Advertisement

Psychological Assessment in the Context of Head and Facial Pain

  • Leanne R. Cianfrini
  • Daniel M. Doleys
Chapter
First Online:

Abstract

Comprehensive pain assessment and treatment models incorporating a biopsychosocial approach have evolved over decades. Recent guidelines and evidence-based recommendations advocate assessment along multiple dimensions of the pain experience—beyond demographic information or pathophysiological status—to include personality variables, cognitions and beliefs, sociocultural variables, learning, and emotional reactivity. Individual differences in these psychosocial experiences contribute significantly to a patient’s perception of pain and ultimately the effectiveness of treatment. A thorough psychological assessment process is broken down into three areas: (a) the interview, (b) behavioral observations, and (c) standardized testing. The “Why, Where, How, When, and What” of conducting such an assessment is detailed in this chapter. Recommended strategies and validated questionnaires are reviewed. In all cases, chronic pain should be considered as complex, dynamic, and contextually sensitive. Even in the absence of a trained pain psychologist, the patient-oriented health-care provider can obtain valuable information and insight which can help guide the biopsychosocial management of the patient with head and/or facial pain.

Keywords

Psychological assessment Head pain Facial pain Pain intensity Quality of life Pain assessment Chronic pain Psychological evaluation Health psychology Pain beliefs Biopsychosocial model 
This is a preview of subscription content, log in to check access.

References

  1. 1.
    Melzack R, Casey KL. Sensory, motivational, and central control determinants of pain: a new conceptual model. In: Kenshalo D, editor. The skin senses. Springfield: Chas. C. Thomas; 1968. p. 423–39.Google Scholar
  2. 2.
    International Association for the Study of Pain. Pain terms: a list with definitions and notes on usage recommended by the IASP Subcommittee on Taxonomy. Pain. 1979;6:249–52.Google Scholar
  3. 3.
    Apkarian AV, Bushnell MC, Treede RD, Zubieta JK. Human brain mechanisms of pain perception and regulation in health and disease. Eur J Pain. 2005;9(4):463–84.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  4. 4.
    Wager TD, Atlas LY, Lindquist MA, Roy M, Woo CW, Kross E. An fMRI-based neurologic signature of physical pain. N Engl J Med. 2013;368(15):1388–97.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentralGoogle Scholar
  5. 5.
    Institute of Medicine. Relieving pain in America: a blueprint for transforming prevention, care, education, and research. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press; 2011.Google Scholar
  6. 6.
    Bonica JJ, Loeser JD, Chapman CR, Fordyce WE. History of pain concepts and theories. In: Bonica JJ, editor. The management of pain. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger; 1990.Google Scholar
  7. 7.
    De Leeuw R, Bertoli E, Schmidt JE, Carlson CR. Prevalence of traumatic stressors in patients with temporomandibular disorders. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2005;63:42–50.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  8. 8.
    De Leeuw R, Bertoli E, Schmidt JE, Carlson CR. Prevalence of post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms in orofacial pain patients. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2005;99(5):558–68.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentralGoogle Scholar
  9. 9.
    Bertoli E, De Leeuw R. Prevalence of suicidal ideation, depression, and anxiety in chronic temporomandibular disorder patients. J Oral Facial Pain Headache. 2016;30(4):296–301.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  10. 10.
    Manfredini D, Landi N, Bandettini Di Poggio A, Dell’Osso L, Bosco M. A critical review on the importance of psychological factors in temporomandibular disorders. Minerva Stomatol. 2003;52:321–6.PubMedPubMedCentralGoogle Scholar
  11. 11.
    Quartana PJ, Buenaver LF, Edwards RR, Klick B, Haythornthwaite JA, Smith MT. Pain catastrophizing and salivary cortisol responses to laboratory pain testing in temporomandibular disorder and healthy participants. J Pain. 2010;11:186–94.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentralGoogle Scholar
  12. 12.
    Pompili M, Serafini G, Di Cosimo D, Dominici G, Innamorati M, Lester D, et al. Psychiatric comorbidity and suicide risk in patients with chronic migraine. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2010;6:81–91.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentralGoogle Scholar
  13. 13.
    Visscher CM, Ohrbach R, van Wijk AJ, Wilkosz M, Naeije M. The Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia for temporomandibular disorders (TSK-TMD). Pain. 2010;150:492–500.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentralGoogle Scholar
  14. 14.
    Fillingim RB, Ohrbach R, Greenspan JD, Knott C, Diatchenko L, Dubner R, et al. Psychological factors associated with development of TMD: the OPPERA prospective cohort study. J Pain. 2013;14(12 Suppl):T75–90.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentralGoogle Scholar
  15. 15.
    Velly AM, Look JO, Carlson C, Lenton PA, Kang W, Holcroft CA, et al. The effect of catastrophizing and depression on chronic pain—a prospective cohort study of temporomandibular muscle and joint pain disorders. Pain. 2011;152:2377–83.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentralGoogle Scholar
  16. 16.
    Epker J, Gatchel RJ. Coping profile differences in the biopsychosocial functioning of patients with temporomandibular disorder. Psychosom Med. 2000;62:69–75.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentralGoogle Scholar
  17. 17.
    Garofalo JP, Gatchel RJ, Wesley AL, Ellis E. Predicting chronicity in acute temporomandibular joint disorders using the research diagnostic criteria. J Am Dent Assoc. 1998;129:438–47.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentralGoogle Scholar
  18. 18.
    Ohrbach R, Dworkin SF. Five-year outcomes in TMD: relationship of changes in pain to changes in physical and psychological variables. Pain. 1998;74:315–26.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentralGoogle Scholar
  19. 19.
    Antonaci F, Nappi G, Galli F, Manzoni GC, Calabresi P, Costa A. Migraine and psychiatric comorbidity: a review of clinical findings. J Headache Pain. 2011;12:115–25.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentralGoogle Scholar
  20. 20.
    Fornaro M, Stubbs B. A meta-analysis investigating the prevalence of moderators of migraines among people with bipolar disorder. J Affect Disord. 2015;178:88–97.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  21. 21.
    Lanteri-Minet M, Radat F, Chautard MH, Lucas C. Anxiety and depression associated with migraine: influence on migraine subjects’ disability and quality of life, and acute migraine management. Pain. 2005;118:219–26.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  22. 22.
    Kim S, Park SP. The role of headache chronicity among predictors contributing to quality of life in patients with migraine: a hospital-based study. J Headache Pain. 2014;15:68.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentralGoogle Scholar
  23. 23.
    Wu J, Davis-Ajami ML, Kevin Lu Z. Impact of depression on health and medical care utilization and expenses in US adults with migraine: a retrospective cross sectional study. Headache. 2016;56(7):1147–60.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  24. 24.
    Lipton RB. Tracing transformation: chronic migraine classification, progression, and epidemiology. Neurology. 2009;72(Suppl 5):53–7.Google Scholar
  25. 25.
    Galli R, Pozzi G, Frustaci A, Allena M, Anastasi S, Chirumbolo A, et al. Differences in the personality profile of medication-overuse headache sufferers and drug addict patients: a comparative study using MMPI-2. Headache. 2011;51(8):1212–27.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  26. 26.
    American College of Occupational and Environmental Medicine. Chronic pain treatment guidelines. In: Hegmann K, editor. Occupational medicine practice guidelines. 2nd ed. Beverly Farms: OEM Press; 2008.Google Scholar
  27. 27.
    White KS. Assessment and treatment of psychological causes of chest pain. Med Clin North Am. 2010;94(2):291–318.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  28. 28.
    Turner JA, Jensen MP, Romano JM. Do beliefs, coping, and catastrophizing independently predict functioning in patients with chronic pain? Pain. 2000;85(1–2):115–25.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  29. 29.
    Darnall BD, Scheman J, Davin S, Burns JW, Murphy JL, Wilson AC, et al. Pain psychology: a global needs assessment and national call to action. Pain Med. 2016;17:250–63.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentralGoogle Scholar
  30. 30.
    Fordyce WE. Behavioral methods for chronic pain and illness. St. Louis: Mosby; 1976. p. 236.Google Scholar
  31. 31.
    Keefe FJ, Somers TJ, Williams DA, Smith SJ. Assessment of pain behaviors. In: Turk DC, Melzack R, editors. Handbook of pain assessment. 3rd ed. New York: Guilford Press; 2011. p. 134–50.Google Scholar
  32. 32.
    Meyer GJ, Finn SE, Eyde LD, Kay GG, Moreland KL, Dies RR, et al. Psychological testing and psychological assessment. A review of evidence and issues. Am Psychol. 2001;56(2):128–65.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentralGoogle Scholar
  33. 33.
    Carragee EJ, Alamin TF, Miller JL, Carragee JM. Discographic, MRI and psychosocial determinants of low back pain disability and remission: a prospective study in subjects with benign persistent back pain. Spine J. 2005;5(1):24–35.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentralGoogle Scholar
  34. 34.
    Carragee EJ, Barcohana B, Alamin T, van den Haak E. Prospective controlled study of the development of lower back pain in previously asymptomatic subjects undergoing experimental discography. Spine. 2004;29(10):1112–7.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentralGoogle Scholar
  35. 35.
    Schiffman E, Ohrbach R, Truelove E, Look J, Anderson G, Goulet J-P, et al. Diagnostic criteria for temporomandibular disorders (DC/TMD) for clinical and research applications: recommendations of the International RDC/TMD Consortium Network and Orofacial Pain Special Interest Group. J Oral Facial Pain Headache. 2014;28(10):6–27.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentralGoogle Scholar
  36. 36.
    Walk D, Sehgal N, Moeller-Bertram T, Edwards RR, Wasan A, Wallace M, et al. Quantitative sensory testing and mapping: a review of nonautomated quantitative methods for examination of the patient with neuropathic pain. Clin J Pain. 2009;25(7):632–40.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentralGoogle Scholar
  37. 37.
    McCracken LM, Evon D, Karapas ET. Satisfaction with treatment for chronic pain in a specialty service: preliminary prospective results. Eur J Pain. 2002;6(5):387–93.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentralGoogle Scholar
  38. 38.
    Jensen MP, Mendoza T, Hanna DB, Chen C, Cleeland CS. The analgesic effects that underlie patient satisfaction with treatment. Pain. 2004;110:480–7.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentralGoogle Scholar
  39. 39.
    Shaw WS, Means-Christensen AJ, Slater MA, Webster JS, Patterson TL, Grant I, et al. Psychiatric disorders and risk of transition to chronicity in men with first onset low back pain. Pain Med. 2010;11:1391–400.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentralGoogle Scholar
  40. 40.
    Comley AL, DeMeyer E. Assessing patient satisfaction with pain management through a continuous quality improvement effort. J Pain Symptom Manage. 2001;21(1):27–40.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  41. 41.
    Sullivan MD, Ballantyne JC. Must we reduce pain intensity to treat chronic pain? Pain. 2016;157(1):65–9.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  42. 42.
    Ballantyne JC, Sullivan MD. Intensity of chronic pain—the wrong metric? N Engl J Med. 2015;373:2098–9.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  43. 43.
    Warren JW, Langenberg P, Clauw DJ. The number of existing functional somatic syndromes (FSSs) is an important risk factor for new, different FSSs. J Psychosom Res. 2013;74(1):12–7.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  44. 44.
    Suvinen TI, Kemppainen P, Le Bell Y, Kauko T, Forssell H. Assessment of pain drawings and self-reported comorbid pains as part of the biopsychosocial profiling of temporomandibular disorder pain patients. J Oral Facial Pain Headache. 2016;30(4):287–95.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentralGoogle Scholar
  45. 45.
    Hawkins JM, Schmidt JE, Hargitai IA, Johnson JF, Howard RS, Bertrand PM. Multimodal assessment of body pain in orofacial pain patients. Pain Med. 2016;17(5):961–9.Google Scholar
  46. 46.
    Williams DA. The importance of psychological assessment in chronic pain. Curr Opin Urol. 2013;23(6):554–9.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentralGoogle Scholar
  47. 47.
    Melzack R. The McGill pain questionnaire: major properties and scoring methods. Pain. 1975;1:277–99.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentralGoogle Scholar
  48. 48.
    Mongini F, Deregibus A, Raviola F, Mongini T. Confirmation of the distinction between chronic migraine and chronic tension-type headache by the McGill pain questionnaire. Headache. 2003;43(8):867–77.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentralGoogle Scholar
  49. 49.
    Melzack R, Terrence C, Fromm G, Amsel R. Trigeminal neuralgia and atypical facial pain: use of the McGill Pain Questionnaire for discrimination and diagnosis. Pain. 1986;27:297–302.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentralGoogle Scholar
  50. 50.
    Turk DC, Dworkin RH, McDermott MP, Bellamy N, Burke LB, Chandler JM, et al. Analyzing multiple endpoints in clinical trials of pain treatments: IMMPACT recommendations. Pain. 2008;139:485–93.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  51. 51.
    Ware JE Jr, Sherbourne CD. The MOS 36-item short-form health survey (SF-36). I. Conceptual framework and item selection. Med Care. 1992;30(6):473–83.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  52. 52.
    Bergner M, Bobbitt RA, Carter WB, Gilson BS. The sickness impact profile: development and final revision of a health status measure. Med Care. 1981;19:787–805.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  53. 53.
    Pollard CA. Preliminary validity study of the pain disability index. Percept Mot Skills. 1984;59:974.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  54. 54.
    Fairbank JC, Pynsent PB. The Oswestry disability index. Spine. 2000;25(22):2940–52.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  55. 55.
    Stewart WF, Lipton RB, Dowson AJ, Sawyer J. Development and testing of the migraine disability assessment (MIDAS) questionnaire to assess headache-related disability. Neurology. 2001;56(6 Suppl 1):S20–8.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  56. 56.
    Kosinski M, Bayliss MS, Bjorner JB, Ware JE Jr, Garber WH, Batenhorst A, et al. A six-item short-form survey for measuring headache impact: the HIT-6. Qual Life Res. 2003;12:963–74.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  57. 57.
    Jhingran P, Osterhaus JT, Miller DW, Lee JT, Kirchdoerfer L. Development and validation of the migraine-specific quality of life questionnaire. Headache. 1998;38:295–302.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  58. 58.
    Martin BC, Pathak DS, Sharfman MI, Adelman JU, Taylor F, Kwong WJ, et al. Validity and reliability of the migraine-specific quality of life questionnaire (MSQ Version 2.1). Headache. 2000;40:204–15.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  59. 59.
    Ohrbach R, Larsson P, List T. The jaw functional limitation scale: development, reliability, and validity of 8-item and 20-item versions. J Orofac Pain. 2008;22(3):219–30.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  60. 60.
    Stegenga B, de Bont LGM, de Leeuw R, Boering G. Assessment of mandibular function impairment associated with temporomandibular joint osteoarthrosis and internal derangement. J Orofac Pain. 1993;7:183–95.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  61. 61.
    Slade GD, Spencer AJ. Development and evaluation of the Oral Health Impact Profile. Community Dent Health. 1994;11(1):3–11.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  62. 62.
    Slade GD. Derivation and validation of a short-form oral health impact profile. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol. 1997;25:284–90.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  63. 63.
    American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 5th ed. Washington, DC: Author; 2013.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  64. 64.
    Nicholson RA, Houle TT, Rhudy JL, Norton PJ. Psychological risk factors in headache. Headache. 2007;47(3):413–26.PubMedPubMedCentralGoogle Scholar
  65. 65.
    Beck AT, Steer RA, Garbin MG. Psychometric properties of the Beck Depression Inventory: twenty-five years of evaluation. Clin Psychol Rev. 1998;8:77–100.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  66. 66.
    Radloff LS. The CES-D scale: a self-report depression scale for research in the general population. Appl Psychol Meas. 1997;1:385–401.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  67. 67.
    Williams AC, Richardson PH. What does the BDI measure in chronic pain? Pain. 1993;55(2):259–66.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  68. 68.
    Geisser ME, Roth RS, Robinson ME. Assessing depression among persons with chronic pain using the Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression Scale and the Beck Depression Inventory: a comparative analysis. Clin J Pain. 1997;13:163–70.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  69. 69.
    Kroenke K, Spitzer RL, Williams JB. The PHQ-9: validity of a brief depression severity measure. J Gen Intern Med. 2001;16:606–13.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentralGoogle Scholar
  70. 70.
    Seo JG, Park SP. Validation of the patient health questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) and PHQ-2 in patients with migraine. J Headache Pain. 2015;16:65–72.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentralGoogle Scholar
  71. 71.
    Spitzer RL, Kroenke K, Williams JB, Lowe B. A brief measure for assessing generalized anxiety disorder: the GAD-7. Arch Intern Med. 2006;166:1092–7.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentralGoogle Scholar
  72. 72.
    Seo JG, Park SP. Validation of the generalized anxiety disorder-7 (GAD-7) and GAD-2 in patients with migraine. J Headache Pain. 2015;16:97.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentralGoogle Scholar
  73. 73.
    McCracken L, Dhingra L. A short version of the Pain Anxiety Symptoms Scale (PASS-20): preliminary development and validity. Pain Res Manag. 2002;7(1):45–50.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  74. 74.
    Suhr JA, Spickard B. Pain-related fear is associated with cognitive task avoidance: exploration of the cogniphobia construct in a recurrent headache sample. Clin Neuropsychol. 2012;26(7):1128–41.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  75. 75.
    Seng EK, Klepper JE. Development of the cogniphobia scale for headache disorders (CS-HD): a pilot study. Psychol Assess. 2017;29(10):1296–301.  https://doi.org/10.1037/pas0000432.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  76. 76.
    Okifuji A, Turk DC, Curran SL. Anger in chronic pain: investigations of anger targets and intensity. J Psychosom Res. 1999;47:1–12.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  77. 77.
    Bruehl S, Burns JW, Chung OY, Chont M. Pain-related effects of trait anger expression: neural substrates and the role of endogenous opioid mechanisms. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2009;33:475–91.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  78. 78.
    Trost Z, Vangronsveld K, Linton SJ, Quartana PJ, Sullivan MJ. Cognitive dimensions of anger in chronic pain. Pain. 2012;153(3):515–7.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  79. 79.
    Spielberger CD. State-trait anger expression inventory, professional manual. Odessa: Psychological Assessment Resources; 1988.Google Scholar
  80. 80.
    Brown M, Dean S, Hay-Smith EJ, Taylor W, Baxter GD. Musculoskeletal pain and treatment choice: an exploration of illness perceptions and choices of conventional or complementary therapies. Disabil Rehabil. 2010;32(20):1645–57.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentralGoogle Scholar
  81. 81.
    Gross DP, Deshpande S, Werner EL, Reneman MF, Miciak MA, Buchbinder R. Fostering change in back pain beliefs and behaviors: when public education is not enough. Spine J. 2012;12(11):979–88.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentralGoogle Scholar
  82. 82.
    Thompson E, Broadbent J, Bertino MD, Staiger PK. Do pain-related beliefs influence adherence to multidisciplinary rehabilitation? A systematic review. Clin J Pain. 2016;32(2):164–78.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentralGoogle Scholar
  83. 83.
    Seng EK, Buse DC, Klepper JE, Mayson SJ, Grinberg AS, Grosberg BM, et al. Psychological factors associated with chronic migraine and severe migraine-related disability: an observational study in a tertiary headache center. Headache. 2017;57(4):593–604.  https://doi.org/10.1111/head.13021.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentralGoogle Scholar
  84. 84.
    Jensen MP, Karoly P, Huger R. The development and preliminary validation of an instrument to assess patients’ attitudes toward pain. J Psychosom Res. 1987;31(3):393–400.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentralGoogle Scholar
  85. 85.
    Romano JM, Jensen MP, Turner JA. The chronic pain coping inventory-42: reliability and validity. Pain. 2003;104(1–2):65–73.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentralGoogle Scholar
  86. 86.
    Rosenstiel AK, Keefe FJ. The use of coping strategies in chronic low back pain patients: relationship to patient characteristics and current adjustment. Pain. 1983;17:33–44.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentralGoogle Scholar
  87. 87.
    Nicholas MK. The pain self-efficacy questionnaire: taking pain into account. Eur J Pain. 2007;11:153–63.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  88. 88.
    Nicholas MK, McGuire BE, Asghari A. A 2-item short form of the pain self-efficacy questionnaire: development and psychometric evaluation of PSEQ-2. J Pain. 2015;16(2):153–63.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  89. 89.
    McCracken LM, Vowles KE, Eccleston C. Acceptance of chronic pain: component analysis and a revised assessment method. Pain. 2004;107:159–66.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  90. 90.
    Skevington SM. A standardised scale to measure beliefs about controlling pain (BPCQ): a preliminary study. Psychol Health. 1990;4:221–32.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  91. 91.
    Martin NJ, Holroyd KA, Penzien DB. The headache-specific locus of control scale: adaptation to recurrent headaches. Headache. 1990;30(11):729–34.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  92. 92.
    Sullivan MJL, Bishop S, Pivik J. The pain catastrophizing scale: development and validation. Psychol Assess. 1995;7:524–32.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  93. 93.
    Severejins R, Vlaeyen JWS, van den Hout MA, Weber W. Pain catastrophizing predicts pain intensity, disability, and psychological distress independent of the level of physical impairment. Clin J Pain. 2001;17:165–72.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  94. 94.
    Burton AK, Tillotson KM, Main CJ, Hollis S. Psychosocial predictors of outcome in acute and subchronic low back trouble. Spine. 1995;20(6):722–8.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentralGoogle Scholar
  95. 95.
    Butcher JN, Graham JR, Tellegen A, Kaemmer B. Manual for the restandardized Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory: MMPI-2. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press; 1989.Google Scholar
  96. 96.
    Ben-Porath YS, Tellegen A. Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 Restructured Form: MMPI-2-RF. NCS Pearson, Incorporated; 2008.Google Scholar
  97. 97.
    Ziegler DK, Paolo AM. Headache symptoms and psychological profile of headache-prone individuals. A comparison of clinic patients and controls. Arch Neurol. 1995;52(6):602–6.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentralGoogle Scholar
  98. 98.
    Manfredini D, Cerea S, Pavan C, Guarda-Nardini L. Personality traits are potentially associated with the presence of chronic temporomandibular joint pain in patients without effusion as determined by T-2 weighted magnetic resonance. Cranio. 2017;20:1–7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  99. 99.
    Millon T, Antoni M, Millon C, Minor S, Grossman S. Millon behavioral medicine diagnostic. Minneapolis: National Computer Systems; 2006.Google Scholar
  100. 100.
    Bruns D, Disorbio JM. Assessment of biopsychosocial risk factors for medical treatment: a collaborative approach. J Clin Psychol Med Settings. 2009;16(2):127–47.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  101. 101.
    Block C, Cianfrini L. Neuropsychological and neuroanatomical sequelae of chronic non-malignant pain and opioid analgesia. NeuroRehabilitation. 2013;33(2):343–66.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  102. 102.
    Moriarty O, McGuire BE, Finn DP. The effect of pain on cognitive function: a review of clinical and preclinical research. Prog Neurobiol. 2011;93(3):385–404.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  103. 103.
    Randolph C, Tierney MC, Mohr E, Chase TN. The Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status (RBANS): preliminary clinical validity. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol. 1993;20(3):310–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  104. 104.
    Folstein M, Folstein SE, McHugh PR. “Mini-mental state” a practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician. J Psychiatr Res. 1975;12(3):189–98.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentralGoogle Scholar
  105. 105.
    Seidenberg M, Haltiner A, Taylor MA, Hermann BB, Wyler A. Development and validation of a Multiple Ability Self-Report Questionnaire. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol. 1994;16(1):93–104.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  106. 106.
    Almoznino G, Benoliel R, Sharav Y, Haviv Y. Sleep disorders and chronic craniofacial pain: characteristics and management possibilities. Sleep Med Rev. 2017;33:39–50.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smrv.2016.04.005.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  107. 107.
    Alsaadi SM, McAuley JH, Hush JM, Lo S, Bartlett DJ, Grunstein RR, et al. The bidirectional relationship between pain intensity and sleep disturbance/quality in patients with low back pain. Clin J Pain. 2014;30(9):755–65.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  108. 108.
    Sommer I, Lavigne G, Ettlin DA. Review of self-reported instruments that measure sleep dysfunction in patients suffering from temporomandibular disorders and/or orofacial joints. Sleep Med. 2015;16(1):27–38.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  109. 109.
    Johns MW. A new method for measuring daytime sleepiness: the Epworth Sleepiness Scale. Sleep. 1991;14:540–5.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  110. 110.
    Buysse DJ, Reynolds CF 3rd, Monk TH, Berman SR, Kupfer DJ. The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index: a new instrument for psychiatric practice and research. Psychiatry Res. 1989;28(2):193–213.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentralGoogle Scholar
  111. 111.
    Sivertsen B, Lallukka T, Petrie KJ, Steingrimsdottir OA, Stubhaug A, Nielsen CS. Sleep and pain sensitivity in adults. Pain. 2015;156(8):1433–9.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentralGoogle Scholar
  112. 112.
    Gass JJ, Glaros AG. Autonomic dysregulation in headache patients. Appl Psychophysiol Biofeedback. 2013;38(4):257–63.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentralGoogle Scholar
  113. 113.
    Crider AB, Glaros AG. A meta-analysis of EMG biofeedback treatment of temporomandibular disorders. J Orofac Pain. 1999;13(1):29–37.PubMedPubMedCentralGoogle Scholar
  114. 114.
    Chou R, Fanciullo GJ, Fine PG, Adler JA, Ballantyne JC, Davies P, et al. Clinical guidelines for the use of chronic opioid therapy in chronic noncancer pain. J Pain. 2009;10(2):113–30.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentralGoogle Scholar
  115. 115.
    Moore TM, Jones T, Browder JH, Daffron S, Passik SD. A comparison of common screening methods for predicting aberrant drug-related behavior among patients receiving opioids for chronic pain management. Pain Med. 2009;10(8):1426–33.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  116. 116.
    Ewing JA. Detecting alcoholism: the CAGE questionnaire. JAMA. 1989;252:1905–7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  117. 117.
    Skinner HA. The drug abuse screening test. Addict Behav. 1982;7(4):363–71.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  118. 118.
    Webster LR. Predicting aberrant behaviors in opioid-treated patients: preliminary validation of the opioid risk tool. Pain Med. 2005;6(6):432–42.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  119. 119.
    Butler SF, Fernandez K, Benoit C, Budman SH, Jamison RN. Validation of the revised screener and opioid assessment for patients in pain (SOAPPR). J Pain. 2008;9:360–72.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentralGoogle Scholar
  120. 120.
    Butler SF, et al. Development and validation of the Current Opioid Misuse Measure. Pain. 2007;130(1–2):144–56.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentralGoogle Scholar
  121. 121.
    Bass C, Halligan PW. Factitious disorders and malingering: challenges for clinical assessment and management. Lancet. 2014;383(9926):1422–32.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentralGoogle Scholar
  122. 122.
    Bianchini KJ, Aguerrevere LE, Guise BJ, Ord JS, Etherton JL, Meyers JE, et al. Accuracy of the Modified Somatic Perception Questionnaire and Pain Disability Index in the detection of malingered pain-related disability in chronic pain. Clin Neuropsychol. 2014;28(8):1376–94.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentralGoogle Scholar

Copyright information

© Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature 2018

Authors and Affiliations

  • Leanne R. Cianfrini
    • 1
  • Daniel M. Doleys
    • 1
  1. 1.The Doleys ClinicBirminghamUSA

Personalised recommendations

Cite chapter

Buy options