mammalian pineal expresses the cone but not the rod cyclic GMP phosphodiesterase. J. Neurochem. 65:1085–1092, 1995

    Google Scholar 

  11. Collin, J.P. Differentiation and regression of the cells of the sensory line in the epiphysis cerebri. In: Wolstenholme, G.E.W. and Knight, J. (eds.) The pineal gland. Churchill-Livingstone, Edinburgh, pp. 79–125, 1971.

    Google Scholar 

  12. Coon, S.L., Roseboom, P.H., Baler, R., Weller, J.L., Namboodiri, M.A.A., Koonin, E.V., and Klein, D.C. Pineal serotonin-N-acetyltransferase: expression cloning and molecular analysis. Science 270:1681–1683, 1995.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Deguchi, T. Rhodopsin-like photosensitivity of isolated chicken pineal gland. Nature 290:706–707, 1981.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Distler, M., Biel, M., Flockerzi, V., and Hofmann, F. Expression of cyclic nucleotide-gated cation channels in non-sensory tissues and cells. Neuropharmacology 33:1275–1282, 1994.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Dryer, S.E. and Henderson, D. A cyclic GMP-activated channel in dissociated cells of the chick pineal gland. Nature 353:756–758, 1991.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. D’Souza, T. and Dryer, S.E. Intracellular free Ca2+ in dissociated cells of the chick pineal gland: regulation by membrane depolarization, second messengers and neuromodulators, and evidence for release of intracellular Ca2+ stores. Brain Res. 656:85–94, 1994.

    Google Scholar 

  17. D’Souza, T. and Dryer, S.E. A cationic channel regulated by a vertebrate intrinsic circadian oscillator. Nature 382:165–167, 1996.

    Google Scholar 

  18. Ekström, P. and Meissl, H. Electron microscopic analysis of S-antigen-and serotonin-immunoreactive neural and sensory elements in the photosensory pineal organ of the salmon. J. Comp. Neurol. 292:73–82, 1990.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Ekström, P. and Meissl, H. The pineal organ of teleost fishes. Rev. Fish Biol. Fisheries 7:199–284, 1997.

    Google Scholar 

  20. Falcon, J. Identification et propriétés des cellules photoneuronedocrines de l’organe pinéal. Thesis, University of Poitiers, 1984.

    Google Scholar 

  21. Falcon, J., Begay, V., Goujon, J.M., Voisin, P., Guerlotte, J., and Collin, J.P. Immunocytochemical localization of hydroxyindole-O-methyltransferase in pineal photoreceptor cells of several fish species. J. Comp. Neurol. 341:559–566, 1994.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Foster, R.G., Korf, H.W., and Schalken, J.J. Immunocytochemical markers revealing retinal and pineal but not hypothalamic photoreceptor systems in the Japanese quail. Cell Tissue Res. 248:161–167, 1987.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Foster, R.G., Schalken, J.J., Timmers, A.M., and De Grip, W.J. A comparison of some photoreceptor characteristics in the pineal and retina. I. The Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix). J. Comp. Physiol. [A] 165:553–563, 1989a.

    Google Scholar 

  24. Foster, R.G., Timmers, A.M., Schalken, J.J., and de Grip, W.J. A comparison of some photoreceptor characteristics in the pineal and retina. II. The Djungarian hamster (Phodopus sungorus). J. Comp. Physiol. [A] 165:565–572, 1989b.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Gastel, J.A., Roseboom, P., Rinaldi, PA., Weller, J.L., and Klein, D.C. Melatonin production: proteasomal proteolysis in serotonin N-acetyltransferase regulation. Science 279:1358–1360, 1998.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Hafeez, M.A., Korf, H.W., and Oksche, A. Immunocytochemical and electron microscopic investigations of the pineal organ in adult agamid lizards, Uromastix hardwicki. Cell Tissue Res. 250571–578, 1987.

    Google Scholar 

  27. Harrison, N. and Zatz, M. Voltage-dependent calcium channels regulate melatonin output from cultured chick pineal cells. J. Neurosci. 9:2462–2467, 1989.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Hirunagi, K., Ebihara, S., Okano, T., Takanaka, Y., and Fukuda, Y. Immunoelectron-microscopic investigation of the subcellular localization of pinopsin in the pineal organ of chicken. Cell Tissue Res. 289:235–241, 1997.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Huang, S.K., Klein, D.C., and Korf, H.W. Immunocytochemical demonstration of rod-opsin, S-antigen, and neuron-specific proteins in the human pineal gland. Cell Tissue Res. 267:493–498, 1992.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Klein, D.C. Photoneural regulation of the mammalian pineal gland. In: Evered, D. and Clark, S. (eds.) Photoperiodism, melatonin and the pineal gland. London: Pitman, pp. 38–56, 1985.

    Google Scholar 

  31. Klein, D.C., Coon, S.L., Roseboom, P.H., Weller, J.L., Bernard, M., Gastel, J.A., Zatz, M., Iuvone, M., Rodriguez, I.R., Begay, V., Falcon, J., Cahill, G.M., Cassone, V.M., and Baler, R. The melatonin rhythm generating enzyme: molecular regulation of serotonin N-acetyltransferase in the pineal gland. Rec. Progr. Horm. Res. 52:307–358, 1997.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Korf, B., Rollag, M.D., and Korf, H.W. Ontogenetic development of S-antigen-and rod-opsin immunoreactions in retinal and pineal photoreceptors of Xenopus laevis in relation to the onset of melatonin-dependent color-change mechanisms. Cell Tissue Res. 258:319–329, 1989.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Korf, H.W. The pineal organ as a component of the biological clock. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 719:13–42, 1994.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Korf, H.W. Innervation of the pineal gland. In: Burnstock, G. (ed.) Series on the autonomic nervous system, vol 10. Autonomic-endocrine interactions (Unsicker, K., ed.). Harwood, Amsterdam, pp. 129–180, 1996.

    Google Scholar 

  35. Korf, H.W. and Vigh-Teichmann, I. Sensory and central nervous elements in the avian pineal organ. Ophthalmic Res. 1696–101, 1984.

    Google Scholar 

  36. Korf, H.W. and Wicht, H. Receptor and effector mechanisms in the pineal organ. Prog. Brain Res. 91:285–297, 1992.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Korf, H.W., Foster, R.G., Ekstrom, P., and Schalken, J.J. Opsin-like immunoreaction in the retinae and pineal organs of four mammalian species. Cell Tissue Res. 242:645–648, 1985a.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Korf, H.W., Møller, M., Gery, I., Ziegler, J.S., and Klein, D.C. Immunocytochemical demonstration of retinal S-antigen in the pineal organ of four mammalian species. Cell Tissue Res. 239:81–85, 1985b.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Korf, H.W., Oksche, A., Ekstrom, P., Veen, T., van Zigler, J.S., Gery, I., Stein, P., and Klein, D.C. S-antigen immunocytochemistry. In: O’Brien, P. and Klein, D.C. (eds.) Pineal and retinal relationships. Academic Press, New York, pp. 343–355, 1986a.

    Google Scholar 

  40. Korf, H.W., Oksche, A., Ekström, P., Zigler, J.S., Gery, I., and Klein, D.C. Pinealocyte projections into the mammalian brain revealed with S-antigen antiserum. Science 231:735–737, 1986b.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Korf, H.W., Sato, T., and Oksche, A. Complex relationships between the pineal organ and the medial habenular nucleus-pretectal region of the mouse as revealed by S-antigen immunocytochemistry. Cell Tissue Res. 261:493–500, 1990.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Korf, H.W., White, B.H., Schaad, D.C., and Klein, D.C. Recoverin in pineal organs and retinae of various vertebrate species including man. Brain Res. 595:57–66, 1992.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Korf, H.W., Schomerus, C., and Stehle, J. The pineal organ, its hormone melatonin and the photoneuroendocrine system. Adv. Anat. Embryol. Cell Biol. 146:1–100, 1998.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Kramm, C.M., De Grip, W.J., and Korf, H.W. Rod-opsin immunoreaction in the pineal organ of the pigmented mouse does not indicate the presence of a functional photopigment. Cell Tissue Res. 274:71–78, 1993.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Kroeber, S., Schomerus, C., and Korf, H.W. Calcium oscillations in a subpopulation of S-antigen-immunoreactive pinealocytes of the rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Brain Res. 744:68–76, 1997.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Maronde, E., Schomerus, C., Stehle, J., and Korf, H.W. Control of CREB phosphorylation and its role for induction of melatonin synthesis in rat. Biol. Cell 89:505–511, 1997.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Max, M., McKinnon, P.J., Seidenman, K.J., Barrett, R.K., Applebury, M.L., Takahashi, J.S., and Margolskee, R.F. Pineal opsin: A nonvisual opsin expressed in chick pineal. Science 267:1502–1506, 1995.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. McNulty, J., Rathbun, W.E., and Druse, M.J. Ultrastructural and biochemical responses of photoreceptor pinealocytes to light and dark in vivo and in vitro. Life Sci. 43:845–850, 1988.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. McNulty, J.A., Kus, L., and Ottersen, O.P. Immunocytochemical and circadian biochemical analysis of neuroactive amino acids in the pineal gland of the rat: effect of superior cervical ganglionectomy. Cell Tissue Res. 269:515–523, 1992.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Meiniel, A. New aspects of the phylogenetic evolution of sensory cell lines in the vertebrate pineal complex. In: Oksche, A. and Pévet, P. (eds.) The pineal organ: photobiology-biochronometry-endocrinology. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp. 27–48, 1981.

    Google Scholar 

  51. Meissl, H. and Ekstrom, P. Extraretinal photoreception by pineal systems: a tool for photoperiodic time measurement? Trends Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 1:1223–1240, 1993

    Google Scholar 

  52. Meissl, H. and George, S.R. Electrophysiological studies on neuronal transmission in the frog’s photosensory pineal organ. The effect of amino acids and biogenic amines. Vision Res. 24:1727–1734, 1984a.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Meissl, H. and George, S.R. Photosensory properties of the pineal organ. Microiontophoretic application of excitatory amino acids onto pineal neurons. Ophthalmic Res. 16:114–118, 1984b.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Meissl, H., Donley, C.S., and Wissler, J.H. Free amino acids and amines in the pineal organ of the rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri): influence of light and dark. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 61C:401–405, 1978.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Meissl, H., Kroeber, S., Yáñez, J., and Korf, H.W. Regulation of melatonin production and intracellular calcium concentrations in the trout pineal organ. Cell Tissue Res. 286:315–323, 1996.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Moriyama, Y. and Yamamoto, A. Microvesicles isolated from bovine pineal gland specifically accumulate L-glutamate. FEBS Lett. 367:233–236, 1995a.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Moriyama, Y. and Yamamoto, A. Vesicular L-glutamate transporter in microvesicles from bovine pineal glands. J. Biol. Chem. 270:22314–22320, 1995b.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Okano, T., Yoshizawa, T., and Fukada, Y. Pinopsin is a chicken pineal photoreceptive molecule. Nature 372:94–96, 1994.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Oksche, A. Sensory and glandular elements of the pineal organ. In: Wolstenholme, G.E.W. and Knight, J. (eds.) The pineal gland. Churchill-Livingstone, Edinburgh, pp. 127–146, 1971.

    Google Scholar 

  60. Oksche, A., Korf, H.W., and Rodriguez, E.M. Pinealocytes as photoneuroendocrine units of neuronal origin: Concepts and evidence. In: Fraschini, F. and Reiter, R.J. (eds.) Advances in pineal research. Vol. 2. London: John Libbey, pp. 1–18, 1987.

    Google Scholar 

  61. Redecker, P. The ras-like rab3A protein is present in pinealocytes of the gerbil pineal gland. Neurosci. Lett. 184:117–120, 1995

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Redecker, P. Synaptotagmin I, synaptobrevin II, and syntaxin I are coexpressed in rat and gerbil pinealocytes. Cell Tissue Res. 283:443–454, 1996.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Redecker, P. and Veh, R.W. Glutamate immunoreactivity is enriched over pinealocytes of the gerbil pineal gland. Cell Tissue Res. 278:579–588, 1994.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Redecker, P., Grube, D., and Jahn, R. Immunohistochemical localization of synaptophysin (p38) in the pineal gland of the Mongolian gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus). Anat. Embryol. 181:433–440, 1990.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Robertson, L.M. and Takahashi, J.S. Circadian clock in cell culture: I. Oscillation of melatonin release from dissociated chick pineal cells in flow-through microcarrier culture. J. Neurosci. 8:12–21, 1988.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Rodríguez, E.M., Korf, H.W., Oksche, A., Yulis, C.R., and Hein, S. Pinealocytes immunoreactive with antisera against secretory glycoproteins of the subcommissural organ: a comparative study. Cell Tissue Res. 254:469–480, 1988.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Roseboom, P.H. and Klein, D.C. Norepinephrine stimulation of pineal cyclic AMP response element-binding protein phosphorylation: involvement of a β-adrenergic/cyclic AMP mechanism. Mol. Pharmacol. 47:439–49, 1995.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Roseboom, P.H., Coon, S.L., Baler, R., McCune, S.K., Weller, J.L., and Klein, D.C. Melatonin synthesis: analysis of the more than 150-fold nocturnal increase in serotonin-N-acetyltransferase messenger ribonucleotide acid in the rat pineal gland. Endocrinology 137:3033–3044, 1996.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Schomerus, C., Ruth, P., and Korf, H.W. Photoreceptor-specific proteins in the mammalian pineal organ: immunocytochemical data and functional considerations. Acta Neurobiol. Exp. 54(Suppl.):9–17, 1994.

    Google Scholar 

  70. Schomerus, C., Laedtke, E., and Korf, H.W. Calcium responses of isolated, immunocytochemically identified rat pinealocytes to noradrenergic, cholinergic and vasopressinergic stimulations. Neurochem. Int. 27:163–175, 1995.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Solessio, E. and Engbretson, G.A. Antagonistic chromatic mechanisms in photoreceptors of the parietal eye of lizards. Nature 364:442–445, 1993

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Somers, R.L. and Klein, D.C. Rhodopsin kinase activity in the mammalian pineal gland and other tissues. Science 226:182–184, 1984.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Stehle, J.H. Pineal gene expression: dawn in a dark matter. J. Pineal Res. 18:179–190, 1995.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Stehle, J.H., Foulkes, N.S., Molina, C.A., Simonneaux, V., Pévet, P., and Sassone-Corsi, P. Adrenergic signals direct rhythmic expression of transcriptional repressor CREM in the pineal gland. Nature 356:314–320, 1993.

    Google Scholar 

  75. Stehle, J.H., Foulkes, N.S., Pévet, P., and Sassone-Corsi, P. Developmental maturation of pineal gland function: Synchronized CREM inducibility and adrenergic stimulation. Mol. Endocrinol. 9:706–716, 1995.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Takahashi, J.S., Murakami, N., Nikaido, S., Pratt, B., and Robertson, L.M. The avian pineal-a vertebrate model system of the circadian oscillator: cellular regulation of circadian rhythms by light, secondary messengers, and macromolecular synthesis. Rec. Prog. Horm. Res. 45279–352, 1989.

    Google Scholar 

  77. Tamotsu, S., Korf, H.W., Morita, Y., and Oksche, A. Immunocytochemical localization of serotonin and photoreceptor-specific proteins (rod-opsin, S-antigen) in the pineal complex of the river lamprey, Lampetra japonica, with special reference to photoneuroendocrine cells. Cell Tissue Res. 262:205–216, 1990.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Tamotsu, S., Schomerus, C., Stehle, J.H., Roseboom, P.H., and Korf, H.W. Norepinephrine-induced phosphorylation of the transcription factor CREB in isolated rat pinealocytes: an immunocytochemical study. Cell Tissue Res. 282:219–226, 1995.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Thibault, C., Falcón, J., Greenhouse, S.S., Lowery, A., Gern, W.A., and Collin, J.P. Regulation of melatonin production by pineal photoreceptor cells: role of cyclic nucleotides in the trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). J. Neurochem. 61:332–339, 1993.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. Van Veen, T., Östholm, T., Gierschik, P., Spiegel, A., Somers, R., Korf, H.W., and Klein, D.C. Alpha-transducin immunoreactivity in retinae and sensory pineal organs of adult vertebrates. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 83:912–916, 1986.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Vigh, B., Vigh-Teichmann, I., Röhlich, P., and Aros, B. Immunoreactive opsin in the pineal organ of reptiles and birds. Z. Mikrosk. Anat. Forsch. 96:113–129, 1982.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. Vigh, B., Vigh-Teichmann, I., Debreceni, K., and Takacs, J. Similar fine-structural localization of immunoreactive glutamate in the pineal complex and retina of frogs. Arch. Histol. Cytol. 58:37–44, 1995.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. Vigh, B., Debreceni, K., Fejer, Z., and Vigh-Teichmann, I. Immunoreactive excitatory amino acids in the parietal eye of lizards, a comparison with the pineal organ and retina. Cell Tissue Res. 287:275–283, 1997.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. Vigh-Teichmann, I. and Vigh, B. Opsin: immunocytochemical characterization of different types of photoreceptors in the frog pineal organ. J. Pineal Res. 8:323–333, 1990

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. Vigh-Teichmann, I., Korf, H.W., Oksche, A., and Vigh, B. Opsin-immunoreactive outer segments and acetylcholinesterase-positive neurons in the pineal complex of Phoxinus phoxinus (Teleostei, Cyrinidae). Cell Tissue Res. 262:205–216, 1982.

    Google Scholar 

  86. Voisin, P., Guerlotte, J., and Collin, J.P. An antiserum against chicken hydroxyindole-O-methyltransferase reacts with the enzyme from pineal gland and retina and labels pineal modified photoreceptors. Mol. Brain Res. 4:53–41, 1988.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. Vollrath L. Synaptic ribbons of a mammalian pineal gland. Circadian changes. Z. Zellforsch. 145:171–183, 1973.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. Zatz, M. Agents that affect calcium influx can change cyclic nucleotide levels in cultured chick pineal cells. Brain Res. 583:304–307, 1992.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. Zatz, M. and Mullen, D.A. Norepinephrine, acting via adenylate cyclase, inhibits melatonin output but does not phase-shift the pacemaker in cultured chick pineal cell. Brain Res. 450:137–143, 1988a.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  90. Zatz, M. and Mullen, D. Photoendocrine transduction in cultured chick pineal cells II. Effects of forskolin, 8-bromocyclic AMP, and 8-bromocyclic GMP on the melatonin rhythm. Brain Res. 453:51–62, 1988b.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  91. Zatz, M., Mullen, D.A., and Moskal, J.R. Photoendocrine transduction in cultured chick pineal cells: effects of light, dark, and potassium on the melatonin rhythm. Brain Res. 438:199–215, 1988.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  92. Zweig, M., Snyder, S.H., and Axelrod, J. Evidence for a nonretinal pathway of light to pineal gland in newborn rats. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 56515–520, 1966.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2002 Kluwer Academic Publishers

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Korf, HW. (2002). Evolution of Melatonin-Producing Pinealocytes. In: Olcese, J. (eds) Melatonin After Four Decades. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, vol 460. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/0-306-46814-X_3

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/0-306-46814-X_3

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-0-306-46134-7

  • Online ISBN: 978-0-306-46814-8

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics