PMP Driven Probable Maximum Flood for 4 Dams in Sungai Perak Hydroelectric Scheme
Abstract
Probable Maximum Flood is considered as one of the most applied inflow design floods in the determination of dam structure adequacy in current practices. This study revised the inflow design flood values for Sungai Perak Hydroelectric Scheme using Probable Maximum Flood estimation. Probable Maximum Precipitation is analyzed for the catchment and the most critical rainfall values are used in establishing the maximum flood. The revised inflow design flood values for the (4) four dams are found to be 17 259.2 m3/s at Temengor Dam, 5 436 m3/s at Bersia Dam, 13 522.6 m3/s at Kenering Dam and 13 025 m3/s at Chenderoh Dam. The inflow design flood values are higher by 2%–30% for all four dams in the scheme and these dams are also found to be inadequate in terms of spillway capacities with the percentage of 5%-11% higher than the designed capacities. Further enhancement needs to be done by the dam owner either with or without structural modifications in order to protect the structure and downstream population at risk.
Keywords
PMP-PMF Inflow design flood value Sg Perak HydroelectricNotes
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to thank the Institute of Energy and Infrastructure (IEI), Universiti Tenaga Nasional (UNITEN), Malaysia for the assistance given to support this research. Special acknowledgment to Tenaga Nasional Berhad (TNB) and Department of Irrigation and Drainage (DID) for assistance in providing records of data required for this study.
References
- 1.Graham, W.J.: Major US dam failures: their cause, resultant losses, and impact on dam safety programs and engineering practice. In: Great Rivers History: Proceedings and Invited Papers for the EWRI Congress and History Symposium, pp. 52–60 (2009)Google Scholar
- 2.Hwee, H.H., Poon, H.C.: Risk assessment scenario of Machap Dam overtopping using new PMP Malaysian series. Jordan J. Civil Eng. 159(701), 1–10 (2013)Google Scholar
- 3.Sidek, L., Basri, H., Lee, L.K., Foo, K.Y.: The performance of gross pollutant trap for water quality preservation: a real practical application at the Klang Valley, Malaysia. Desalination Water Treat. 57(52), 24733–24741 (2016)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 4.Sammen, S.S., Mohamed, T.A., Ghazali, A.H., Sidek, L.M., El-Shafie, A.: An evaluation of existent methods for estimation of embankment dam breach parameters. Nat. Hazards 87(1), 545–566 (2017)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 5.Che Ros, F., Tosaka, H., Sidek, L.M., Basri, H.: Homogeneity and trends in long-term rainfall data, Kelantan River Basin, Malaysia. Int. J. River Basin Manag. 14(2), 151–163 (2016)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 6.Razali, J., Sidek, L.M., Rashid, M.A., Hussein, A., Marufuzzaman, M.: Probable maximum precipitation comparison using Hershfield’s statistical method and hydro-meteorological method for Sungai Perak hydroelectric scheme. Int. J. Eng. Technol. (UAE) 7(4), 603–608 (2018)Google Scholar
- 7.Hossain, M.S., Sidek, L.M., Marufuzzaman, M., Zawawi, M.H.: Passive congregation theory for particle swarm optimization (PSO): an application in reservoir system operation. Int. J. Eng. Technol. (UAE) 7(4), 383–387 (2018)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 8.Yigzaw, W., Hossain, F., Kalyanapu, A.: Comparison of PMP-driven probable maximum floods with flood magnitudes due to increasingly urbanized catchment: the case of American River Watershed. Earth Interact. 17(8), 1–15 (2013)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 9.Rouhani, H., Leconte, R.: A methodological framework to assess PMP and PMF in snow-dominated watersheds under changing climate conditions–a case study of three watersheds in Québec (Canada). J. Hydrol. 561, 796–809 (2018)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 10.Al-Ani, I.A.R., Sidek, L.M., Basri, N.E.A.: Expert system for mitigating erosion and sedimentation due to storm water during construction activities in Malaysia. Eur. J. Sci. Res. 38(1), 38–44 (2009)Google Scholar
- 11.Hafiz, I., Nor, N.D.M., Sidek, L.M., Basri, H., Hanapi, M.N., Livia, L.: Application of integrated flood analysis system (IFAS) for Dungun River Basin. In: IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, vol. 16(1), p. 012128. IOP Publishing, Bristol (2013)Google Scholar
- 12.Hafiz, I., Sidek, L.M., Basri, H., Fukami, K., Hanapi, M.N., Livia, L. and Jaafar, A.S.: Integrated flood analysis system (IFAS) for Kelantan river basin. In: 2014 IEEE 2nd International Symposium on Telecommunication Technologies (ISTT), pp. 159–162. IEEE, Piscataway (2014)Google Scholar
- 13.Zahari, N.M., Khairuddin, P.N., Mohiyaden, H.A., Sidek, L.M., Mohamad, D.: Biological performance of integrated fixed film activated sludge (IFAS) process. In: IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, vol. 551(1). p. 012005. IOP Publishing, Bristol (2019)Google Scholar
- 14.Ayub, K.R., Sidek, L.M., Ainan, A., Zakaria, N.A., Ghani, A.A., Abdullah, R.: Storm water treatment using bio-ecological drainage system. Int. J. River Basin Manag. 3(3), 215–221 (2005)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 15.Hershfield, D.M.: Estimating the probable maximum precipitation. J. Hydraulics Div. 87(5), 99–116 (1961)Google Scholar
- 16.Hershfield, D.M.: Method for estimating probable maximum rainfall. J.-Am. Water Works Assoc. 57(8), 965–972 (1965)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 17.Chow, V.T.: A general formula for hydrologic frequency analysis. Eos Trans. Am. Geophys. Union 32(2), 231–237 (1951)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 18.Deshpande, N.R., Kulkarni, B.D., Verma, A.K., Mandal, B.N.: Extreme rainfall analysis and estimation of probable maximum precipitation (PMP) by statistical methods over the Indus River Basin in India. J. Spat. Hydrol. 8(1), 22–36 (2008)Google Scholar
- 19.Koutsoyiannis, D.: A probabilistic view of Hershfield’s method for estimating probable maximum precipitation. Water Resour. Res. 35(4), 1313–1322 (1999)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 20.Durbude, D.G.: Estimation of probable maximum precipitation for planning of soil and water conservation structures. J. Soil Water Conserv. 7(3), 31–35 (2008)Google Scholar
- 21.Noriah, A.B., Rakhecha, P.R.: Probable maximum precipitation for 24 h duration over southeast Asian monsoon region—Selangor, Malaysia. Atmos. Res. 58(1), 41–54 (2001)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 22.Tingsanchali, T., Tanmanee, S.: Assessment of hydrological safety of Mae Sruai Dam, Thailand. Procedia Eng. 32, 1198–1204 (2012)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 23.Sidek, L.M., Nor, M.M., Rakhecha, P.R., Basri, H., Jayothisa, W., Muda, R.S., Ahmad, M.N., Razad, A.A.: Probable maximum precipitation (PMP) over mountainous region of cameron highlands-batang padang catchment of Malaysia. In: IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, vol. 16(1), pp. 012049. IOP Publishing, Bristol (2013)Google Scholar
- 24.Rosenberg, D.M., Berkes, F., Bodaly, R.A., Hecky, R.E., Kelly, C.A., Rudd, J.W.: Large-scale impacts of hydroelectric development. Environ. Rev. 5(1), 27–54 (1997)CrossRefGoogle Scholar