Advertisement

Neuro-Urology pp 119-133 | Cite as

Clinical Entities and Their Neuro-urological Consequences: Stroke

  • Mikolaj Przydacz
  • Jacques Corcos
Chapter
First Online:

Abstract

Undisturbed functioning of the central nervous system, in particular the cerebral cortex and the pons, is necessary for urinary continence, voiding reflex, bladder control, and sexual functions. Cerebrovascular accidents (or strokes) may lead to disintegration of this system and result in dysfunctions of the urinary tract. The effects of stroke depend on several factors, including the type, severity, location, number of episodes, and stroke phase. Whereas in the acute phase of cerebrovascular accidents patients often present with urinary retention, the chronic phase is usually characterized by urinary incontinence. Poststroke incontinence is a strong predictor of higher rates of mortality, greater institutionalization, and increased disability. Voiding dysfunctions following stroke substantially affect patients’ quality of life. Detriments in emotional well-being and social relationships are also not rare.

Keywords

Neurogenic bladder Stroke Cerebrovascular accidence 
This is a preview of subscription content, log in to check access.

References

  1. 1.
    Feigin VL, Krishnamurthi RV, Parmar P, Norrving B, Mensah GA, Bennett DA, et al. Update on the global burden of ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke in 1990-2013: the GBD 2013 study. Neuroepidemiology. 2015;45(3):161–76.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  2. 2.
    Thrift AG, Cadilhac DA, Thayabaranathan T, Howard G, Howard VJ, Rothwell PM, et al. Global stroke statistics. Int J Stroke. 2014;9(1):6–18.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  3. 3.
    Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics [Internet]; Life Stages and Populations, Deaths and Mortality. Publicated: 2014 [Cited: 2014 November]. Available from: http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/fastats/deaths.htm
  4. 4.
    Writing Group Members, Mozaffarian D, Benjamin EJ, Go AS, Arnett DK, Blaha MJ, et al. Executive summary: heart disease and stroke statistics – 2016 update: a report from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2016;133(4):447–54.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  5. 5.
    Andersen KK, Olsen TS, Dehlendorff C, Kammersgaard LP. Hemorrhagic and ischemic strokes compared: stroke severity, mortality, and risk factors. Stroke. 2009;40(6):2068–72.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  6. 6.
    Writing Group Members, Mozaffarian D, Benjamin EJ, Go AS, Arnett DK, Blaha MJ, et al. Heart disease and stroke Statistics-2016 update: a report from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2016;133(4):e38–360.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  7. 7.
    Osborn DJ, Reynolds WS, Dmochowski RR. Cerebrovascular accidents, intracranial tumors, and urologic consequences. In: Corcos J, Ginsberg D, Karsenty G, editors. Textbook of the neurogenic bladder. 3rd ed. Boca Raton: CRC Press; 2016. p. 260–4.Google Scholar
  8. 8.
    Nedeltchev K, der Maur TA, Georgiadis D, Arnold M, Caso V, Mattle HP, et al. Ischaemic stroke in young adults: predictors of outcome and recurrence. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2005;76:191–5.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  9. 9.
    Brittain KR, Perry SI, Peet SM, Shaw C, Dallosso H, Assassa RP, et al. Prevalence and impact of urinary symptoms among community-dwelling stroke survivors. Stroke. 2000;31(4):886–91.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  10. 10.
    Pfisterer MH, Griffiths DJ, Rosenberg L, Schaefer W, Resnick NM. The impact of detrusor overactivity on bladder function in younger and older women. J Urol. 2006;175(5):1777–83. discussion 1783PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  11. 11.
    Ruffion A, Castro-Diaz D, Patel H, Khalaf K, Onyenwenyi A, Globe D, et al. Systematic review of the epidemiology of urinary incontinence and detrusor overactivity among patients with neurogenic overactive bladder. Neuroepidemiology. 2013;41(3–4):146–55.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  12. 12.
    Saad Aldousari Jacques Corcos. Simplified anatomy of the vesicourethral functional unit. In: Corcos J, Ginsberg D, Karsenty G, editors. Textbook of the neurogenic bladder. 3rd ed. Boca Raton: CRC Press; 2016. p. 260–4.Google Scholar
  13. 13.
    Blok BF, Willemsen AT, Holstege G. A PET study on brain control of micturition in humans. Brain. 1997;120(Pt 1):111–21.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  14. 14.
    Fukuyama H, Matsuzaki S, Ouchi Y, Yamauchi H, Nagahama Y, Kimura J, et al. Neural control of micturition in man examined with single photon emission computed tomography using 99mTc-HMPAO. Neuroreport. 1996;7(18):3009–12.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  15. 15.
    Bradley WE, Sundin T. The physiology and pharmacology of urinary tract dysfunction. Clin Neuropharmacol. 1982;5(2):131–58.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  16. 16.
    Carlsson CA. The supraspinal control of the urinary bladder. Acta Pharmacol Toxicol (Copenh). 1978;43(Suppl 2):8–12.Google Scholar
  17. 17.
    De Groat WC. Nervous control of the urinary bladder of the cat. Brain Res. 1975;87(2–3):201–11.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  18. 18.
    Kavia RB, Dasgupta R, Fowler CJ. Functional imaging and the central control of the bladder. J Comp Neurol. 2005;493(1):27–32.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  19. 19.
    Sakakibara R, Hattori T, Yasuda K, Yamanishi T. Micturitional disturbance and the pontine tegmental lesion: urodynamic and MRI analyses of vascular cases. J Neurol Sci. 1996;141(1–2):105–10.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  20. 20.
    Mirabelli-Badenier M, Braunersreuther V, Viviani GL, Dallegri F, Quercioli A, Veneselli E, et al. CC and CXC chemokines are pivotal mediators of cerebral injury in ischaemic stroke. Thromb Haemost. 2011;105(3):409–20.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  21. 21.
    Reinkensmeyer DJ, Guigon E, Maier MA. A computational model of use-dependent motor recovery following a stroke: optimizing corticospinal activations via reinforcement learning can explain residual capacity and other strength recovery dynamics. Neural Netw. 2012;29-30:60–9.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  22. 22.
    Tapia CI, Khalaf K, Berenson K, Globe D, Chancellor M, Carr LK. Health-related quality of life and economic impact of urinary incontinence due to detrusor overactivity associated with a neurologic condition: a systematic review. Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2013;11:13.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  23. 23.
    Mehdi Z, Birns J, Bhalla A. Post-stroke urinary incontinence. Int J Clin Pract. 2013;67(11):1128–37.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  24. 24.
    Sakakibara R, Hattori T, Yasuda K, Yamanishi T. Micturitional disturbance after acute hemispheric stroke: analysis of the lesion site by CT and MRI. J Neurol Sci. 1996;137(1):47–56.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  25. 25.
    Williams MP, Srikanth V, Bird M, Thrift AG. Urinary symptoms and natural history of urinary continence after first-ever stroke--a longitudinal population-based study. Age Ageing. 2012;41(3):371–6.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  26. 26.
    Borrie MJ, Campbell AJ, Caradoc-Davies TH, Spears GF. Urinary incontinence after stroke: a prospective study. Age Ageing. 1986;15(3):177–81.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  27. 27.
    Gelber DA, Good DC, Laven LJ, Verhulst SJ. Causes of urinary incontinence after acute hemispheric stroke. Stroke. 1993;24(3):378–82.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  28. 28.
    Burney TL, Senapati M, Desai S, Choudhary ST, Badlani GH. Acute cerebrovascular accident and lower urinary tract dysfunction: a prospective correlation of the site of brain injury with urodynamic findings. J Urol. 1996;156(5):1748–50.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  29. 29.
    Han KS, Heo SH, Lee SJ, Jeon SH, Yoo KH. Comparison of urodynamics between ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke patients; can we suggest the category of urinary dysfunction in patients with cerebrovascular accident according to type of stroke? Neurourol Urodyn. 2010;29(3):387–90.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  30. 30.
    Cho HJ, Kang TH, Chang JH, Choi YR, Park MG, Choi KD, et al. Neuroanatomical correlation of urinary retention in lateral medullary infarction. Ann Neurol. 2015;77(4):726–33.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  31. 31.
    Kong KH, Young S. Incidence and outcome of poststroke urinary retention: a prospective study. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2000;81(11):1464–7.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  32. 32.
    Garrett VE, Scott JA, Costich J, Aubrey DL, Gross J. Bladder emptying assessment in stroke patients. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1989;70(1):41–3.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  33. 33.
    Kim TG, Chun MH, Chang MC, Yang S. Outcomes of drug-resistant urinary retention in patients in the early stage of stroke. Ann Rehabil Med. 2015;39(2):262–7.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  34. 34.
    Arunabh, G.H. Badlani urologic problems in cerebrovascular accidents D.F. Paulson (Ed.), Problems in urology, vol. 7, J. B. Lippincott Co., Philadelphia (1993), pp. 41–53 1.Google Scholar
  35. 35.
    Brocklehurst JC, Andrews K, Richards B, Laycock PJ. Incidence and correlates of incontinence in stroke patients. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1985;33:540–2.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  36. 36.
    Brittain KR, Peet SM, Castleden CM. Stroke and incontinence. Stroke. 1998;29:524–8.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  37. 37.
    Thomas LH, Barrett J, Cross S, French B, Leathley M, Sutton C, et al. Prevention and treatment of urinary incontinence after stroke in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2005;3:CD004462.Google Scholar
  38. 38.
    Kolominsky-Rabas PL, Hilz MJ, Neundoerfer B, Heuschmann PU. Impact of urinary incontinence after stroke: results from a prospective population based stroke register. Neurourol Urodyn. 2003;22:322–7.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  39. 39.
    Patel M, Coshall C, Lawrence E, Rudd AG, Wolfe CD. Recovery from poststroke urinary incontinence: associated factors and impact on outcome. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2001;49(9):1229–33.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  40. 40.
    Wilson D, Lowe D, Hoffman A, Rudd A, Wagg A. Urinary incontinence in stroke: results from the UK National Sentinel Audits of stroke 1998–2004. Age Ageing. 2008;37:542–6.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  41. 41.
    Kuptniratsaikul V, Kovindha A, Suethanapornkul S, Manimmanakorn N, Archongka Y. Complications during the rehabilitation period in thai patients with stroke. A multicenter prospective study. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 2009;88(2):92–9.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  42. 42.
    Patel M, Coshall C, Rudd AG, Wolfe CDA. Natural history and effects on 2-year outcomes of urinary incontinence after stroke. Stroke. 2001;32:122–7.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  43. 43.
    Rotar M, Blagus R, Jeromel M, Skrbec M, Trsinar B, Vodusek DB. Stroke patients who regain urinary continence in the first week after acute first-ever stroke have better prognosis than patients with persistent lower urinary tract dysfunction. Neurourol Urodyn. 2011;30:1315–8.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  44. 44.
    Tsuchida S, Noto H, Yamaguchi O, Itoh M. Urodynamic studies on hemiplegic patients after cerebrovascular accident. Urology. 1983;21:315–8.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  45. 45.
    Kalra L, Smith DH, Crome P. Stroke in patients aged over 75 years: outcome and predictors. Postgrad Med J. 1993;69:33–6.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  46. 46.
    Badlani GH, Vohra S, Motola JA. Detrusor behavior in patients with dominant hemispheric strokes. Neurourol Urodyn. 1991;10:119–23.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  47. 47.
    Feder M, Heller L, Tadmor R, Snir D, Solzi P, Ring H. Urinary continence after stroke: association with cystometric profile and computerised tomography findings. Eur Neurol. 1987;27:101–5.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  48. 48.
    Fowler CJ, Griffiths D, de Groat WC. The neural control of micturition. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2008;9(6):453–66.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  49. 49.
    Birder L, Drake M. Neural control. In: Abrams P, Cardozo L, Khoury S, et al., editors. Incontinence. Paris: Health Publications Ltd; 2009. p. 167–254.Google Scholar
  50. 50.
    Masuda H, Chancellor MB, Kihara K, Sakai Y, Koga F, Azuma H, et al. Effects of cholinesterase inhibition in supraspinal and spinal neural pathways on the micturition reflex in rats. BJU Int. 2009;104(8):1163–9.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  51. 51.
    Sakakibara R, Panicker J, Fowler CJ, Tateno F, Kishi M, Tsuyusaki Y, et al. “Vascular incontinence” and normal-pressure hydrocephalus: two common sources of elderly incontinence with brain etiologies. Curr Drug Ther. 2012;7:67–76.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  52. 52.
    Gupta A, Taly AB, Srivastava A, Thyloth M. Urodynamics post stroke in patients with urinary incontinence: is there correlation between bladder type and site of lesion? Ann Indian Acad Neurol. 2009;12(2):104–7.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  53. 53.
    Yoo KH, Lee SJ, Chang SG. Predictive value of the ischemic stroke lesion to detrusor function. Neurourol Urodyn. 2010;29(7):1355–6.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  54. 54.
    Pizzi A, Falsini C, Martini M, Rossetti MA, Verdesca S, Tosto A. Urinary incontinence after ischemic stroke: clinical and urodynamic studies. Neurourol Urodyn. 2014;33(4):420–5.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  55. 55.
    Wein A, Barrett DM. Etiologic possibilities for increased pelvic floor electromyography activity during cystometry. J Urol. 1982;127:949–52.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  56. 56.
    Khan Z, Starer P, Yang WC, Bhola A. Analysis of voiding disorders in patients with cerebrovascular accidents. Urology. 1990;35(3):265–70.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  57. 57.
    Nitti VW, Adler H, Combs AJ. The role of urodynamics in the evaluation of voiding dysfunction in men after cerebrovascular accident. J Urol. 1996;155(1):263–6.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  58. 58.
    Bogousslavsky J, Regli F. Anterior cerebral artery territory infarction in the Lausanne stroke registry. Clinical and etiologic patterns. Arch Neurol. 1990;47(2):144–50.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  59. 59.
    Yum KS, Na SJ, Lee KY, Kim J, Oh SH, Kim YD, et al. Pattern of voiding dysfunction after acute brainstem infarction. Eur Neurol. 2013;70(5–6):291–6.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  60. 60.
    Zhang H, Reitz A, Kollias S, Summers P, Curt A, Schurch B. An fMRI study of the role of suprapontine brain structures in the voluntary voiding control induced by pelvic floor contraction. NeuroImage. 2005;24:174–80.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  61. 61.
    Nardulli R, Monitillo V, Losavio E, Fiore P, Nicolardi G, Megna G. Urodynamic evaluation of 12 ataxic subjects: neurophysiopathologic considerations. Funct Neurol. 1992;7(3):223–5.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  62. 62.
    Kuroiwa Y, Tohgi H, Ono S, Itoh M. Frequency and urgency of micturition in hemiplegic patients: relationship to hemisphere laterality of lesions. J Neurol. 1987;234(2):100.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  63. 63.
    Griffiths D. Clinical studies of cerebral and urinary tract function in elderly people with urinary incontinence. Behav Brain Res. 1998;92:151–5.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  64. 64.
    Burney TL, Senapati M, Desai S, Choudhary ST, Badlani GH. Effects of cerebrovascular accident on micturition. Urol Clin North Am. 1996;23:483–90.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  65. 65.
    John G, Bardini C, Mégevand P, Combescure C, Dällenbach P. Urinary incontinence as a predictor of death after new-onset stroke: a meta-analysis. Eur J Neurol. 2016;23(10):1548–55.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  66. 66.
    Jawad SH, Ward AB, Jones P. Study of the relationship between premorbid urinary incontinence and stroke functional outcome. Clin Rehabil. 1999;13:447–52.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  67. 67.
    Brittain KR, Stroke RD. Urinary symptoms and depression in stroke survivors. Age Ageing. 1998;27(suppl 1):P72-c.Google Scholar
  68. 68.
    Marinkovic SP, Badlani G. Voiding and sexual dysfunction after cerebrovascular accidents. J Urol. 2001;165:359–70.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  69. 69.
    Roe B, Williams K, Palmer M. Bladder training for urinary incontinence in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2004;1:CD001308.Google Scholar
  70. 70.
    Bottiggi KA, Salazar JC, Yu L, Caban-Holt AM, Ryan M, Mendiondo MS, et al. Long-term cognitive impact of anticholinergic medications in older adults. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2006;14:980–4.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  71. 71.
    McKeage K. Propiverine: a review of its use in the treatment of adults and children with overactive bladder associated with idiopathic or neurogenic detrusor overactivity, and in men with lower urinary tract symptoms. Clin Drug Investig. 2013;33(1):71–91.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  72. 72.
    Gelber DA, Swords L. Treatment of post-stroke urinary incontinence (abstract). J Neurol Rehabil. 1997;11:131.Google Scholar
  73. 73.
    Sakakibara R, Tateno F, Yano M, Takahashi O, Sugiyama M, Ogata T, et al. Imidafenacin on bladder and cognitive function in neurologic OAB patients. Clin Auton Res. 2013;23(4):189–95.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  74. 74.
    Sakakibara, Tateno F, Yano M, Takahashi O, Sugiyama M, Ogata T, et al. Tolterodine activates the prefrontal cortex during bladder filling in OAB patients: a real-time NIRS-urodynamics study. Neurourol Urodyn. 2014;33(7):1110–1115.Google Scholar
  75. 75.
    Hunsballe JM, Djurhuus JC. Clinical options for imipramine in the management of urinary incontinence. Urol Res. 2001;29:118–25.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  76. 76.
    Sakakibara R, Ogata T, Uchiyama T, Kishi M, Ogawa E, Isaka S, et al. How to manage overactive bladder in elderly individuals with dementia? A combined use of donepezil, a central acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, and propiverine, a peripheral muscarine receptor antagonist. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2009;57(8):1515–7.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  77. 77.
    Kuo HC. Therapeutic effects of suburothelial injection of botulinum a toxin for neurogenic detrusor overactivity due to chronic cerebrovascular accident and spinal cord lesions. Urology. 2006;67:232–6.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  78. 78.
    Song FJ, Jiang SH, Zheng SL, Ye TS, Zhang H, Zhu WZ, et al. Electroacupuncture for post-stroke urinary incontinence: a multi-center randomized controlled study. Zhongguo Zhen Jiu. 2013;33(9):769–73.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  79. 79.
    Yu KW, Lin CL, Hung CC, Chou EC, Hsieh YL, Li TM, et al. Effects of electroacupuncture on recent stroke inpatients with incomplete bladder emptying: a preliminary study. Clin Interv Aging. 2012;7:469–74.PubMedPubMedCentralGoogle Scholar
  80. 80.
    Amundsen CL, Romero AA, Jamison MG, Webster GD. Sacral neuromodulation for intractable urge incontinence: are there factors associated with cure? Urology. 2005;66:746–50.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar

Copyright information

© Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature 2018

Authors and Affiliations

  1. 1.Mcgill UniversityMontrealCanada

Personalised recommendations

Cite chapter

Buy options