Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Mycobacterium avium-Complex Infections and Immunodeficiency

  • Chapter
Opportunistic Intracellular Bacteria and Immunity

Part of the book series: Infectious Agents and Pathogenesis ((IAPA))

  • 227 Accesses

Summary

The M.avium complex consists of a group of environmental mycobacteria that are important opportunistic human pathogens for a variety of immunosup- pressed cancer, transplant, and HIV-infected patients.Some members of this group are able to colonize the nasopharyngeal and intestinal mucosal membranes of normal individuals who may go on to develop a self-limiting lymphadenitis. The more virulent strains within this group may produce slow,indolent lung disease in some tuberculosis patients as well as in terminally ill renal, diabetic, and cancer patients. More aggressive systemic infections will develop in congenitally and iatrogenically immunosuppressed patients. As much as 60% of AIDS patients have been reported to be infected with nontuberculous mycobacteria, the most common of which are M.avium-complex s rovars 1, 4, 6, and 8. Half of these patients go on to develop a life-threatening, disseminated form of this disease that can markedly reduce their survival and quality of life. The high level of drug resistance exhibited by these organisms makes ffective chemotherapy difficult to achieve and maintain. The response to these drugs is bacteriostatic rather than bactericidal and the disease recurs whenever therapy is discontinued, usually as result of the increasing toxicity of the drug regimen. Development of a suitable immunotherapeutic intervention to help restore cellular immunity to the HIV-infected patient takes on an increasingly urgent priority as the worldwide HIV-MAC epidemic continues its relentless spread.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Collins, F. M., 1982, Immunology of tuberculosis, Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 125:42–49.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Wolinsky, E., 1984, Nontuberculous mycobacteria and associated diseases, in: The Mycobacteria: A Sourcebook, Vol. 2 (G. P. Kubica and L. G. Wayne, eds.), Marcel Dekker, New York, pp. 1141–1208.

    Google Scholar 

  3. Wayne, L. G., 1984, Mycobacterial speciation, in The Mycobacteria: A Sourcebook, Vol. 1 (G. P. Kubica and L. G. Wayne, eds.), Marcel Dekker, New York, pp. 25–65.

    Google Scholar 

  4. Wayne, L. G., 1985, The ‘atypical’ mycobacteria: Recognition and disease association, Crit. Rev. Microbiol. 12:185–222.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. McClatchy, J. K., 1981, The seroagglutination test in the study of nontuberculous mycobacteria, Rev. Infect. Dis. 3:867–870.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Wayne, L. G., Good, R. C., Tsang, A., et al., 1993, Serovar determination and molecular taxonomic correlation in Mycobacterium avium, M. intracellulare and M. scrofulaceum: A cooperative study of the International Working Group on Mycobacterial Taxonomy, Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 43:482–489.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Yajko, D. M., Chin, D. P., Gonzalez, P. C., et al., 1995, M. avium-complex in water, food and soil samples collected from the environment of HIV-infected individuals, J. AIDS 9:176–182.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Young, L. S., Inderlied, C. B., Berlin, O. G., and Gottlieb, M. S., 1986, Mycobacterial infections in AIDS patients with an emphasis on the Mycobacterium avium complex, Rev. Infect. Dis. 8:1024–1033.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Piot, P., Loga, M., Ryder, R., et al., 1990, The global epidemiology of HIV infection: Continuity, heterogenicity and change, J. AIDS 3:403–412.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Dolin, P. J., Raviglione, M. C., and Kochi, A., 1992, Global tuberculosis incidence and mortality during 1990–2000, Bull. WHO 72:213–220.

    Google Scholar 

  11. Centers for Disease Control, 1995, First 500,000 AIDS cases—United States, 1995, Morb. Mort. Wk. Rep. 44:849–853.

    Google Scholar 

  12. Bermudez, L. E., 1994, Immunobiology of Mycobacterium avium infection, Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 13:1000–1006.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. O’Brien, R. J., Geiter, L. J., and Snider, D. E., 1987, The epidemiology of nontuberculous mycobacterial diseases in the United States, Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 135:1007–1014.

    Google Scholar 

  14. Hoffner, S. E., Petrini, B., Brennan, P. J., et al., 1989, AIDS and M. avium serotypes in Sweden, Lancet ii:336–337.

    Google Scholar 

  15. Kiehn, T. E., Edwards, F. F., Brannon, P., Tsang, A., Maio, M., Gold, J., Whinberg, E., Wang, B. McClatchy, J. K., and Armstrong, D. 1985, Infections caused by M. avium-complex in immunocompromised patients: Diagnosis by blood culture and fecal examination, antimicrobial susceptibility test and morphological and serological characteristics, J. Clin. Microbiol. 21:168–173.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. von Reyn, C. F., Maslow, J. N., Barber, T. W., et al., 1994, Persistent colonization of potable water as a source of M. avium infection in AIDS, Lancet 343:1137–1141.

    Google Scholar 

  17. duMoulin, G. C., and Stottmeier, K. D., 1986, Waterborne Mycobacteria: An increasing threat to health, ASM News 52:525–529.

    Google Scholar 

  18. Gruft, H., Falkinham, J. O., and Parker, B. C., 1981, Recent experience in the epidemiology of disease caused by atypical mycobacteria, Rev. Infect. Dis. 3:990–996.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Romanus, V., 1983, Childhood tuberculosis in Sweden, Tubercle 64:101–110.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. von Reyn, C. F., Waddell, R. D., Eaton, T., et al., 1993, Isolation of Mycobacterium avium complex from water in the United States, Finland, Zaire and Kenya, J. Clin. Microbiol. 31:3227–3230.

    Google Scholar 

  21. Collins, F. M. 1986, Mycobacteriu avium-complex infection and the development of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS): A casual opportunist or a causal cofactor?, Int. J. Leprosy 54:458–474.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. von Reyn, C. F., Barber, T. W., Arbeit, R. D., Sox, C. H., et al., 1993, Evidence of previous infection with Mycobacterium avium-M. intracellulare complex among healthy subjects: An international study of dominant mycobacterial skin test reactions, J. Infect. Dis. 168:1553–1558.

    Google Scholar 

  23. Bates, J. H., 1996, The tuberculin skin test and preventive treatment for tuberculosis, in Tuberculosis (W. N. Rom and S. M. Garay, eds.), Little Brown, Boston, pp. 865–871.

    Google Scholar 

  24. Chin, D. P., Hopewell, P. C., Yajko, D. M., Vittinghoff, E., et al., 1994, Mycobacterium avium-complex in the respiratory or gastrointestinal tract and the risk of M. avium-complex bacteremia in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection, J. Infect. Dis. 169:289–295.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Crawford, J. L., 1993, Applications of molecular methods in epidemiology of tuberculosis, Res. Microbial. 144:111–116.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Wolinsky, E., 1981, When is an infection disease?, Rev. Infect. Dis. 3:1025–1027.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Schaefer, W. F., Davis, C. L., and Cohn, M. L., 1970, Pathogenicity of translucent, opaque and rough variants of M. avium in chickens and mice, Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 123:343–358.

    Google Scholar 

  28. Moulding, T., 1978, The relative drug susceptibility of opaque colony forms of M. intracellulare-avium: Does it affect therapeutic results?, Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 117:1142–1143.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Belisle, J. T., and Brennan, P. J., 1994, Molecular basis of colony morphology in Mycobacterium avium, Res. Microbiol. 145:237–242.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Barrow, W. W., and Brennan, P. J., 1982, Isolation in high frequency of rough variants of Mycobacterium intracellulare lacking C-mycoside glycopeptidolipid antigens, J. Bacteriol. 150:381–384.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Shiratsuchi, H., Toosi, Z., Mettler, M. A., and Ellner, J. J., 1993, Colonial morphotype as a determinant of cytokine expression by human monocytes infected with Mycobacerium avium, J. Immunol. 150:2945–2954.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Rastogi, N., Frehl, C., Ryter, A., et al., 1981, Multiple drug-resistance in M. avium: Is the wall architecture responsible for the exclusion of antimicrobial agents?, Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 20:666–667.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Runyon, E. H., Karlson, A. G., Kubica, G. P., and Wayne, G. P., 1974, Mycobacterium, in Manual of Clinical Microbiology (E. H. Lennette, E. H. Spalding, and J. P. Truant, eds.), ASM, Washington, D.C., pp. 148–174.

    Google Scholar 

  34. Iseman, M. D., 1989, Mycobacterium avium complex and the normal host: The other side of the coin, N. Engl. J. Med. 321:896–898.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Falkinham, J. O., 1996, Epidemiology of infection by nontuberculosis mycobacteria. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 9:177–215.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Good, R. C., and Snider, D. E., 1982, Isolation of nontuberculous mycobacteria in the United States, J. Infect. Dis. 146:829–833.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Good, R. C., 1985, Opportunistic pathogens in the genus Mycobacterium, Annu. Rev. Microbiol. 39:347–369.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Bates, J. H., 1996, The tuberculin skin test and preventive treatment for tuberculosis, in: Tuber-culosis (W. N. Rom and s. M. Garay, eds.), Little, Brown, Boston, pp. 865–872.

    Google Scholar 

  39. Fairchok, M. P., Rouse, J. H., and Morris, S. L., 1995, Age-dependent humoral responses of children to mycobacterial antigens. Clin. Diagn. Lab. Immunol. 2:443–447.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Portaels, F., Larsson, L., and Smeets, P., 1988, Isolation of mycobacteria from healthy persons stools. Int. J. Leprosy 56:468–471.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Williams, R. C., Hasby, G., and Koster, F. T., 1986, Well defined receptors may be entry points for infectious agents, Scand. J. Immunol. 23:529–533.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Malpother, M. E., and Sanger, J. G., 1984, In vitro interaction of Mycobacterium avium with intestinal epithelial cells, Infect. Immun. 45:67–73.

    Google Scholar 

  43. Hubbard, R. D., Flory, C. M., and Collins, F. M., 1992, T-cell immune responses in Mycobacterium avium-infected mice. Infect. Immun. 60:150–153.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Collins, F. M. and Stokes, R. W., 1987, Mycobacterium avium-complex infections in normal and immunodeficient mice, Tubercle 68:127–136.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Stokes, R. W., and Collins, F. M., 1990, Passive transfer of immunity to Mycobacterium avium in susceptible and resistant strains of mice, Clin. Exp. Immunol. 81:109–115.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Lagrange, P. H., 1978, Comparative studies of different strains of BCG vaccine in mice: T-cell dependent immune responses, Dev. Biol. Stand. 38:223–229.

    Google Scholar 

  47. Collins, F. M., 1989, Mycobacterial disease, immunosuppression and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 2:360–377.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Collins, F. M., 1991, Pulmonary tuberculosis: The immunology of a chronic infection, in: Vaccines and Immunotherapy (S. J. Cryz, ed.), Pergamon Press, New York, pp. 140–155.

    Google Scholar 

  49. Collins, F. M., Morrison, N. E., and Montalbine, V., 1978, Immune response to persistent mycobacterial infection in mice, Infect. Immun. 19:430–438.

    Google Scholar 

  50. Reddy, V. M., Parikh, K., Luna-Herrera, J., et al., 1994, Comparison of virulence of Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) strains isolated from AIDS and non-AIDS patients, Microbiol. Pathogen. 16:121–130.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Goto, Y., Nakamura, R. M., Takahashi, H., and Tokunaga, T., 1984, Genetic control of resistance to Mycobacterium intracellulare infections in mice, Infect. Immun. 46:135–140.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Barnes, P. F., Modlin, R. L., and Ellner, J. J., 1994, T-cell responses and cytokines, in: Tuberculosis: Pathogenesis, Protection and Control (B. R. Bloom, ed.), ASM, Washington, D.C., pp. 417–435.

    Google Scholar 

  53. Ellner, J. J., Goldberger, M. J., and Parenti, D. M., 1991, Mycobacterium avium infection and AIDS: A therapeutic dilemma in rapid evolution, J. Infect. Dis. 163:1326–1335.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Abbott, M. R., and Smith, D. D., 1981, Mycobacterial infections in immunosuppressed patients, Med. J. Austr. 1:351–353.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Feld, R., Bodey, G. P., and Groschel, D., 1976, Mycobacteriosis in patients with malignant disease, Arch. Intern. Med. 136:67–70.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Watson, S. R., Morrison, N. E., and Collins, F. M., 1979, Delayed hypersensitivity responses in mice and guinea pigs to Mycobacterium leprae, M. vaccae and M. nonchromogenicum cytoplasmic proteins, Infect. Immun. 25:229–236.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Gordin, F., and Masur, H., 1994, Prophylaxis of M. avium complex bacteremia in patients with AIDS, Clin. Infect. Dis. 18:S223–226.

    Google Scholar 

  58. Bermudez, L. E., 1994, Immunobiology of Mycobacterium avium infection, Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 13:1000–1006.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Orme, I. M., 1993, Immunity to mycobacteria, Curr. Opinion Immunol. 5:497–502.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. McCune, R. M., Feldman, F. M., Lambert, H. P., and McDermott, W., 1966, Microbial persistence. I. The capacity of tubercle bacilli to survive sterilization in mouse tissues, J. Exp. Med. 123:455–468

    Google Scholar 

  61. de Wit, D., Wooton, M., Dhillon, J., and Mitchison, D. A., 1995, The bacterial DNA content of mouse organs in the Cornell model of dormant tuberculosis, Tubercle Lung Dis. 76:555–562.

    Google Scholar 

  62. Grange, J. M., 1992, The mystery of the mycobacterial ‘persistor’, Tubercle Lung Dis. 73:249–251.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Khansari, D. N., Murgo, A. J., and Faith, R. E., 1990, Effects of stress on the immune system, Immunol. Today 10:170–175.

    Google Scholar 

  64. Stead, W. W., 1989, Special problems in tuberculosis. Tuberculosis in the elderly and in residents of nursing homes, correctional facilities, long-term hospitals, mental hospitals, shelters for the homeless and jails, Clin. Chest Med. 10:397–405.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Orme, I. M., 1989, Aging and immunity to tuberculosis: Prolonged survival of old mice infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis by adoptive immunization with memory-immune T lymphocytes, Cell. Immunol. 118:229–233.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. North, R. J., 1993, Minimal effect of advancing age on susceptibility of mice to infection by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, J. Infect. Dis. 168:1059–1062.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Fauci, A. S., 1984, Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: Epidemiologic, immunologic and therapeutic considerations, Ann. Intern. Med. 100:92–106.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Collins, F. M., 1990, Bacterial cofactors in AIDS, in: Cofactors in HIV-1 infection and AIDS (R. R. Watson, ed.), CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, pp. 61–78.

    Google Scholar 

  69. Morrissey, A. B., Aisa T. O., Falkinham, J. O., et al., 1992, Absence of M. avium complex disease in patients with AIDS in Uganda, J. AIDS 5:477–478.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Horsburgh, C. R., Hanson, D. L., Jones, J. L., and Thompson, S. E., 1996, Protection from Mycobacterium avium complex disease in human immunodeficiency virus-infected persons with a history of tuberculosis, J. Infect. Dis. 174:1212–1217.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Gilks, C. F., Brindle, R. J., Mwachari, C., et al., 1995, Disseminated M. avium infection among HIV-infected patients in Kenya, J. AIDS 8:195–198.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Pitchenik, A. E., Cole, C., Russell, B. W., et al., 1984, Tuberculosis, atypical mycobacteriosis and the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome among Haitian and non-Haitian patients in South Florida, Ann. Intern. Med. 101:641–645.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Horsburg, C. R., Chin, D. P., Yajko, D. M., et al., 1994, Environmental risk factors for acquisition of Mycobacterium avium complex in persons with human immunodeficiency virus infection, J. Infect. Dis. 170:362–367

    Google Scholar 

  74. von Reyn, C. F., Jacobs, N. J., Arbeit, R. D., et al., 1995, Polyclonal Mycobacterium avium infection in patients with AIDS: Variations in antimicrobial susceptibilities of different strains of M. avium isolated from the same patient, J. Clin. Microbiol 33:1008–1010.

    Google Scholar 

  75. von Reyn, C. F., Green, P. A., McCormick, D., et al., 1994, Dual skin testing with M. avium sensitin and purified protein derivative: An open study of patients with M. avium-complex infection or tuberculosis, Clin. Infect. Dis. 19:15–20.

    Google Scholar 

  76. Lucas, S. B., Hounnou, A., Peacock, C. S., et al., 1993, The mortality and pathology of HIV disease in a West African city, AIDS 7: 1569–1579.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Welch, K., Finkbeiner, W., Alpers, C. E., et al., 1984, Autopsy findings in the acquired immune deficiency syndrome, JAMA 252:1152–1159.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Crawford, J. L., 1994, Development of rapid techniques for identification of Mycobacterium avium infections, Res. Microbiol. 145:171–178.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  79. Woods, G. L., 1994, Disease due to Mycobacterium avium complex in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus: Diagnosis and susceptibility testing, Clin. Infect. Dis. 18:S227–232.

    Google Scholar 

  80. Jost, K. C., Dunbar, D. F., Barth, S. S., et al., 1995, Identification of M. tuberculosis and M. avium complex directly from smear-positive sputum specimens and BACTEC 12B cultures by high performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection and computer-driven pattern recognition models, J. Clin. Microbiol. 33: 1270–1277.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Jacobs, W. R., Barletta, R. G., Udani, R., et al., 1993, Rapid assessment of drug susceptibilities of M. tuberculosis by means of luciferase reporter genes, Science 260:819–822.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. Roth, R. J., Owen, R. L., and Keren, D. F., 1983, AIDS with M. avium-intracellularelesions resembling those of Whipple’s disease, N. Engl. J. Med. 309: 1324–1325.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  83. Hellyer, T. J., Brown, I. N., Taylor, M. B., et al., 1993, Gastrointestinal involvement in M. avium-intracellulare infection in patients with HIV, J. Infect. 26:55–66.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. Montecalvo, M. A., Forester, G., Tsang, A. Y., et al., 1994, Colonization of potable water with Mycobacterium avium complex in homes of HIV-infected patients, Lancet 343:1639.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. Morris, A., Reller, L. B., Salfinger, M., et al., 1993, Mycobacteria in stool samples: The non-value of smears for predicting culture results, J. Clin. Microbiol. 31:1385–1387.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. Li, Z., Bai, G. H., von Reyn, C. F., et al., 1996, Rapid detection of M. avium in stool samples from AIDS patients by immunomagnetic PCR, J. Clin. Microbiol. 34:1903–1907.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. Nash, G., and Fliegel, S., 1984, Pathological features of the lung in acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS): An autopsy study of seventeen homosexual males, Am. J. Clin. Pathol. 81:6–12.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. Morrison, N. E., and Collins, F. M., 1975, Immunogenicity of an aerogenic BCG vaccine in T-cell depleted and normal mice, Infect. Immun. 11:1110–1121.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. North, R. J., and Izzo, A. A., 1993, Granuloma formation in severe combined immunodeficient (SCID) mice in response to progressive BCG infection, Am. J. Pathol. 142:1959–1966.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  90. Centers for Disease Control, 1992, Transmission of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis among immunocompromised persons in a correctional system-New York, Morb. Mort. Wk. Rep. 41:507–509.

    Google Scholar 

  91. Goletti, D., Weissman, D., Jackson, R. W., et al., 1996, Effect of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in HIV replication: Role of immune activation, J. Immunol. 157:1271–1278.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  92. Horsburg, C. R., and Selik, R. M., 1989, The epidemiology of disseminated tuberculous mycobacterial infection in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 139:4–7.

    Google Scholar 

  93. Olliaro, P., and Dautzenberg, B., 1994, Control of the body burden of M. avium complex is associated with improved quality of life and prolonged survival of patients with AIDS: A prospective trial with rifabutin combined with isoniazid, clofazimine and ethambutol, J. Chemother. 6:189–196.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  94. Gordin, F., and Masur, H., 1994, Prophylaxis of M.avium-complex bacteremia in patients with AIDS, Clin. Infect. Dis. 18:S223–226.

    Google Scholar 

  95. Young, L. S., 1996, Mycobacterial infections in immunocompromised patients. Curr. Opinion Infect. Dis. 9:240–245.

    Google Scholar 

  96. Chin, D. P., Reingold, A. L., Stone, E. N., et al., 1994, The impact of Mycobacteriumavium complex bacteremia and its treatment or survival of AIDS patients—a prospective study. J. Infect. Dis. 170:578–584.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  97. Stanford, J. L., and Grange, J. M., 1994, The promise of immunotherapy for tuberculosis, Respir. Med. 88:3–7.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Laboratory of Mycobacteria, CBER, FDA, Bethesda, Maryland, 20852

    Frank M. Collins

Authors
  1. Frank M. Collins
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2002 Kluwer Academic Publishers

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Collins, F.M. (2002). Mycobacterium avium-Complex Infections and Immunodeficiency. In: Opportunistic Intracellular Bacteria and Immunity. Infectious Agents and Pathogenesis. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/0-306-46809-3_7

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/0-306-46809-3_7

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-0-306-45894-1

  • Online ISBN: 978-0-306-46809-4

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation