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Vitamin D Biochemistry and Physiology

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Extraskeletal Effects of Vitamin D

Part of the book series: Contemporary Endocrinology ((COE))

Abstract

The vitamin D receptor (VDR) is found in nearly every cell in the body. Moreover, the enzyme, CYP27B1, that produces the active form of the hormone, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25(OH)2D), is also widespread, although perhaps not as ubiquitous as VDR. These observations underlie the recent understanding that vitamin D does much more than regulate bone mineral metabolism through its actions on intestinal calcium and phosphate absorption, renal calcium and phosphate reabsorption, and bone development and remodeling. In this chapter, I will review the production of vitamin D in the skin, its subsequent metabolism to the major circulating metabolite 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) by the different 25-hydroxylases in the liver and elsewhere, and the metabolism of 25(OH)D to 1,25(OH)2D in the kidney and elsewhere. This last step is tightly regulated, but its regulation differs according to the cell involved. Transport of the vitamin D metabolites in blood by the vitamin D-binding protein (DBP) and albumin and its uptake by different tissues are then discussed emphasizing that some cells rely on diffusion of the metabolites across the membrane in free form, whereas others have a mechanism to take up the metabolite bound to DBP. The molecular mechanism of action of 1,25(OH)2D will then be reviewed, describing the very large number of cellular processes regulated by 1,25(OH)2D, emphasizing the cell specificity of this regulation. In the final section, I will provide examples of different physiologic functions of vitamin D signaling in its regulation of proliferation/differentiation, hormone regulation, and immune function.

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  1. Medicine and Dermatology, VA Medical Center and University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA

    Daniel D. Bikle MD, PhD

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    Emilia Pauline Liao

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Bikle, D.D. (2018). Vitamin D Biochemistry and Physiology. In: Liao, E. (eds) Extraskeletal Effects of Vitamin D. Contemporary Endocrinology. Humana Press, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-73742-3_1

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