Governing Authoritarian Law: Law as Security
Abstract
What is the Singapore model of governance when it comes to law? In this chapter, I focus on a persistent strand of Singapore governance practices and discourses on law: the state’s insistence that ‘the people’ imperil the state. Understanding ‘the people’ both as individuals and as collectives, I argue that the Singapore model is to contain and govern the scope and rights-bearing meanings of law, by subordinating law to techniques, ideologies, and practices of an alternative category and logic: security. Through Singapore-specific articulations, law becomes a cipher for security, and, as a national-legal project, security privileges state perspectives and policies. In the course of the national-legal project of security, ‘the people’—their narratives, beliefs, and identities—become subsumed to governance oriented to strengthening the state.
Bibliography
- Bhabha, Homi K. (1994). “Of Mimicry and Man” in The Location of Culture (London and New York, Routledge, 1994).Google Scholar
- Chan Sek Keong (2009). Keynote Address by Chief Justice Chan Sek Keong, New York State Bar Association Seasonal Meeting, 27 October 2009. Available online: https://www.supremecourt.gov.sg/data/doc/ManagePage/3021/CJ%20Keynote%20Address%20at%20NYSBA%20International%20Seasonal%20Meeting_27%20Oct%202009.pdf
- Comaroff, J, and Comaroff J (2012). Theory from the South (Boulder, Paradigm Publishers).Google Scholar
- Constable, Marianne (2005). Just Silences. (Princeton, Princeton University Press).Google Scholar
- Davies, Margaret (2002). Asking the Law Question. (Sydney, Law Book).Google Scholar
- Dauvergne, Catherine (2004). “Making People Illegal” in Peter Fitzpatrick and Patricia Tuitt eds., Critical Beings: Law, Nation and the Global Subject (Aldershot and Burlington, Ashgate).Google Scholar
- De Angelis, Massimo (2005). “The Political Economy of Global Neoliberal Governance”, 28: 3 Review (Fernand Braudel Center), 229–257.Google Scholar
- de Konnick, Rodolphe, Julie Drolet, and Marc Girard (2008). Singapore: An Atlas of Perpetual Territorial Transformation (Singapore, NUS Press).Google Scholar
- Feigenson, Neal (2014). “The Visual in Law: Some Problems for Legal Theory”, 10:1 Law, Culture and the Humanities, 13–23.Google Scholar
- Fitzpatrick, Peter (1989). “‘The Desperate Vacuum’: Imperialism and Law in the Experience of the Enlightenment”, Droit et Societe 13: 342–56.Google Scholar
- Fitzpatrick, Peter (1992). The Mythology of Modern Law (London and New York, Routledge).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Fitzpatrick, Peter (1995). Nationalism, Racism, and the Rule of Law (Aldershot, Dartmouth).Google Scholar
- Fong Hoe Fang, ed. (2009). That We May Dream Again (Singapore, Ethos).Google Scholar
- Foucault, Michel (1978 [2002]). “Governmentality”, in Michel Foucault Power: Essential Works of Foucault 1954–1984, James D Faubion (ed). (Penguin Books), 201–222.Google Scholar
- Foucault, Michel (1997). Ethics, Subjectivity and Truth. Essential Works of Michel Foucault, 1954–1984 Vol. 1 (New York, New Press).Google Scholar
- Fukuyama, Francis (2016). “Governance: What Do We Know, and How Do We Know It?”, 19 Annual Review of Political Science, 89–105.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- George, Cherian (2008). “History Spiked: Hegemony and the Denial of Media Diversity in Michael Barr and Carl Trocki (eds) Paths Not Taken: Political Pluralism in Post-War Singapore. (Singapore, NUS Press), 264–280.Google Scholar
- Golder, Ben, and Peter Fitzpatrick (2009). Foucault’s Law. (Abingdon, Routledge).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Hong, Lysa and Huang, Jianli (2008). The Scripting of a National History: Singapore and Its Pasts (Singapore, NUS Press).Google Scholar
- Hooker, M.B. (1968). “Raffles’ Singapore Regulations – 1823”, 10 Malayan Law Review, 248–291.Google Scholar
- Hooker, M.B. (1986). Laws of Southeast Asia, (Singapore, Butterworths).Google Scholar
- Hunt, Alan, and Gary Wickham (1994). Foucault and Law: Towards a Sociology of Law as Governance. Pluto Press.Google Scholar
- Huttenback, Robert A. (1976). Racism and Empire: White Settlers and Colored Immigrants in the British Self-Governing Colonies 1830–1910 (Ithaca and London, Cornell University Press).Google Scholar
- Kuo Pao Kun (1990). “The Coffin Is Too Big for the Hole” in The Coffin Is Too Big for the Hole … and Other Plays (Singapore, Times Books International), 29–46.Google Scholar
- Lee, Kuan Yew (1962). “Singapore Prime Minister’s Speech to the University of Singapore Law Society Annual Dinner at Rosee D’Or on 18th January, 1962 at 8:30 pm”, available online: http://www.nas.gov.sg/archivesonline/data/pdfdoc/lky19620118.pdf
- Leong, Wai Kum (2008). “Fifty Years and More of the Women’s Charter of Singapore” in Singapore Journal of Legal Studies (2008) 1–24.Google Scholar
- Lo, Jacqueline (1993). “Theatre in Singapore: An Interview with Kuo Pao Kun”, 23 Australasian Drama Studies, 135–46.Google Scholar
- Lo, Jacqueline (2004). Staging Nation: English Language Theatre in Malaysia and Singapore (Hong Kong, Hong Kong University Press).Google Scholar
- McVeigh, Shaun (2014). “Law as (More or Less) Itself: On Some Not Very Reflective Elements of Law”, 4:1 UC Irvine Law Review, 471–491.Google Scholar
- Moore, Sally Falk (1973). “Law and Social Change: The Semi-Autonomous Social Field as an Appropriate Subject of Study, 7:4 Law & Society Review, 719–746.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Napier, W.J. (1898). “An Introduction to the Study of the Law Administered in the Colony of the Straits Settlements” (1898), reprinted in 16:1 (1974) Malayan Law Review 4.Google Scholar
- Post, Robert (1991). “Introduction: The Relatively Autonomous Discourse of Law” in Robert Post (ed) Law and the Order of Culture. (Berkeley, University of California Press), vii–xvi.Google Scholar
- Pieris, Anoma (2009). Hidden Hands and Divided Landscapes: A Penal History of Singapore’s Plural Society (Honolulu, University of Hawai’i Press).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- PuruShotam, Nirmala Srirekam (1998). Negotiating Language, Constructing Race: Disciplining Difference in Singapore (Berlin, Mouton de Gruyter).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Rahim, Lily Zubaidah (2009). Singapore in the Malay World (London & New York: Routledge).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Rajah, Jothie (2009). “Southeast Asian Law: Hindu Law”, in Stanley N. Katz, ed. The Oxford International Encyclopedia of Legal History (published online, Oxford University Press).Google Scholar
- Rajah, Jothie (2012). Authoritarian Rule of Law (New York, Cambridge University Press).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Rajah, Jothie (2014). “Flogging Gum: Cultural Imaginaries and Postcoloniality in Singapore’s Rule of Law”, 18 Law Text Culture, 135–163.Google Scholar
- Rajah, Jothie and Arun K. Thiruvengadam (2013). “Of Absences, Masks and Exceptions: Cause Lawyering in Singapore”, 31:3 Wisconsin International Law Journal, 646–671.Google Scholar
- Regnier, Phillipe (1991). Singapore: A Chinese City State in a Malay World (London, Hurst).Google Scholar
- Rodan, Garry (2004). Transparency and Authoritarian Rule in Southeast Asia: Singapore and Malaysia (London, Routledge Curzon).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Rose, Nikolas, Pat O’Malley, and Mariana Valverde (2006). “Governmentality”, 2 Annual Review of Law and Social Sciences, 83–104.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Sarat, Austin (2001). “Situating Law Between the Realities of Violence and the Claims of Justice: An Introduction”, in Austin Sarat (ed): Law, Violence, and the Possibility of Justice. (Princeton, Princeton University Press), 3–16.Google Scholar
- Seow, Francis (1994). To Catch a Tartar: A Dissident in Lee Kuan Yew’s Prison (New Haven, Yale Southeast Asian Studies).Google Scholar
- Sidhu, K.S. (1976). “The Red Plot …” Straits Times (28 May 1976), 1.Google Scholar
- Tan, Boon Hui and Brenda S. A. Yeoh (2002). “The ‘Remains of the Dead’: Spatial Politics of Nation-Building in Post-War Singapore, 9:1 Human Ecology Review, 1–13.Google Scholar
- Tan Jing Quee, Teo Soh Lung, and Koh Kay Yew, eds. (2009). Our Thoughts Are Free: Poems and Prose on Imprisonment and Exile (Singapore, Ethos).Google Scholar
- Tan, Kevin Y.L. “Singapore: A Statist Legal Laboratory” in Ann Black and Gary Bell, eds., Law and Legal Institutions of Asia (Melbourne, Cambridge University Press, 2011), 332.Google Scholar
- Tomlins, Christoper and John Comaroff (2011). ‘“Law As …”: Theory and Practice in Legal History’. 1: 3 UC Irvine Law Review, 1039–1079.Google Scholar
- Tomlins, Christopher (2014). “Foreword: “Law As …” II. History as Interface for the Interdisciplinary Study of Law, 4:1 UC Irvine Law Review, 1–18.Google Scholar
- Turnbull, C.M. (2009). A History of Modern Singapore 1819–2005 (Singapore, NUS Press).Google Scholar
- Singapore Parliament Reports 22 March 1961 columns 1199–1202 (Chan Choy Siong).Google Scholar
- Singapore Parliament Reports, 16 Dec 1968, col. 423 (Chua Sian Chin).Google Scholar
- “Singapore’s Population Journey”, Straits Times, June 21, 2012 http://www.straitstimes.com/sites/straitstimes.com/files/ST_20121006_SAT2_3330225.pdf
- Valverde, Mariana (2014). “Studying the governance of crime and security: Space, time and jurisdiction”, 14:4 Criminology & Criminal Justice, 379–391.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Vismann, Cornelia (2008). Files: Law and Media Technology (Stanford, Stanford University Press).Google Scholar
- Wickham, Gary (2002). “Foucault and Law” in An Introduction to Law and Social Theory, Reza Banakar and Max Travers (eds), (Oxford and Portland, Oregon, Hart), 249–266.Google Scholar
- White, James Boyd (1973). The Legal Imagination. (Boston and Toronto, Little, Brown and Company).Google Scholar
- White, James Boyd (1990). Justice as Translation. (Chicago, University of Chicago Press).Google Scholar
Cases and Legislation
- Constitution of the Republic of Singapore (1999 Rev. Ed.).Google Scholar
- Independence of Singapore Agreement 1965.Google Scholar
- Environmental Public Health Act (Cap. 95) Rev. Ed. 2002.Google Scholar
- Environmental Public Health (Cemeteries) Regulations.Google Scholar
- Soniya Chataram Aswani v Haresh Jaikishin Buxani [1995] 2 Singapore Law Reports (Reissue) 736–740 (Singapore High Court).Google Scholar
- Women’s Charter (Cap. 353, 1997 Rev. Ed. Sing.).Google Scholar
- Employment of Foreign Manpower (Work Passes) (Amendment) Regulations 2010.Google Scholar
- Statutes (Miscellaneous Amendments) (No. 2) Act 2005 (No. 42 of 2005). Singapore Statutes Online.Google Scholar