Cytokines and Chemokines

Chapter
First Online:

Abstract

Neuropsychiatric syndromes of systemic lupus erythematosus (NPSLE) is a life-threatening disorder and early diagnosis and proper treatment are critical for the management of patients with this disease. Brain magnetic resonance imaging, electroencephalogram, neuropsychological tests and routine cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) examination are used clinically for the diagnosis of NPSLE. In addition to these tests, cytokine and chemokine levels in the CSF have been reported as useful diagnostic markers of NPSLE. This chapter provides an overview of the roles of cytokines and chemokines in NPSLE.

Keywords

NPSLE Cytokines Chemokines BBB CSF IL-6 IL-8 MCP-1 IP-10 G-CSF TNF-α IL-10 IFN-α RANTES Fractalkine The IP-10/MCP-1 ratio 
This is a preview of subscription content, log in to check access.

References

  1. 1.
    The American College of Rheumatology nomenclature and case definitions for neuropsychiatric lupus syndromes. ACR Ad Hoc Committee on Neuropsychiatric Lupus Nomenclature. Arthritis Rheum. 1999; 42:599–608.Google Scholar
  2. 2.
    Bresnihan B. CNS lupus. Clin Rheum Dis. 1982;8:183–95.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  3. 3.
    Brey RL, et al. Neuropsychiatric syndromes in lupus: prevalence using standardized definitions. Neurology. 2002;58:1214–20.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  4. 4.
    Ainiala H, et al. The prevalence of neuropsychiatric syndromes in systemic lupus erythematosus. Neurology. 2001;57:496–500.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  5. 5.
    Trysberg E, et al. Intrathecal cytokines in systemic lupus erythematosus with central nervous system involvement. Lupus. 2000;9:498–503.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  6. 6.
    Svenungsson E, et al. Increased levels of proinflammatory cytokines and nitric oxide metabolites in neuropsychiatric lupus erythematosus. Ann Rheum Dis. 2001;60:372–9.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentralGoogle Scholar
  7. 7.
    Iikuni N, et al. Raised monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1)/CCL2 in cerebrospinal fluid of patients with neuropsychiatric lupus. Ann Rheum Dis. 2006;65:253–6.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentralGoogle Scholar
  8. 8.
    Okamoto H, et al. IP-10/MCP-1 ratio in CSF is a useful diagnostic marker of neuropsychiatric lupus patients. Rheumatology. 2006;45:232–4.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  9. 9.
    Okamoto H, et al. Interferon-inducible protein 10/CXCL10 is increased in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with central nervous system lupus. Arthritis Rheum. 2004;50:3731–2.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  10. 10.
    Yoshio T, et al. IL-6, IL-8, IP-10, MCP-1 and C-CSF are significantly increased in cerebrospinal fluid but not in sera of patients with central neuropsychiatric lupus erythematosus. Lupus. 2016;25:997–1003.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  11. 11.
    Alcocer-Varela J, et al. Interleukin-1 and interleukin-6 activities are increased in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with CNS lupus erythematosus and correlate with local late T-cell activation markers. Lupus. 1992;1:111–7.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  12. 12.
    Gilad R, et al. Cerebrospinal fluid soluble interleukin-2 receptor in cerebral lupus. Br J Rheumatol. 1997;36:190–3.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  13. 13.
    Jönsen A, et al. The heterogeneity of neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus is reflected in lack of association with cerebrospinal fluid cytokine profiles. Lupus. 2003;12:846–50.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  14. 14.
    Jara LJ, et al. Prolactin and interleukin-6 in neuropsychiatric lupus erythematosus. Clin Rheumatol. 1998;17:110–4.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  15. 15.
    Hirohata S, Miyamoto T. Elevated levels of interleukin-6 in cerebrospinal fluid from patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and central nervous system involvement. Arthritis Rheum. 1990;33:644–9.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  16. 16.
    Hirohata S, Hayakawa K. Enhanced interleukin-6 messenger RNA expression by neuronal cells in a patient with neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum. 1999;42:2729–30.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  17. 17.
    Tsai CY, et al. Cerebrospinal fluid interleukin-6, prostaglandin E2 and autoantibodies in patientswith neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus and central nervous system infections. Scand J Rheumatol. 1994;23:57–63.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  18. 18.
    Dellalibera-Joviliano R, et al. Kinins and cytokines in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid of patients with neuropsychiatric lupus. J Rheumatol. 2003;30:485–92.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  19. 19.
    Fragoso-Loyo H, et al. Interleukin-6 and chemokines in the neuropsychiatric manifestations of systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum. 2007;56:1242–50.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  20. 20.
    Winfield JB, et al. IntrathecalIgG synthesis and blood-brain barrier impairment in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and central nervous system dysfunction. Am J Med. 1983;74:837–44.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  21. 21.
    Shiozawa S, et al. Interferon-alpha in lupus psychosis. Arthritis Rheum. 1992;35:417–22.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  22. 22.
    Aringer M, et al. Safety and efficacy of tumor necrosis factor alpha blockade in systemic lupus erythematosus: an open-label study. Arthritis Rheum. 2004;50:3161–9.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  23. 23.
    Rahman A, Isenberg DA. Systemic lupus erythematosus. N Engl J Med. 2008;358:929–39.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  24. 24.
    Santer DM, et al. Potent induction of IFN-alpha and chemokines by autoantibodies in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with neuropsychiatric lupus. J Immunol. 2009;182:1192–201.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentralGoogle Scholar
  25. 25.
    Wichers M, Maes M. The Psychoneuroimmuno-pathophysiology of cytokine-induced depression in humans. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. 2002;5:375–88.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  26. 26.
    Prather AA, Rabinovitz M, Pollock BG, et al. Cytokine-induced depression during IFN- alpha treatment: the role of IL-6 and sleep quality. Brain Behaν Immun. 2009;23:1109–16.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  27. 27.
    Hirohata S, et al. NPSLE Research Subcommittee. Accuracy of cerebrospinal fluid IL-6 testing for diagnosis of lupus psychosis. A multicenter retrospective study. Clin Rheumatol. 2009; 28:1319–23.Google Scholar
  28. 28.
    Yoshio T, et al. IgG anti-NR2 glutamate receptor autoantibodies from patients with systemic lupus erythematosus activate endothelial cells. Arthritis Rheum. 2013;65:457–63.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  29. 29.
    Lenhoff S, et al. Granulocyte interactions with GM-CSF and G-CSF secretion by endothelial cells and monocytes. Eur Cytokine Netw. 1999;10:525–32.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  30. 30.
    Cassatella MA, et al. Regulated production of the interferon-gamma-inducible protein-10 (IP-10) chemokine by human neutrophils. Eur J Immunol. 1997;27:111–5.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  31. 31.
    Deshmane SL, et al. Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein-1 (MCP-1): an overview. J Interf Cytokine Res. 2009;29:313–26.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  32. 32.
    Katsumata Y, et al. Diagnostic reliability of cerebral spinal fluid tests for acute confusional state (delirium) in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: interleukin 6 (IL-6), IL-8, interferon-alpha, IgG index, and Q-albumin. J Rheumatol. 2007;34:2010–7.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  33. 33.
    George-Chandy A, et al. Raised intrathecal levels of APRIL and BAFF in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: relationship to neuropsychiatric symptoms. Arthritis Res Ther. 2008;10:R97.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentralGoogle Scholar
  34. 34.
    Hirohata S, et al. Clinical characteristics of neuro-Behcet’s disease in Japan: a multicenter retrospective analysis. Mod Rheumatol. 2012;22:405–13.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  35. 35.
    Fujita Y, et al. Aseptic meningitis in mixed connective tissue disease: cytokine and anti-U1RNP antibodies in cerebrospinal fluids from two different cases. Mod Rheumatol. 2008;18:184–8.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  36. 36.
    Matsushita T, et al. Characteristic cerebrospinal fluid cytokine/chemokine profiles in neuromyelitis optica, relapsing remitting or primary progressive multiple sclerosis. PLoS One. 2013;8:e61835.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentralGoogle Scholar
  37. 37.
    Schneider A, et al. The hematopoietic factor G-CSF is a neuronal ligand that counteracts programmed cell death and drives neurogenesis. J Clin Invest. 2005;115:2083–98.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentralGoogle Scholar
  38. 38.
    Pitzer C, et al. Granulocyte-colony stimulating factor improves outcome in a mouse model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Brain. 2008;131(Pt 12):3335–47.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentralGoogle Scholar
  39. 39.
    Charo IF, Ransohoff RM. The many roles of chemokines and chemokine receptors in inflammation. N Engl J Med. 2006;354:610–21.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  40. 40.
    Iwamoto T, et al. Molecular aspects of rheumatoid arthritis: chemokines in the joints of patients. FEBS J. 2008;275:4448–55.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  41. 41.
    Luster GS. Mechanisms of disease: chemokines-chemotactic cytokines that mediate inflammation. N Engl J Med. 1998;338:436–45.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  42. 42.
    Bazan JF, et al. A new class of membrane-bound chemokine with a CX3C motif. Nature. 1997;385:640–4.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  43. 43.
    Yajima N, et al. Elevated levels of soluble fractalkine in active systemic lupus erythematosus: potential involvement in neuropsychiatric manifestations. Arthritis Rheum. 2005;52:1670–5.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  44. 44.
    Sato E, et al. Soluble fractalkine in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with neuropsychiatric lupus. Ann Rheum Dis. 2006;65:1257–9.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentralGoogle Scholar
  45. 45.
    Schall TJ, et al. Selective attraction of monocytes and T lymphocytes of the memory phenotype by cytokine RANTES. Nature. 1990;347:669–71.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  46. 46.
    Vierboom MP, et al. Inhibition of the development of collagen-induced arthritis in rhesus monkeys by a small molecular weight antagonist of CCR5. Arthritis Rheum. 2005;52:627–36.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  47. 47.
    Okamoto H, Kamatani N. A CCR-5 antagonist inhibits the development of adjuvant arthritis in rats. Rheumatology. 2006;45(2):230.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  48. 48.
    Moser B, Loetscher P. Lymphocyte traffic control by chemokines. Nat Immunol. 2001;2:123–8.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  49. 49.
    Baggiolini M, et al. Neutrophil-activating peptide-1/interleukin 8, a novel cytokine that activates neutrophils. J Clin Invest. 1989;84:1045–9.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentralGoogle Scholar
  50. 50.
    Bromley SK, et al. Orchestrating the orchestrators: chemokines in control of T cell traffic. Nat Immunol. 2008;9:970–80.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  51. 51.
    Stievano L, et al. C and CX3C chemokines: cell sources and physiopathological implications. Crit Rev Immunol. 2004;24:205–28.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  52. 52.
    Murphy G, et al. Fractalkine in rheumatoid arthritis: a review to date. Rheumatology. 2008;47:1446–51.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  53. 53.
    Sato W, et al. Human Th17 cells are identified as bearing CCR2+CCR5- phenotype. J Immunol. 2007;178:7525–9.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  54. 54.
    Okamoto H, et al. Molecular aspects of rheumatoid arthritis: role of transcription factors. FEBS J. 2008;275:4463–70.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar

Copyright information

© Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature 2018

Authors and Affiliations

  1. 1.Division of Rheumatology and Clinical ImmunologySchool of Medicine, Jichi Medical UniversityShimotsuke-shiJapan
  2. 2.Minami-otsuka institute of technology, Minami-otsuka ClinicTokyoJapan

Personalised recommendations