Advertisement

Eimeria

  • Berit Bangoura
  • Arwid Daugschies
Chapter
First Online:

Abstract

The genus Eimeria belongs to Coccidia, and its parasite species reside usually in the intestine of their respective host. They are strictly host-specific and characterized by a monoxenous life cycle. After endogenous development, oocysts are excreted into the environment where they mature into the infective stage. Due to their widespread distribution in populations of many different animal species and because one animal host can be infected by a variety of Eimeria spp., they are considered of great veterinary importance. Mainly poultry, cattle, and sheep industries incur significant economic losses due to eimeriosis. It is important to differentiate between Eimeria spp., since only some are highly pathogenic, while many are nonpathogenic. In farm animals and pets, mainly young animals are affected by a high parasite burden and the intracellular parasite replication results in pathology and the development of eimeriosis as clinical disease. Eimeria destroys host cells during asexual and sexual replication leading to marked tissue damage in susceptible hosts. The infection by intestinal Eimeria spp. is associated with diarrhea, exsiccosis, anorexia, and other symptoms entailing a reduced animal performance as well as cases of death. An Eimeria infection is detected by the demonstration of oocysts in fecal samples and subsequently differentiated based on oocyst morphology. In the case of chicken, the diagnosis is usually confirmed by diagnostic dissections. Currently, control of Eimeria spp. is mainly carried out by hygienic measures such as cleaning and disinfection, general herd health management, and application of pathogen-specific interventions like metaphylactic anticoccidial drug treatment. Currently, Eimeria species-specific vaccination is only available for poultry. Eimeriosis of farm animals is a herd-health issue requiring strategic control measures.

Keywords

Eimeria Poultry Ruminants Intestine Monoxenous Metaphylaxis Herd Health 
This is a preview of subscription content, log in to check access.

References

  1. Abdel-Haleem HM, Al-Quraishy S, Abdel-Baki AA. Redescription and new locality record of Choleoeimeria turcicus from the gallbladder of Hemidactylus turcicus in Egypt, with notes on its endogenous development. Parasitol Res. 2016;115(5):2017–21.  https://doi.org/10.1007/s00436-016-4945-1.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  2. Abu-Akkada SS, Awad AM. Isolation, propagation, identification and comparative pathogenicity of five Egyptian field strains of Eimeria tenella from broiler chickens in five different provinces in Egypt. Res Vet Sci. 2012;92:92–5.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rvsc.2010.10.023.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  3. Allen PC, Fetterer RH. Recent advances in biology and immunobiology of Eimeria species and in diagnosis and control of infection with these coccidian parasites of poultry. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2002;15(1):58–65.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  4. Allen PC, Jenkins MC. Observations on the gross pathology of Eimeria praecox infections in chickens. Avian Dis. 2010;54(2):834–40.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  5. Alnassan AA, Kotsch M, Shehata AA, Krüger M, Daugschies A, Bangoura B. Necrotic enteritis in chickens: development of a straightforward disease model system. Vet Rec. 2014;174(22):555–61.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  6. Alnassan AA, Thabet A, Daugschies A, Bangoura B. In vitro efficacy of allicin on chicken Eimeria tenella sporozoites. Parasitol Res. 2015;114(10):3913–5.  https://doi.org/10.1007/s00436-015-4637-2.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  7. Al-Natour MQ, Suleiman MM, Abo-Shehada MN. Flock-level prevalence of Eimeria species among broiler chicks in northern Jordan. Prev Vet Med. 2002;53(4):305–10.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  8. Anderson WI, Giambrone JJ, Fletcher OJ Jr, Eidson CS, Reid WM. Demonstration of Eimeria tenella in bursa of Fabricius of chickens. Avian Dis. 1976;20(4):752–5.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  9. Baba E, Kawamoto K, Fukata T, Arakawa A. Possibilities of bacteremia and toxemia in death of chickens infected with Eimeria tenella. Avian Dis. 1990;34:566–70.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  10. Balicka-Ramisz A, Pilarczyk B. Occurrence of coccidia infection in pigeons in amateur husbandry. Diagnosis and prevention. Ann Parasitol. 2014;60(2):93–7.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  11. Bangoura B, Daugschies A. Parasitological and clinical parameters of experimental Eimeria zuernii infection in calves and influence on weight gain and haemogram. Parasitol Res. 2007;100(6):1331–40.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  12. Bangoura B, Mundt HC, Schmäschke R, Westphal B, Daugschies A. Prevalence of Eimeria bovis and Eimeria zuernii in German cattle herds and factors influencing oocyst excretion. Parasitol Res. 2012;110(2):875–81.  https://doi.org/10.1007/s00436-011-2569-z.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  13. Barker IK, Remmler O. Experimental Eimeria leuckarti infection in ponies. Vet Rec. 1970;86(15):448.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  14. Beelitz P, Göbel E, Gothe R. Endoparasites of donkeys and horses kept in communal housing in upper Bavaria; species spectrum and incidence. Tierarztl Prax. 1996;24(5):471–5.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  15. Benbrook EA, Sloss MW. Coccidial oocysts (Eimeria leuckarti) from north American donkeys (Asinus asinus). J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1962;140:817–8.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  16. Blake DP, Tomley FM. Securing poultry production from the ever-present Eimeria challenge. Trends Parasitol. 2014;30:12–9.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pt.2013.10.003.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  17. Blandino T. Assessment of formaldehyde effectiveness on Eimeria zurnii oocysts under simulated field conditions. Rvsta Cub Cien Vet. 1985;16(1):67–71.Google Scholar
  18. Britton WM, Hill CH, Barber CW. A mechanism of interaction between dietary protein levels and coccidiosis in chicks. J Nutr. 1964;82:306–10.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  19. Catchpole J, Norton CC, Gregory MW. Immunisation of lambs against coccidiosis. Vet Rec. 1993;132(3):56–9.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  20. Chapman HD. Coccidiosis in the turkey. Avian Pathol. 2008;37(3):205–23.  https://doi.org/10.1080/03079450802050689.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  21. Chapman HD, Jeffers TK. Vaccination of chickens against coccidiosis ameliorates drug resistance in commercial poultry production. Int J Parasitol Drugs Drug Resist. 2014;4(3):214–7.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpddr.2014.10.002.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentralGoogle Scholar
  22. Chapman HD, Cherry TE, Danforth HD, Richards G, Shirley MW, Williams RB. Sustainable coccidiosis control in poultry production: the role of live vaccines. Int J Parasitol. 2002;32:617–29.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  23. Chauve CM, Gastellu J, Reynaud MC. Pathogenicity of Eimeria mulardi Chauve et al., 1994 in experimentally infected mule-ducks. Precision on pathological stages. Avian Pathol. 1994;23(3):557–68.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  24. Chengat Prakashbabu B, Thenmozhi V, Limon G, Kundu K, Kumar S, Garg R, Clark EL, Srinivasa Rao AS, Raj DG, Raman M, Banerjee PS, Tomley FM, Guitian J, Blake DP. Eimeria species occurrence varies between geographic regions and poultry production systems and may influence parasite genetic diversity. Vet Parasitol. 2017;233:62–72.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2016.12.003.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentralGoogle Scholar
  25. Clark EL, Tomley FM, Blake DP. Are Eimeria genetically diverse, and does it matter? Trends Parasitol. 2017;33(3):231–41.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pt.2016.08.007.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  26. Clarkson MJ, Gentles MA. Coccidiosis in turkeys. Vet Rec. 1958;70:211–4.Google Scholar
  27. Collier CT, Hofacre CL, Payne AM, Anderson DB, Kaiser P, Mackie RI, Gaskins HR. Coccidia-induced mucogenesis promotes the onset of necrotic enteritis by supporting Clostridium perfringens growth. Vet Immunol Immunopathol. 2008;122:104–15.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  28. Constantinoiu CC, Molloy JB, Jorgensen WK, Coleman GT. Development and validation of an ELISA for detecting antibodies to Eimeria tenella in chickens. Vet Parasitol. 2007;150(4):306–13.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  29. Cornelissen AWCA, Verstegen R, van den Brand H, Perie NM, Eysker M, Lam TJGM, Pijpers A. An observational study of Eimeria species in housed cattle on Dutch dairy farms. Vet Parasitol. 1995;56:7–16.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  30. Courtney CH, Ernst JV, Benz GW. Redescription of oocysts of the bovine coccidia Eimeria bukidnonensis Tubangui 1931 and E. wyomingensis Huizinga and winger 1942. J Parasitol. 1976;62(3):372–6.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  31. Cowper B, Matthews S, Tomley F. The molecular basis for the distinct host and tissue tropisms of coccidian parasites. Mol Biochem Parasitol. 2012;186(1):1–10.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molbiopara.2012.08.007.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  32. Dai Y, Liu M, Tao JP, Li WL, Ding C, Liu XX. Survey on coccidia of domestic geese and their experimental infections. J Xiamen Univ (Nat Sci). 2004;42:228–33.Google Scholar
  33. Dai Y, Liu X, Liu M, Tao J. The life cycle and pathogenicity of coccicium Eimeria nocens (Kotlán, 1933) in domestic goslings. J Parasitol. 2005;91(5):1122–6.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  34. Daszak P. Zoite migration during Eimeria tenella infection: parasite adaptation to host defences. Parasitol Today. 1999;15:67–72.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  35. Daugschies A, Najdrowski M. Eimeriosis in cattle: current understanding. J Vet Med B Infect Dis Vet Public Health. 2005;52(10):417–27.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  36. Daugschies A, Akimaru M, Bürger HJ. Experimental Eimeria bovis infections in the calf: 1. Parasitologic and clinical findings. Dtsch Tierarztl Wochenschr. 1986;93(9):393–7.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  37. Daugschies A, Imarom S, Ganter M, Bollwahn W. Prevalence of Eimeria spp. in sows at piglet-producing farms in Germany. J Vet Med B Infect Dis Vet Public Health. 2004;51(3):135–9.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  38. Daugschies A, Bangoura B, Lendner M. Inactivation of exogenous endoparasite stages by chemical disinfectants: current state and perspectives. Parasitol Res. 2013;112(3):917–32.  https://doi.org/10.1007/s00436-013-3324-4.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  39. Davis LR, Bowman GW, Boughton DC. The endogenous development of Eimeria alabamensis Christensen, 1941, an intranuclear coccidium of cattle. J Protozool. 1957;4(4):219–25.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  40. Dhama K, Verma AK, Rajagunalan S, Kumar A, Tiwari R, Chakraborty S, Kumar R. Listeria monocytogenes infection in poultry and its public health importance with special reference to food borne zoonoses. Pak J Biol Sci. 2013;16:301–8.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  41. Ding X, Lillehoj HS, Dalloul RA, Min W, Sato T, Yasuda A, Lillehoj EP. In ovo vaccination with the Eimeria tenella EtMIC2 gene induces protective immunity against coccidiosis. Vaccine. 2005;23:3733–40.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  42. Doran DJ, Farr MM. Excystation of the poultry coccidium, Eimeria acervulina. J Protozoo. 1962;l9:154–61.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  43. Dubremetz JF, Elsner YY. Ultrastructural study of schizogony of Eimeria bovis in cell cultures. J Protozool. 1979;26(3):367–76.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  44. Ellis PA, Wright AE. Coccidiosis in guinea-pigs. J Clin Pathol. 1961;14(4):394–6.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  45. Enemark HL, Dahl J, Enemark JM. Significance of timing on effect of Metaphylactic Toltrazuril treatment against Eimeriosis in calves. Parasitol Res. 2015;114(Suppl 1):S201–12.  https://doi.org/10.1007/s00436-015-4526-8.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  46. Epe C, von Samson-Himmelstjerna G, Wirtherle N, von der Heyden V, Welz C, Beening J, Radeloff I, Hellmann K, Schnieder T, Krieger K. Efficacy of toltrazuril as a metaphylactic and therapeutic treatment of coccidiosis in first-year grazing calves. Parasitol Res. 2005;97(Suppl 1):S127–33.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  47. Ernst JV, Benz GW. Coccidiosis. Curr Top Vet Med Anim Sci. 1981;6:377–92.Google Scholar
  48. Faber JE, Kollmann D, Heise A, Bauer C, Failing K, Bürger HJ, Zahner H. Eimeria infections in cows in the periparturient phase and their calves: oocyst excretion and levels of specific serum and colostrum antibodies. Vet Parasitol. 2002;104(1):1–17.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  49. Farr MM, Wehr EE. Survival of Eimeria acervulina, E. tenella and E. maxima oocysts on soil under various field conditions. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1949;52:468–72.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  50. Fernandez I, Benito J, Pardos F. Ultrastructure of the oocyst wall formation in Eimeria beauchampi leger and Duboscq, 1917, a coccidian parasite of Glossobalanus minutus (Kow.) (Enteropneusta, Hemichordata). Ann Parasitol Hum Comp. 1988;63(4):253–62.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  51. Fitzgerald PR. The economic impact of coccidiosis in domestic animals. Adv Vet Sci Comp Med. 1980;24:121–43.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  52. Flausino G, Berto BP, Mcintosh D, Furtado TT, Teixeira WL, Lopes CWG. Phenotypic and genotypic characterization of Eimeria caviae from Guinea pigs (Cavia porcellus). Acta Protozool. 2014;53(3):269–76.Google Scholar
  53. Florião MM, Lopes Bdo B, Berto BP, Lopes CW. New approaches for morphological diagnosis of bovine Eimeria species: a study on a subtropical organic dairy farm in Brazil. Trop Anim Health Prod. 2016;48(3):577–84.  https://doi.org/10.1007/s11250-016-0998-5.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  54. Foreyt WJ. Coccidiosis and cryptosporidiosis in sheep and goats. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract. 1990;6(3):655–70.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  55. Friend SC, Stockdale PH. Experimental Eimeria bovis infection in calves: a histopathological study. Can J Comp Med. 1980;44(2):129–40.PubMedPubMedCentralGoogle Scholar
  56. Gajadhar AA, Wobeser G, Stockdale PHG. Coccidia of domestic and wild waterfowl (Anseriformes). Can J Zool. 1983;61:1–24.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  57. Gaudie CM, Evans RJ, Done SH. Coccidiosis in replacement gilts. Vet Rec. 2005;157(17):517–8.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  58. Gerken M, Renieri C. South American Camelids research: proceedings of the 4th European symposium on south American Camelids and DECAMA European seminar, Göttingen, 7–9 October 2004, vol. 1. Wageningen: Wageningen Academic; 2006.Google Scholar
  59. Giambrone JJ, Anderson WI, Reid WM, Eidson CS. Effect of infectious bursal disease on the severity of Eimeria tenella infections in broiler chicks. Poult Sci. 1977;56:243–6.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  60. Giambrone JJ, Klesius PH, Eckamn MK, Edgar SA. Influence of hormonal and chemical bursectomy on the development of acquired immunity to coccidia in broiler chickens. Poult Sci. 1981;60:2612–8.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  61. Gomez-Bautista M, Rojo-Vazquez FA, Alunda JM. The effect of the host’s age on the pathology of Eimeria stiedai infection in rabbits. Vet Parasitol. 1987;24(1-2):47–57.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  62. Graat EA, van der Kooij E, Frankena K, Henken AM, Smeets JF, Hekerman MT. Quantifying risk factors of coccidiosis in broilers using on-farm data based on a veterinary practice. Prev Vet Med. 1998;33:297–308.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  63. Gräfner G, Graubmann HD, Kron A. About the epizoology of cattle coccidiosis in raising and fattening farms. Mh Vet Med. 1978;33:910–2.Google Scholar
  64. Gräfner G, Graubmann HD, Schwartz K, Hiepe T, Kron A. Further studies on the incidence, epidemiology and control of bovine Eimeria coccidiosis under intensive-rearing conditions. Mh Vet Med. 1985;40:41–4.Google Scholar
  65. Gregory MW. Some factors in the pathogenesis of intestinal coccidiosis in mammals. Parasitology. 1982;85:R3.Google Scholar
  66. Gregory MW, Catchipole J. Ovine coccidiosis: the pathology of Eimeria crandallis infection. Int J Parasitol. 1990;20(7):849–60.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  67. Gregory MW, Catchpole J. Ovine coccidiosis: pathology of Eimeria ovinoidalis infection. Int J Parasitol. 1987;17(6):1099–111.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  68. Gülegen E, Girisgin O, Girisgin AO, Cirak VY. Eimeria leuckarti infections in sport horses in Northwest Turkey. Berl Munch Tierärztl Wochenschr. 2016;129(1-2):52–5.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  69. Györke A, Pop L, Cozma V. Prevalence and distribution of Eimeria species in broiler chicken farms of different capacities. Parasite. 2013;20:50.  https://doi.org/10.1051/parasite/2013052.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentralGoogle Scholar
  70. Hackstein JHP, Mackenstedt U, Mehlhorn H, Meijerink JPP, Schubert H, Leunissen JAM. Parasitic apicomplexans harbor a chlorophyll a-D1 complex, the potential target for therapeutic triazines. Parasitol Res. 1995;81:207–16.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  71. Hamid PH, Hirzmann J, Kerner K, Gimpl G, Lochnit G, Hermosilla CR, Taubert A. Eimeria bovis infection modulates endothelial host cell cholesterol metabolism for successful replication. Vet Res. 2015;46:100.  https://doi.org/10.1186/s13567-015-0230-z.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentralGoogle Scholar
  72. Hammond DM, Bowman GW, Davis LR, Simms BT. The endogenous phase of the life cycle of Eimeria bovis. J Parasitol. 1946;32:409–27.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  73. Hammond DM, Andersen FL, Miner ML. The occurrence of a second asexual generation in the life cycle of Eimeria bovis in calves. J Parasitol. 1963;49:428–34.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  74. Hanada S, Omata Y, Umemoto Y, Kobayashi Y, Furuoka H, Matsui T, Maeda R, Saito A. Relationship between liver disorders and protection against Eimeria stiedai infection in rabbits immunized with soluble antigens from the bile of infected rabbits. Vet Parasitol. 2003;111(2-3):261–6.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  75. Hashemnia M, Khodakaram-Tafti A, Razavi SM, Nazifi S. Experimental caprine coccidiosis caused by Eimeria arloingi: morphopathologic and electron microscopic studies. Vet Res Commun. 2012;36(1):47–55.  https://doi.org/10.1007/s11259-011-9511-9.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  76. Hegazy SH, Hassanein ZA, El-Sheshtawy EA, Awadalla SF. Effect of dual infections of Escherichia coli and pure caecal Eimeria sp in broiler chickens. J Egypt Soc Parasitol. 1999;29:859–72.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  77. Hein H. Eimeria adenoeides and E. meleagrimitis: pathogenic effect in turkey poults. Exp Parasitol. 1969;24:163–70.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  78. Hermosilla C, Stamm I, Menge C, Taubert A. Suitable in vitro culture of Eimeria bovis meront II stages in bovine colonic epithelial cells and parasite-induced upregulation of CXCL10 and GM-CSF gene transcription. Parasitol Res. 2015;114(8):3125–36.  https://doi.org/10.1007/s00436-015-4531-y.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  79. Hiepe T, Romeyke D, Jungmann R. Studies of coccidia infections in calves under intensive rearing conditions and recommendations for their control. Mh Vet Med. 1978;33:904–10.Google Scholar
  80. Hilbrich P. Disinfection tests on Eimeria tenella oocytes. Berl Münch Tierärztl Wochenschr. 1975;88:144–8.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  81. Hill JE, Lomax LG, Lindsay DS, Lynn BS. Coccidosis caused by Eimeria scabra in a finishing hog. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1985;186(9):981–3.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  82. Hooshmand-Rad P, Svensson C, Uggla A. Experimental Eimeria alabamensis infection in calves. Vet Parasitol. 1994;53(1-2):23–32.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  83. Itagaki K. Further investigation on the mechanism of coccidial infection in fowl. J Fac Agric Tottori Univ. 1954;2:37–53.Google Scholar
  84. Jahn D, Matros A, Bakulina AY, Tiedemann J, Schubert U, Giersberg M, Haehnel S, Zoufal K, Mock HP, Kipriyanov SM. Model structure of the immunodominant surface antigen of Eimeria tenella identified as a target for sporozoite-neutralizing monoclonal antibody. Parasitol Res. 2009;105(3):655–68.  https://doi.org/10.1007/s00436-009-1437-6.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  85. Jarvinen JA. Infection of llamas with stored Eimeria macusaniensis oocysts obtained from guanaco and alpaca feces. J Parasitol. 2008;94(4):969–72.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  86. Jenkins MC, Castle MD, Danforth HD. Protective immunization against the intestinal parasite Eimeria acervulina with recombinant coccidial antigen. Poult Sci. 1991;70(3):539–47.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  87. Jeurissen SH, Janse EM, Vermeulen AN, Vervelde L. Eimeria tenella infections in chickens: aspects of host-parasite interaction. Vet Immunol Immunopathol. 1996;54(1-4):231–8.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  88. Jing J, Liu C, Zhu SX, Jiang YM, LC W, Song HY, Shao YX. Pathological and ultrastructural observations and liver function analysis of Eimeria stiedai-infected rabbits. Vet Parasitol. 2016;223:165–72.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2016.04.020.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  89. Johnson J, Reid WM. Anticoccidial drugs: lesion scoring techniques in battery and floor-pen experiments with chickens. Exp Parasitol. 1970;28(1):30–6.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  90. Julian RJ, Harrison KB, Richardson JA. Nervous signs in bovine coccidiosis. Mod Vet Pract. 1976;57(9):711–2; 716, 718PubMedGoogle Scholar
  91. Kabell S, Handberg KJ, Bisgaard M. Impact of coccidial infection on vaccine- and vvIBDV in lymphoid tissues of SPF chickens as detected by RT-PCR. Acta Vet Scand. 2006;48:17.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  92. Karamon J, Ziomko I, Cencek T. Prevalence of Isospora suis and Eimeria spp. in suckling piglets and sows in Poland. Vet Parasitol. 2007;147(1-2):171–5.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  93. Katrib M, Ikin RJ, Brossier F, Robinson M, Slapetova I, Sharman PA, Walker RA, Belli SI, Tomley FM, Smith NC. Stage-specific expression of protease genes in the apicomplexan parasite, Eimeria tenella. BMC Genomics. 2012;13:685.  https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2164-13-685.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentralGoogle Scholar
  94. Kefu Z, Yingying W, Mei C, Lihong W, Shuichun H, Jun Z, Renhai L, Hong X. Eimeria tenella: further studies on the development of the oocyst. Exp Parasitol. 2006;113(3):174–8.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  95. Kim ES, Hong YH, Min W, Lillehoj HS. Fine-mapping of coccidia-resistant quantitative trait loci in chickens. Poultry Sci. 2006;85(11):2028–30.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  96. Koo BS, Lee HR, Jeon EO, Han MS, Min KC, Lee SB, Mo IP. Molecular survey of enteric viruses in commercial chicken farms in Korea with a history of enteritis. Poultry Sci. 2013;92:2876–85.  https://doi.org/10.3382/ps.2013-03280.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  97. Kouam MK, Meutchieye F, Nguafack TT, Miegoué E, Tchoumboué J, Theodoropoulos G. Parasitic fauna of domestic cavies in the western highlands of Cameroon (Central Africa). BMC Vet Res. 2015;2015(11):288.  https://doi.org/10.1186/s12917-015-0605-4.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  98. Koudela B, Vìtovec J. Biology and pathogenicity of Eimeria neodebliecki Vetterling, 1965 in experimentally infected pigs. Parasitol Int. 1998;47(4):249–56.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  99. Kouwenhoven B, van der Horst CJ. Histological observations with respect to the immune mechanism in Eimeria acervulina infection in the domestic fowl. Z Parasitenkd. 1973;42(1):11–21.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  100. Krautwald-Junghanns ME, Zebisch R, Schmidt V. Relevance and treatment of coccidiosis in domestic pigeons (Columba livia forma domestica) with particular emphasis on toltrazuril. J Avian Med Surg. 2009;23(1):1–5.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  101. Kunstýr I, Naumann S. Laboratory animal diseases in pictures. Coccidiosis in guinea pigs; with emphasis on diagnosis. Z Versuchstierkd. 1981;23(4):255–7.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  102. Kvičerová J, Hypša V. Host-parasite incongruences in rodent Eimeria suggest significant role of adaptation rather than cophylogeny in maintenance of host specificity. PLoS One. 2013;8:e63601.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  103. Lainson R. Intestinal coccidia (Apicomplexa: Eimeriidae) of Brazilian lizards. Eimeria carmelinoi n.sp., from Kentropyx calcarata and Acroeimeria paraensis n.sp. from Cnemidophorus lemniscatus lemniscatus (Lacertilia: Teiidae). Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz. 2002;97(2):227–37.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  104. Lassen B, Ostergaard S. Estimation of the economical effects of Eimeria infections in Estonian dairy herds using a stochastic model. Prev Vet Med. 2012;106(3-4):258–65.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prevetmed.2012.04.005. Epub 2012 May 17.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  105. Lassen B, Viltrop A, Raaperi K, Järvis T. Eimeria and Cryptosporidium in Estonian dairy farms in regard to age, species, and diarrhoea. Vet Parasitol. 2009;166(3–4):212–9.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  106. Lee MB, Lee EH. Coccidial contamination of raspberries: mock contamination with Eimeria acervulina as a model for decontamination treatment studies. J Food Prot. 2001;64(11):1854–7.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  107. Lee DL, Millard BJ. The structure and development of the macrogamete and oocyst of Eimeria acervulina. Parasitology. 1971;62(1):31–4.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  108. Levine ND. Protozoan parasites of domestic animals and of man. 1st ed. Minneapolis, MN: Burgess; 1961.Google Scholar
  109. Levine ND, Ivens V. The coccidian parasites (protozoa, sporozoa) of ruminants. Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press; 1970.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  110. Li G, Lillehoj HS, Lee KW, Jang SI, Marc P, Gay CG, Ritter GD, Bautista DA, Phillips K, Neumann AP, Rehberger TG, Siragusa GR. An outbreak of gangrenous dermatitis in commercial broiler chickens. Avian Pathol. 2010;39:247–53.  https://doi.org/10.1080/03079457.2010.487517.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  111. Li J, Zheng J, Gong P, Zhang X. Efficacy of Eimeria tenella rhomboid-like protein as a subunit vaccine in protective immunity against homologous challenge. Parasitol Res. 2012;110:1139–45.  https://doi.org/10.1007/s00436-011-2603-1.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  112. Lillehoj HS, Li G. Nitric oxide production by macrophages stimulated with coccidia sporozoites, lipopolysaccharide, or interferon-gamma, and its dynamic changes in SC and TK strains of chickens infected with Eimeria tenella. Avian Dis. 2004;48:244–53.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  113. Lillehoj HS, Trout JM. Avian gut-associated lymphoid tissues and intestinal immune responses to Eimeria parasites. Clin Microbiol Rev. 1996;9:349–60.PubMedPubMedCentralGoogle Scholar
  114. Lillehoj HS, Choi KD, Jenkins MC, Vakharia VN, Song KD, Han JY, Lillehoj EP. A recombinant Eimeria protein inducing interferon-gamma production: comparison of different gene expression systems and immunization strategies for vaccination against coccidiosis. Avian Dis. 2000;44:379–89.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  115. Lillehoj HS, Kim CH, Keeler CL Jr, Zhang S. Immunogenomic approaches to study host immunity to enteric pathogens. Poultry Sci. 2007;86:1491–500.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  116. Liou CT, Wang JS, Ooi HK. Effect of ozone treatment on Eimeria colchici oocysts. J Parasitol. 2002;88:159–62.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  117. Liu Y, Zheng J, Li J, Gong P, Zhang X. Protective immunity induced by a DNA vaccine encoding Eimeria tenella rhomboid against homologous challenge. Parasitol Res. 2013;112:251–7.  https://doi.org/10.1007/s00436-012-3132-2.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  118. Lobago F, Worku N, Wossene A. Study on coccidiosis in Kombolcha poultry farm, Ethiopia. Trop Anim Health Prod. 2005;37:245–51.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  119. Long PL. Pathology and pathogenicity of coccidial infection. In: Hammond DM, Long PL, editors. Eimeria, Isospora, Toxoplasma and related genera. Baltimore: University Park Press; 1973. p. 253–94.Google Scholar
  120. Lundén A, Thebo P, Gunnarsson S, Hooshmian-Rad P, Tauson R, Uggla A. Eimeria infections in litter-based, high stocking density systems for loose-housed laying hens in Sweden. Br Poult Sci. 2000;41:440–7.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  121. Lyons ET, Tolliver SC. Prevalence of parasite eggs (Strongyloides westeri, Parascaris equorum, and strongyles) and oocysts (Emeria leuckarti) in the feces of thoroughbred foals on 14 farms in central Kentucky in 2003. Parasitol Res. 2004;92(5):400–4.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  122. Marquardt WC. Effect of high temperature on sporulation of Eimeria zurnii. Exp Parasitol. 1960;10:58–65.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  123. Matjila PT, Penzhorn BL. Occurrence and diversity of bovine coccidia at three localities in South Africa. Vet Parasitol. 2002;104:93–102.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  124. Matsubayashi M, Hatta T, Miyoshi T, Anisuzzaman SK, Yamaji K, Shimura K, Isobe T, Kita K, Tsuji N. Localization of eimeripain, an Eimeria tenella cathepsin B-like cysteine protease, during asexual and sexual intracellular development in chicken ceca. J Vet Med Sci. 2014;76(4):531–7.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  125. Matsui T, Morii T, Iijima T, Kobayashi F, Fujino T. Transformation of oocysts from several coccidian species by heat treatment. Parasitol Res. 1989;75(4):264–7.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  126. McAllister CT, Scott Seville R, Hartdegen R. Two new species of coccidia (Apicomplexa: Eimeriidae) from leaf-tailed geckos, Uroplatus spp. (Sauria: Gekkonidae) from Madagascar, including a new host of Eimeria brygooi Upton & Barnard, 1987. Syst Parasitol. 2016;93(8):815–23.  https://doi.org/10.1007/s11230-016-9660-x.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentralGoogle Scholar
  127. McDougald LR. Intestinal protozoa important to poultry. Poultry Sci. 1998;77:1156–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  128. McKenna PB. Eimeria macusaniensis in camelids—a brief review. Surveillance. 2006;33(4):8–10.Google Scholar
  129. McQueary CA, Worley DE, Catlin JE. Observations on the life cycle and prevalence of Eimeria leuckarti in horses in Montana. Am J Vet Res. 1977;38(10):1673–4.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  130. Megía-Palma R, Martínez J, Acevedo I, Martín J, García-Roa R, Ortega J, Peso-Fernández M, Albaladejo G, Cooper RD, Paranjpe DA, Sinervo BR, Merino S. Phylogeny of the reptilian Eimeria: are Choleoeimeria and Acroeimeria valid generic names? Zool Scr. 2015;44(6):684–92.  https://doi.org/10.1111/zsc.12126.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  131. Michael E, Hodges RD. The pathogenic effects of Eimeria acervulina: a comparison of single and repeated infections. Vet Rec. 1971;89(12):329–33.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  132. Ming-Hsien L, Hai-I H, Hong-Kean O. Prevalence, infectivity and oocyst sporulation time of rabbit-coccidia in Taiwan. Trop Biomed. 2010;27(3):424–9.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  133. Mitchell ES, Smith RP, Ellis-Iversen J. Husbandry risk factors associated with subclinical coccidiosis in young cattle. Vet J. 2012;193(1):119–23.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tvjl.2011.09.017.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  134. Morner R. Endoparasites of eider-ducklings (Somateria mollissima) on the Swedish east coast. In: Anderesson A, Fredga S, editors. Proceedings of the symposium on sea ducks, Stockholm, Sweden. Gloucester: International Waterfowl Research Bureau; 1975.Google Scholar
  135. Mouafo AN, Weck-Heimann A, Dubremetz JF, Entzeroth R. Monoclonal antibodies speciWc for the two types of wall-forming bodies of Eimeria tenella macrogametes (Coccidia, Apicomplexa). Parasitol Res. 2002;88:217–24.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  136. Mundt HC, Bangoura B, Rinke M, Rosenbruch M, Daugschies A. Pathology and treatment of Eimeria zuernii coccidiosis in calves: investigations in an infection model. Parasitol Int. 2005;54(4):223–30.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  137. Nation PN, Wobeser G. Renal coccidiosis in wild ducks in Saskatchewan. J Wildl Dis. 1977;13(4):370–5.  https://doi.org/10.7589/0090-3558-13.4.370.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  138. Oakes RD, Kurian D, Bromley E, Ward C, Lal K, Blake DP, Reid AJ, Pain A, Sinden RE, Wastling JM, Tomley FM. The rhoptry proteome of Eimeria tenella sporozoites. Int J Parasitol. 2013;43(2):181–8.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpara.2012.10.024.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  139. Oksanen A. Mortality associated with renal coccidiosis in juvenile wild greylag geese (Anser anser anser). J Wildl Dis. 1994;30(4):554–6.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  140. d’Ovidio D, Noviello E, Ianniello D, Cringoli G, Rinaldi L. Survey of endoparasites in pet guinea pigs in Italy. Parasitol Res. 2015;114(3):1213–6.  https://doi.org/10.1007/s00436-014-4289-7.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  141. Ovington KS, Alleva LM, Kerr EA. Cytokines and immunological control of Eimeria spp. Int J Parasitol. 1995;25:1331–51.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  142. Pakandl M, Reynaud MC, Chauve CM. Electron microscopic study on the endogenous development of Eimeria mulardi, Chauve, Reynaud and Gounel, 1994: a coccidium from the mule duck. Parasitol Res. 2002;88(2):160–4.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  143. Paperna I, Landsberg JH. Description and taxonomic discussion of eimerian coccidia from African and Levantine geckoes. S Afr J Zool. 1989;24:345–55.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  144. Passafaro TL, Carrera JP, dos Santos LL, Raidan FS, dos Santos DC, Cardoso EP, Leite RC, Toral FL. Genetic analysis of resistance to ticks, gastrointestinal nematodes and Eimeria spp. in Nellore cattle. Vet Parasitol. 2015;210(3-4):224–34.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2015.03.017.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  145. Peek HW, Landman WJM. Resistance to anticoccidial drugs of Dutch avian Eimeria spp. field isolates originating from 1996, 1999 and 2001. Avian Pathol. 2003;32:391–401.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  146. Peek HW, Landman WJ. Coccidiosis in poultry: anticoccidial products, vaccines and other prevention strategies. Vet Quart. 2011;31(3):143–61.  https://doi.org/10.1080/01652176.2011.605247.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  147. Pellerdy LP. Coccidia and Coccidiosis. 2nd ed. Berlin and Hamburg: Verlag Paul Parey; 1974. p. 434–45.Google Scholar
  148. Pérez-Fonseca A, Alcala-Canto Y, Salem AZ, Alberti-Navarro AB. Anticoccidial efficacy of naringenin and a grapefruit peel extract in growing lambs naturally-infected with Eimeria spp. Vet Parasitol. 2016;232:58–65.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2016.11.009.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  149. Permin A, Esmann JB, Hoj CH, Hove T, Mukaratirwa S. Ecto-, endo- and haemoparasites in free-range chickens in the Goromonzi District in Zimbabwe. Prev Vet Med. 2002;54:213–24.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  150. Persson L, Borg K, Falt H. On the occurrence of Endoparasites in eider ducks in Sweden. Viltrevy. 1974;9:1–24.Google Scholar
  151. Petrone VM, Constantino CF, Pradal-Roa P. Identification and quantification of granulocytes in caecal mucosa and submucosa of chickens experimentally infected with Eimeria tenella and Salmonella enteritidis. Br Poult Sci. 2002;43(5 Suppl):653–61.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  152. Pfister F, Wolff K. Incidence of endoparasites in swine bred under “specific-pathogen-free” (“SPF”) and conventional conditions. Schweiz Arch Tierheilkd. 1975;117(10):585–95.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  153. Pinard-Van Der Laan MH, Monvoisin JL, Pery P, Hamet N, Thomas M. Comparison of outbred lines of chickens for resistance to experimental infection with coccidiosis (Eimeria tenella). Poultry Sci. 1998;77(2):185–91.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  154. Radostits OM, Stockdale PHG. A brief review of bovine coccidiosis in western Canada. Can Vet J. 1980;21(8):227–30.PubMedPubMedCentralGoogle Scholar
  155. Reeg KJ, Gauly M, Bauer C, Mertens C, Erhardt G, Zahner H. Coccidial infections in housed lambs: oocyst excretion, antibody levels and genetic influences on the infection. Vet Parasitol. 2005;127(3-4):209–19.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  156. Riley D, Fernando MA. Eimeria maxima (Apicomplexa): A comparison of sporozoite transport in naive and immune chickens. J Parasitol. 1988;74(1):103.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  157. Roberts WL, Hammond DM. Ultrastructural and cytologic studies of the sporozoites of four Eimeria species. J Protozool. 1970;17(1):76–86.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  158. Rojas M, Manchego A, Rocha CB, Fornells LA, Silva RC, Mendes GS, Dias HG, Sandoval N, Pezo D, Santos N. Outbreak of diarrhea among preweaning alpacas (Vicugna pacos) in the southern Peruvian highland. J Infect Dev Ctries. 2016;10(3):269–74.  https://doi.org/10.3855/jidc.7398.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  159. Rose ME. Immunity to Eimeria infections. Vet Immunol Immunopathol. 1987;17(1-4):333–43.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  160. Rose ME, Hesketh P. Immunity to coccidiosis: stages of the life-cycle of Eimeria maxima which induce, and are affected by, the response of the host. Parasitology. 1976;73(1):25–57.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  161. Rothwell L, Young JR, Zoorob R, Whittaker CA, Hesketh P, Archer A, Smith AL, Kaiser P. Cloning and characterization of chicken IL-10 and its role in the immune response to Eimeria maxima. J Immunol. 2004;173(4):2675–82.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  162. Ruiz A, Guedes AC, Muñoz MC, Molina JM, Hermosilla C, Martín S, Hernández YI, Hernández A, Pérez D, Matos L, López AM, Taubert A. Control strategies using diclazuril against coccidiosis in goat kids. Parasitol Res. 2012;110(6):2131–6.  https://doi.org/10.1007/s00436-011-2746-0.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  163. Ruiz A, Muñoz MC, Molina JM, Hermosilla C, Andrada M, Lara P, Bordón E, Pérez D, López AM, Matos L, Guedes AC, Falcón S, Falcón Y, Martín S, Taubert A. Immunization with Eimeria ninakohlyakimovae-live attenuated oocysts protect goat kids from clinical coccidiosis. Vet Parasitol. 2014;199(1-2):8–17.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2013.09.032.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  164. Ryley JF, Millard BJ, Long PL. Further studies on the life cycle of Eimeria brunetti Levine 1942. Z Parasitenkd. 1972;40(1):35–48.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  165. Salisch H, Erhorn I, Behr KP, Siegmann O. Subclinical coccidiosis in broilers and pullets. Dtsch Tierärztl Wochenschr. 1989;96:493–6.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  166. Samuelson J, Bushkin GG, Chatterjee A, Robbins PW. Strategies to discover the structural components of cyst and oocyst walls. Eukaryot Cell. 2013;12(12):1578–87.  https://doi.org/10.1128/EC.00213-13.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentralGoogle Scholar
  167. Schneider J, Haass K. Occurrence of cecum (Eimeria tenella) coccidiosis in flocks of laying hens. Berl Münch Tierärztl Wochenschr. 1967;80(6):111–4.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  168. Schnieder T. In: Schnieder T, editor. Veterinaermedizinische Parasitologie. 6th ed. Berlin: Paul Parey Verlag; 2006.Google Scholar
  169. Scholtyseck E, Hammond DM. Electron microscope studies of macrogametes and fertilization in Eimeria bovis. Z Parasitenkd. 1970;34(4):310–8.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  170. Schreiner LS. Field testing of the efficacy of additives based on essential oils to the milk replacer and litter treatment to control goat eimeriosis. Thesis. 2014. http://www.qucosa.de/recherche/frontdoor/?tx_slubopus4frontend%5bid%5d=urn:nbn:de:bsz:15-qucosa-144699.
  171. Schrey CF, Abbott TA, Stewart VA, Marquardt WC. Coccidia of the llama, Lama glama, in Colorado and Wyoming. Vet Parasitol. 1991;40(1-2):21–8.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  172. Schwarz RS, Jenkins MC, Klopp S, Miska KB. Genomic analysis of Eimeria spp. populations in relation to performance levels of broiler chicken farms in Arkansas and North Carolina. J Parasitol. 2009;95(4):871–80.  https://doi.org/10.1645/GE-1898.1.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  173. Seemann E, Kurth T, Entzeroth R. Insight into the ultrastructural organisation of sporulated oocysts of Eimeria nieschulzi (Coccidia, Apicomplexa). Parasitol Res. 2012;111(5):2143–7.  https://doi.org/10.1007/s00436-012-3066-8.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  174. Sercy O, Nie K, Pascalon A, Fort G, Yvoré P. Receptivity and susceptibility of the domestic duck (Anas platyrhynchos), the Muscovy duck (Cairina moschata), and their hybrid, the mule duck, to an experimental infection by Eimeria mulardi. Avian Dis. 1996;40(1):23–7.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  175. Shahiduzzaman M, Dyachenko V, Keidel J, Schmäschke R, Daugschies A. Combination of cell culture and quantitative PCR (cc-qPCR) to assess disinfectants efficacy on Cryptosporidium oocysts under standardized conditions. Vet Parasitol. 2010;167(1):43–9.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2009.09.042.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  176. Shi T, Tao G, Bao G, Suo J, Hao L, Fu Y, Suo X. Stable transfection of Eimeria intestinalis and investigation of its life cycle, reproduction and immunogenicity. Front Microbiol. 2016;7:807.  https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2016.00807.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentralGoogle Scholar
  177. Shirley MW, Jeffers TK, Long PL. Studies to determine the taxonomic status of Eimeria mitis, Tyzzer 1929 and E. mivati, Edgar and Seibold 1964. Parasitology. 1983;87:185–98.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  178. Shirley MW, Smith AL, Tomley FM. The biology of avian Eimeria with an emphasis on their control by vaccination. Adv Parasitol. 2005;60:285–330.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  179. Shirzad MR, Seifi S, Gheisari HR, Hachesoo BA, Habibi H, Bujmehrani H. Prevalence and risk factors for subclinical coccidiosis in broiler chicken farms in Mazandaran province, Iran. Trop Anim Health Prod. 2011;43(8):1601–4.  https://doi.org/10.1007/s11250-011-9876-3.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  180. Sibert GJ, Speer CA. Fine structure of zygotes and oocysts of Eimeria nieschulzi. J Protozool. 1980;27(4):374–9.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  181. Silva LM, Vila-Viçosa MJ, Cortes HC, Taubert A, Hermosilla C. Suitable in vitro Eimeria arloingi macromeront formation in host endothelial cells and modulation of adhesion molecule, cytokine and chemokine gene transcription. Parasitol Res. 2015;114(1):113–24.  https://doi.org/10.1007/s00436-014-4166-4.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  182. Skírnisson K. Mortality associated with renal and intestinal coccidiosis in juvenile eiders in Iceland. Parassitologia. 1997;39(4):325–30.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  183. Sommer C. Quantitative characterization, classification and reconstruction of oocyst shapes of Eimeria species from cattle. Parasitology. 1998;116(Pt 1):21–8.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  184. Stockdale PH. The pathogenesis of the lesions produced by Eimeria zuernii in calves. Can J Comp Med. 1977;41(3):338–44.PubMedPubMedCentralGoogle Scholar
  185. Stockdale PH, Sheard A, Tiffin GB. Resistance to Eimeria bovis produced after chemotherapy of experimental infections in calves. Vet Parasitol. 1982;9(3-4):171–7.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  186. Stotish RL, Wang CC, Meyenhofer M. Structure and composition of the oocyst wall of Eimeria tenella. J Parasitol. 1978;64(6):1074–81.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  187. Stromberg BE, Schlotthauer JC, Hamann KJ, Saatara Oz H, Bemrick WJ. Experimental bovine coccidiosis: control with monensin. Vet Parasitol. 1986;22(1-2):135–40.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  188. Sun XM, Pang W, Jia T, Yan WC, He G, Hao LL, Bentué M, Suo X. Prevalence of Eimeria species in broilers with subclinical signs from fifty farms. Avian Dis. 2009;53(2):301–5.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  189. Supperer R. Die Bedeutung der Sauen und Eber für die Verparasitierung der Schweinebestände. Wien Tierärztl Monatsschr. 1961;48:201–10.Google Scholar
  190. Swaggerty CL, Genovese KJ, He H, Duke SE, Pevzner IY, Kogut MH. Broiler breeders with an efficient innate immune response are more resistant to Eimeria tenella. Poultry Sci. 2011;90(5):1014–9.  https://doi.org/10.3382/ps.2010-01246.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  191. Szczepaniak KO, Tomczuk K, Lojszczyk-Szczepaniak A, Lopuszynski W. Reclassification of Eimeriapogonae Walden (2009) as Choleoeimeria pogonae comb. nov. (Apicomplexa: Eimeriidae). Parasitol Res. 2016;115(2):681–5.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  192. Taylor MA, Catchpole J. Review article: coccidiosis of domestic ruminants. Appl Parasitol. 1994;35(2):73–86.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  193. Thekisoe MM, Mbati PA, Bisschop SP. Diseases of free-ranging chickens in the Qwa-Qwa District of the northeastern free state province of South Africa. J S Afr Vet Assoc. 2003;74:14–6.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  194. Tomley FM, Bumstead JM, Billington KJ, Dunn PP. Molecular cloning and characterization of a novel acidic microneme protein (Etmic-2) from the apicomplexan protozoan parasite, Eimeria tenella. Mol Biochem Parasitol. 1996;79(2):195–206.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  195. Toulah FH. Effect of aflatoxin on the coccidial infection in broilers. J Egypt Soc Parasitol. 2007;37:785–92.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  196. Trees AJ, Karim MJ, McKellar SB, Carter SD. Eimeria tenella: local antibodies and interactions with the sporozoite surface. J Protozool. 1989;36(4):326–33.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  197. Van Immerseel F, De Buck J, Pasmans F, Huyghebaert G, Haesebrouck F, Ducatelle R. Clostridium perfringens in poultry: an emerging threat for animal and public health. Avian Pathol. 2004;33(6):537–49.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  198. Venkateswara Rao P, Raman M, Gomathinayagam S. Sporulation dynamics of poultry Eimeria oocysts in Chennai. J Parasit Dis. 2015;39(4):689–92.  https://doi.org/10.1007/s12639-013-0403-5.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  199. Vercruysse J. Efficacy of toltrazuril and clazuril against experimental infections with Eimeria labbeana and E. columbarum in racing pigeons. Avian Dis. 1990;34(1):73–9.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  200. Vetterling JM. Coccidia (protozoa: Eimeriidae) of swine. J Parasitol. 1965;51(6):897–912.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  201. Vítovec J, Koudela B, Stĕrba J. Pathology and pathogenicity of Eimeria scabra (Henry, 1931) in experimentally infected pigs. Folia Parasitol (Praha). 1987;34(4):299–304.Google Scholar
  202. de Vos AJ. Studies on the host range of Eimeria chinchillae de Vos & van der Westhuizen, 1968. Onderstepoort J Vet Res. 1970;37(1):29–36.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  203. Vrba V, Pakandl M. Coccidia of turkey: from isolation, characterisation and comparison to molecular phylogeny and molecular diagnostics. Int J Parasitol. 2014;44(13):985–1000.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpara.2014.06.004.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  204. Vrba V, Pakandl M. Host specificity of turkey and chicken Eimeria: controlled cross-transmission studies and a phylogenetic view. Vet Parasitol. 2015;208(3-4):118–24.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2015.01.017.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  205. Vrba V, Poplstein M, Pakandl M. The discovery of the two types of small subunit ribosomal RNA gene in Eimeria mitis contests the existence of E. mivati as an independent species. Vet Parasitol. 2011;183(1-2):47–53.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2011.06.020.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  206. Wallach M. Role of antibody in immunity and control of chicken coccidiosis. Trends Parasitol. 2010;26(8):382–7.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pt.2010.04.004.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  207. Wallach MG, Ashash U, Michael A, Smith NC. Field application of a subunit vaccine against an enteric protozoan disease. PLoS One. 2008;3(12):e3948.  https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0003948.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentralGoogle Scholar
  208. Watkins KL, Bafundo KW, Donovan DJ. Anticoccidial effect of monensin against Eimeria mitis and Eimeria dispersa. Poul Sci. 1990;69(6):1009–11.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  209. Wiedmer S, Stange J, Kurth T, Bleiss W, Entzeroth R, Kurth M. New insights into the excystation process and oocyst morphology of rodent Eimeria species. Protist. 2011;162(4):668–78.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.protis.2011.03.001.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  210. Williams RB. Laboratory tests of phenolic disinfectants as oocysticides against the chicken coccidium Eimeria tenella. Vet Rec. 1997;141(17):447–8.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  211. Williams RB. A compartmentalised model for the estimation of the cost of coccidiosis to the world’s chicken production industry. Int J Parasitol. 1999;29:1209–29.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  212. Witcombe DM, Smith NC. Strategies for anti-coccidial prophylaxis. Parasitology. 2014;141(11):1379–89.  https://doi.org/10.1017/S0031182014000195.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  213. Yun CH, Lillehoj HS, Lillehoj EP. Intestinal immune responses to coccidiosis. Dev Comp Immunol. 2000;24(2-3):303–24.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  214. Yvoré P, Esnault A, Naciri M. La coccidiose caprine: Effect de contaminations mono ou multispécifiques. Rec Med Vet. 1985;161(4):347–51.Google Scholar
  215. Zhu JJ, Lillehoj HS, Allen PC, Van Tassell CP, Sonstegard TS, Cheng HH, Pollock D, Sadjadi M, Min W, Emara MG. Mapping quantitative trait loci associated with resistance to coccidiosis and growth. Poul Sci. 2003;82(1):9–16.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Copyright information

© Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature 2018

Authors and Affiliations

  1. 1.Department of Veterinary Sciences, College of Agriculture and Natural ResourcesUniversity of WyomingLaramieUSA
  2. 2.Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of ParasitologyLeipzig UniversityLeipzigGermany

Personalised recommendations

Cite chapter

Buy options