Skip to main content

Are We Living in a Computable World? Answers and Controversies from Chinese Scholars

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Berechenbarkeit der Welt?

Zusammenfassung

The ongoing controversies in China whether “society can or cannot be computed” are both in and about science and they are far from closure. It is found that this problem originates in China’s historical division between the natural and the social sciences, as well as in its long established culture regarding a “differential mode of association”, which is present even in academia. Scientific proposals in this context, such as that “the natural sciences and the social sciences must closely work together”, are politically improper and somehow incompatible with the overall ideology. A consensus on the computability of society problem is not to be expected under this fragmentation.

Dr. Chadwick (Chengwei) WANG is an assistant professor at Tsinghua University, Institute of Science, Technology and Society and a visiting scholar at Harvard University, Department of the History of Science. His principal research interests include discursive history of science, technology and innovation, as well as non-human actors in the institutional entrepreneurship. This research is funded by the Chinese Scholarship Council (CSC).

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 64.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Arkush, RD. 1981. Fei Xiaotong and Sociology in Revolutionary China. Cambridge, Mass.: Council on East Asian Studies, Harvard University: Distributed by Harvard University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Borgatti, S, M Everett, L Freeman. 2002. UCINET for Windows: Software for Social Network Analysis. Boston: Harvard Analytic Technologies. Retried from

    Google Scholar 

  • Borgatti, SP, MG Everett. 2006. A Graph-theoretic perspective on centrality. Social Networks, 28(4), 466-484. doi: 10.1016/j.socnet.2005.11.005

  • Callon, M, J Courtial, WA Turner, S Bauin. 1983. From translations to problematic networks: An introduction to co-word analysis. Social Science Information, 22(2), 191-235

    Google Scholar 

  • Cambrosio, A, C Limoges, J Courtial, F Laville. 1993. Historical scientometrics? Mapping over 70 years of biological safety research with coword analysis. SCIENTOMETRICS, 27(2), 119-143. doi: 10.1007/BF02016546

  • Carolan, BV. 2014. Groups and Positions in Complete Networks. In BV Carolan (Ed.), Social Network Analysis and Education: Theory, Methods & Applications (111-137). Los Angeles: SAGE. (Reprinted.)

    Google Scholar 

  • Charron, C, J Favier, C Li. 2006. Social Computing: How Networks Erode Institutional Power, And What to Do About It. Forrester Customer Report

    Google Scholar 

  • Clarke, AE, SL Star. 2008. The Social Worlds Framework: A Theory/Methods Package. In EJ Hackett, O Amsterdamska, M Lynch, J Wajcman (Eds.), The Handbook of Science and Technology Studies (113-137). Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press. (Reprinted.)

    Google Scholar 

  • Collins, HM, R Evans. 2002. The Third Wave of Science Studies: Studies of Expertise and Experience. SOC STUD SCI, 32(2), 235-296

    Google Scholar 

  • Ding, Y, GG Chowdhury, S Foo. 2001. Bibliometric cartography of information retrieval research by using co-word analysis. INFORM PROCESS MANAG, 37(6), 817-842

    Google Scholar 

  • Engelhardt, HT, AL Caplan. 1987. Introduction: Patterns of controversy and closure: the interplay of knowledge, values, and political forces. In Jr. HT Engelhardt, AL Caplan (Eds.), Scientific controversies: Case studies in the resolution and closure of disputes in science and technology (1-24). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. (Reprinted. doi: 10.1017/CBO9780511628719.002.)

  • Fei, X. 1992. From the Soil, The Foundations of Chinese Society: A Translation of Fei Xiaotong’s Xiangtu Zhongguo, With an introduction and epilogue. Berkeley: University of California Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Freeman, LC. 1977. A Set of Measures of Centrality Based on Betweenness. Sociometry, 35-41

    Google Scholar 

  • Freeman, LC. 1980. The gatekeeper, pair-dependency and structural centrality. Quality and Quantity, 14(4), 585-592

    Google Scholar 

  • Girvan, M, ME Newman. 2002. Community structure in social and biological networks. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 99(12), 7821-7826

    Google Scholar 

  • Greenhalgh, S. 2008. Just One Child: Science and Policy in Deng’s China. Berkeley: University of California Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hanneman, RA, M Riddle. 2011. Concepts and Measures for Basic Network Analysis. In J Scott, PJ Carrington (Eds.), The Sage Handbook of Social Network Analysis (340-369). London; Thousand Oaks, Calif: SAGE. (Reprinted.)

    Google Scholar 

  • Haraway, DJ. 1997. Modest_Witness@Second_Millennium. FemaleMan_Meets_Onco- Mouse: Feminism and Technoscience. New York, NY [u.a.]: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Heilmann, S. 2008. From Local Experiments to National Policy: The Origins of China’s Distinctive Policy Process. The China Journal, 59 (January), 1-30

    Google Scholar 

  • Herlihy, DV. 2004. Bicycle: The History. New Haven: Yale University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hummon, NP, TJ Fararo. 1995. The emergence of computational sociology. J MATH SOCIOL, 20(2-3), 79-87

    Google Scholar 

  • Keith, W, W Rehg. 2008. Argumentation in Science: The Cross-Fertilization of Argumentation Theory and Science Studies. In EJ Hackett, O Amsterdamska, M Lynch, J Wajcman (Eds.), The Handbook of Science and Technology Studies (211-239). Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press. (Reprinted.)

    Google Scholar 

  • Kling, R. 1996. Social Controversies about Computerization. In R Kling (Ed.), Computerization and Controversy: Value Conflicts and Social Choices (10-15). San Diego: Academic Press. (Reprinted.)

    Google Scholar 

  • Ko, S. 2001. China’s pragmatism as a grand national development strategy: Historical legacy and evolution. Issues & Studies, 37(6), 1-28.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kuhn, TS. 1962. The Structure of Scientific Revolutions. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lakatos, I. 1978. The methodology of scientific research programmes. Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Latour, B. 1983. Give Me a Laboratory and I will Raise the World. In K Knorr-Cetina, MJ Mulkay (Eds.), Science Observed: Perspectives on the Social Study of Science (141-170). London; Beverly Hills: Sage Publications. (Reprinted.)

    Google Scholar 

  • Latour, B. 1986. Visualization and Cognition. Knowledge and Society, 6, 1-40

    Google Scholar 

  • Latour, B. 1987. Science in Action: How to Follow Scientists and Engineers Through Society. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Latour, B, S Woolgar. 1986. Laboratory Life: The Construction of Scientific Facts. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Law, J, S Bauin, J Courtial, J Whittaker. 1988. Policy and the mapping of scientific change: A co-word analysis of research into environmental acidification. SCIENTOMETRICS, 14(3-4), 251-264. doi: 10.1007/BF02020078

  • Lazer, D, AS Pentland, L Adamic, S Aral, AL Barabasi, D Brewer, N Christakis, N Contractor, J Fowler, M Gutmann, T Jebara, G King, M Macy, D Roy, M Van Alstyne. 2009. Life in the network: the coming age of computational social science. SCIENCE, 323(5915), 721-723. doi: 10.1126/science.1167742

  • Macy, MW, R Willer. 2002. From Factors to Actors: Computational Sociology and Agentbased Modeling. Annual Review of Sociology, 143-166

    Google Scholar 

  • Mainzer, K. 1994. Thinking in Complexity: The Computational Dynamics of Matter, Mind, and Mankind (1st Edition) (1st ed.). Berlin; Heidelberg; New York: Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mainzer, K. 2007. Thinking in Complexity: The Computational Dynamics of Matter, Mind, and Mankind (Fifth Revised and Enlarged Edition) (Fifth Revised and Enlarged Edition.). Berlin; New York: Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Maлышeв, ИC. 1963. She hui zhu yi zhi du xia lao dong de she hui ji suan he jia ge (Oбщecтвeнный yчeт тpyдa и цeнa пpи coциaлизмe, Social Computing and Price of Labor Under the Socialist System)(社会主义制度下劳动的社会计算和价格). Beijing: Sheng huo, du shu, xin zhi san lian shu dian (DX Joint Publishing Company).

    Google Scholar 

  • McMullin, E. 1987. Scientific controversy and its termination. In HTHT Engelhardt, AL Caplan (Eds.), Scientific controversies: Case studies in the resolution and closure of disputes in science and technology (49-91). Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press. (Reprinted.)

    Google Scholar 

  • Nelkin, D. 1979. Controversy, Politics of Technical Decisions. Beverly Hills, Calif.: Sage Publications.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nelkin, D. 1995. Science Controversies: The Dynamics of Public Disputes in the United States. In S Jasanoff, GE Markle, JC Petersen, T Pinch (Eds.), Handbook of Science and Technology Studies (444-456). Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Sage Publications. (Reprinted.)

    Google Scholar 

  • Newman, ME, M Girvan. 2004. Finding and evaluating community structure in networks. PHYS REV E, 69(2), 26113

    Google Scholar 

  • North, DC. 1990. Institutions, Institutional Change, and Economic Performance. Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nissenbaum, H. 1994. Computing and Accountability. COMMUN ACM, 37(1), 72-80

    Google Scholar 

  • Nissenbaum, H. 1996. Accountability in a Computerized Cociety. SCI ENG ETHICS, 2(1), 25-42. doi: 10.1007/BF02639315

  • Parameswaran, M, AB Whinston. 2007. Social Computing: An Overview. Communications of the Association for Information Systems, 19(1), 37

    Google Scholar 

  • Pinch, TJ, WE Bijker. 1987. The Social Construction of Facts and Artifacts: Or How the Sociology of Science and the Sociology of Technology Might Benefit Each Other. In WE Bijker, TP Hughes, TJ Pinch (Eds.), The Social Construction of Technological Systems: New Directions in the Sociology and History of Technology (17-50). Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press. (Reprinted.)

    Google Scholar 

  • Price, DJ. 1970. Citation measures of hard science, soft science, technology, and nonscience. In CE Nelson, DK Pollock (Eds.), Communication Among Scientists and Engineers (3-22). Lexington, MA: Heath Lexington Books. (Reprinted.)

    Google Scholar 

  • Pye, LW. 1986. On Chinese Pragmatism in the 1980s. The China Quarterly, 106, 207-234

    Google Scholar 

  • Qian, B. 1982. Guo min jing ji zong he ping heng tong ji xue (Statistics for Understanding the Balance of National Economy)(国民经济综合平衡统计学). Beijing: Zhongguo cai zheng jing ji chu ban she (China Financial and Economic Publishing House).

    Google Scholar 

  • Salgado, M, N Gilbert. 2013. Emergence and Communication in Computational Sociology. Journal for the Theory of Social Behaviour, 43(1), 87-110. doi: 10.1111/jtsb.12004

  • Schoenhals, M. 1991. The 1978 Truth Criterion Controversy. The China Quarterly, 126, 243-268

    Google Scholar 

  • Schoenhals, M. 1992. Doing Things with Words in Chinese Politics: Five Studies. Berkeley: Center for Chinese Studies, Institute of East Asian Studies, University of California.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schuler, D. 1994. Social Computing. COMMUN ACM, 37(1), 28-29

    Google Scholar 

  • Schumpeter, JA. 1934. The Theory of Economic Development: An Inquiry into Profits, Capital, Credit, Interest, and the Business Cycle (R Opie, Trans.). Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shapin, S, S Schaffer. 1985. Leviathan and the Air-Pump : Hobbes, Boyle, and the Experimental Life: including a translation of Thomas Hobbes, Dialogus physicus de natura aeris by Simon Schaffer. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sismondo, S. 2004. An Introduction to Science and Technology Studies. Malden, MA: Blackwell Pub.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sismondo, S. 2008. Science and Technology Studies and an Engaged Program. In EJ Hackett, O Amsterdamska, M Lynch, J Wajcman (Eds.), The Handbook of Science and Technology Studies (Third Edition) (13-30). Cambridge, MA; London: The MIT Press. (Reprinted.)

    Google Scholar 

  • Squazzoni, F. 2012. Agent-based Computational Sociology. Chichester, West Sussex: Wiley & Sons. (Reprinted.)

    Google Scholar 

  • Su, H, P Lee. 2010. Mapping knowledge structure by keyword co-occurrence: a first look at journal papers in Technology Foresight. SCIENTOMETRICS, 85(1), 65-79. doi: 10.1007/s11192-010-0259-8

  • Van Raan, A, R Tijssen. 1993. The neural net of neural network research. SCIENTOMETRICS, 26(1), 169-192. doi: 10.1007/BF02016799

  • Waltman, L, NJ van Eck, ECM Noyons. 2010. A unified approach to mapping and clustering of bibliometric networks. Journal of Informetrics, 4(4), 629-635. doi: 10.1016/j.joi.2010.07.002

  • Wang, F, KM Carley, D Zeng, W Mao. 2007. Social Computing: From Social Informatics to Social Intelligence. Intelligent Systems, IEEE, 22(2), 79-83

    Google Scholar 

  • Wang, F. 2008. (Social Computing: Fundamentals and Applications. IEEE International Conference on Intelligence and Security Informatics, 2008. ISI 2008., 2008. IEEE, p xxxv-xxxviii

    Google Scholar 

  • Wang, F. 2009. Beyond x 2.0: Where Should We Go? IEEE INTELL SYST, 24(3), 2-4

    Google Scholar 

  • Whittaker, J. 1989. Creativity and Conformity in Science: Titles, Keywords and Co-word Analysis. SOC STUD SCI, 19(3), 473-496

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Chadwick Wang .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2017 Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden GmbH

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Wang, C. (2017). Are We Living in a Computable World? Answers and Controversies from Chinese Scholars. In: Pietsch, W., Wernecke, J., Ott, M. (eds) Berechenbarkeit der Welt?. Springer VS, Wiesbaden. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-12153-2_13

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-12153-2_13

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer VS, Wiesbaden

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-658-12152-5

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-658-12153-2

  • eBook Packages: Social Science and Law (German Language)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics