P5 Medicine and Justice pp 216-233 | Cite as
Clinical Legal Medicine and Toxicology in Sexual Assaults
Abstract
It is important for forensic centres to be appropriately accredited and to use cutting-edge technology and scientific knowledge for the benefit of their clients. This is a new phase for technology, science, medicine and justice. Daily clinical forensic practice needs to be more specific and clear in adopting objective criteria, especially considering human rights violations. In today’s technologically and scientifically advanced world, justice needs to be supported much more by qualified, standardized expertise. Clinical forensic examination includes systematic documentation of physical injuries and sampling of biological evidence for legal purposes. Clinical evaluation and reporting should be submitted to the clinician by an authorized clinical legal medicine specialist and/or competent forensic scientist, fully responsible for the results and the advice provided. Forensic experts should be independent—should only use scientific knowledge and nothing else through the standardization/accreditation of their works and quality assurance, as noted by all international regulations.
References
- 1.Cig MI (2016) Women Through History. Turkiye Klinikleri J Foren Med-Special Topics 2(2):1–5Google Scholar
- 2.Policy L, Affairs G, Committee, Statistics T, Sciences P, Council, N.R., Applied, C. on, Staff, T.S., Committee on Science, Technology, and Law and Committee on Applied and Theoretical Statistics (2009) Strengthening forensic science in the United States: A path forward. National Academies Press, Washington, DCGoogle Scholar
- 3.Heise LL, Pitanguy J, Germain A (1994) World bank discussion papers: The hidden health burden: No 255: Violence against women. World Bank Publications, Washington, DCGoogle Scholar
- 4.Anderson KL (1997) Gender, status, and domestic violence: An integration of feminist and family violence approaches. J Marriage Fam 59(3):655CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 5.Kucuradi I (2004) Human Rights in Turkey and World. Turkey Philosophy Institution, pp 15–33Google Scholar
- 6.United Nations descriptions (2008) Ending violence against women: From words to action. Choice Reviews Online 45(7):45–4091. doi: 10.5860/choice.45-4091
- 7.Ward J (2005) Violence against women: a statistical overview challenges and gaps in data collection and methodology and approaches for overcoming them’ Conducting population-based research on gender-based violence in conflict-affected settings: An overview of a multi-country research projectGoogle Scholar
- 8.United Nations (2015) The World’s Women 2015: Trends and Statistics. United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Statistics Division, New York. Sales No. E.15.XVIIGoogle Scholar
- 9.World Health Organization (2005) WHO Multi-Country Study on Women’s Health and Domestic Violence Against Women. WHO, GenevaGoogle Scholar
- 10.World Health Organization (2013) Global and Regional Estimates of Violence against Women: Prevalence and Health Effects of Intimate Partner Violence and Non-partner Sexual Violence. WHO, GenevaGoogle Scholar
- 11.Ertürk Y (2006) Integration of the Human Rights of Women and the Gender Perspective: the Due Diligence Standard as a Tool for the Elimination of Violence Against Women. Report of the Special Rapporteur on violence against women, its causes and consequences. United Nations, New YorkGoogle Scholar
- 12.Ertürk Y (2008) Promotion and Protection of All Human Rights, Civil, Political, Economic, Social and Cultural, Including the Right to Development. Report of the Special Rapporteur on indicators on Violence Against Women, Its Causes and Consequences: Indicators on Violence Against Women and State Response. A/HRC/7/6. Presented to the Human Rights Council, Seventh SessionGoogle Scholar
- 13.Hilden M (2004) A history of sexual abuse and health: a Nordic multicentre study. BJOG 111(10):1121–1127CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
- 14.Rovi N (2002) An analysis of the quality of medical care provided to sexual assault victims. J Am Med Women’s Assoc 57(4):204–207Google Scholar
- 15.Ferris LE, Sandercock J (1998) The sensitivity of forensic tests for rape. Med Law 17(3):333–350PubMedGoogle Scholar
- 16.Grossin C, Sibille I, de la Grandmaison GL, Banasr A, Brion F, Durigon M (2003) Analysis of 418 cases of sexual assault. Forensic Sci Int 131(2–3):125–130CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
- 17.Ozkok MS (2016) Medical and Forensic Management of Adolescent and Adult Sexual Violence Patience. Turkiye Klinikleri J Foren Med-Special Topics 2(2):62–75Google Scholar
- 18.Gaensslen RE, Lee HC (2002) Sexual Assault Evidence: National Assessment and Guidebook. US: Grant No. 92-IJ-CX-0041Google Scholar
- 19.Connery SA (2013) Three decade old cold case murder solved with evidence from a sexual assault kit. J Forensic Leg Med 20(4):355–356CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
- 20.Burg A, Kahn R, Welch K (2011) DNA testing of sexual assault evidence: the laboratory perspective”. Journal of Forensic Nurs 7(3):145–152CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 21.Newton M (2013) The forensic aspects of sexual violence. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol 27(1):77–90CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
- 22.Johnson D, Peterson J, Sommers I, Baskin D (2012) Use of forensic science in investigating crimes of sexual violence: contrasting its theoretical potential with empirical realities. Violence Against Women 18(2):193–222CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
- 23.Gomes V, Jardim P, Taveira F, Dinis-Oliveira RJ, Magalhães T (2014) Alleged biological father incest: a forensic approach. J Forensic Sci 59(1):255–259CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
- 24.Acosta ML (2002) Collecting evidence for domestic and sexual assault: highlighting violence against women in health care system interventions’. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 78(1):99–104CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 25.Lee HC, Ladd C (2001) Preservation and collection of biological evidence. Croat Med J 42(3):225–228PubMedGoogle Scholar
- 26.Benecke M (2004) Forensic DNA samples—collection and handling. In: Fuchs J, Podda M (eds) Encyclopedia of Medical Genomics and Proteomics. CRC Press, New York, NY, USA, pp 500–504Google Scholar
- 27.Horswell J (2004) Crime scene investigation. In: Robertson J (ed) The Practice of Crime Scene Investigation. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Fla, USA, pp 30–73CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 28.Willott GM, Allard JE (1982) Spermatozoa-their persistence after sexual intercourse. Forensic Sci Int 19(2):135–154CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
- 29.Magalhães T, Dinis-Oliveira JR, Silva B, Corte-Real F, Vieira DN (2015) Biological Evidence Management for DNA Analysis in Cases of Sexual Assault. Hindawi Publishing Corporation. Scientific World Journal http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/365674
- 30.Colorado Sexual Assault Evidence Collection Protocol. 2nd ed. (2015). Available at https://www.uchealth.org/professionals/Pages/Colorado-State-SANE-SAFE-Project.aspx
- 31.Harper NS (2011) Drug-facilitated sexual assault. In: Jenny C (ed) Child abuse and neglect: diagnosis, treatment and evidence. Elsevier Inc., St Louis, Missouri, pp 118–126CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 32.Du Mont J, Macdonald S, Rotbard N et al (2009) Factors associated with suspected drugfacilitated sexual assault. CMAJ 180:513–519CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentralGoogle Scholar
- 33.Cheze M, Duffort G, Deveaux M et al (2005) Hair analysis by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry in toxicological investigation of drug facilitated crimes: report of 128 cases over the period June 2003–May 2004 in Metropolitan Paris. Forensic Sci Int 153:3–10CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
- 34.Scott-Ham M, Burton FC (2005) Toxicological findings in cases of alleged drug-facilitated sexual assault in the United Kingdom over a 3 year period. J Clin Forensic Med 12:175–186CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
- 35.Gee D, Owen P, McLean I et al (2006) Operation MATISSE: investigating drug facilitated sexual assault. Association of Chief Police Officers, London (UK)Google Scholar
- 36.Negrusz A, Gaensslen RE (2003) Analytical developments in toxicological investigation of drug-facilitated sexual assault. Anal Bioanal Chem 376(8):1192–1197CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
- 37.Newton M (2013) The forensic aspects of sexual violence. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol 27(1):77–90CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
- 38.Flanagan RJ, Braithwaite RA, Brown SS, Widdop B, de Wolff FA (1995) Basic Analytical Toxicology. WHO, GenevaGoogle Scholar
- 39.Yayci N, Ağritmiş H, Turla A, Koc S (2003) Fatalities due to methyl alcohol intoxication in Turkey: an 8-year study. Forensic Sci Int 131:36–41CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
- 40.Azmak D (2006) Methanol related deaths in Edirne (Tokyo). Leg Med 8:39–42CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 41.Karadeniz H, Birincioğlu İ (2011) Methyl Alcohol Poisoning in Trabzon (Turkey). J Forensic Sci 56(3):822–824CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
- 42.Drummer OH (2010) Forensic Toxicology. EXS 100:579–603PubMedGoogle Scholar
- 43.Allorge D, Tournel G (2012) Role of Pharmacogenetics. In: Danielle Sapse, Kobilinsky Lawrence (eds) Forensic Toxicology. Forensic Science Advances and Their Application in the Judiciary System. CRC Press, Taylor and Francis Group, New YorkGoogle Scholar
- 44.Sajantila A, Lunetta P, Ojanpera I (2006) Postmortem pharmacokinetics: toward molecular autopsies. In: Wong SH, Linder M, Valdes R (eds) Pharmacogenomis and Proteomics: Enabling the Practice of Personalized Medicine. AACC Press, Washington, DC, pp 301–310Google Scholar
- 45.Musshoff F, Stamer UM, Madea B (2010) Pharmacogenetics and forensic toxicology. Forensic Sci Int 203:53–62CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
- 46.Bertilsson L, Aberg-Wistedt A, Gustafsson L, Nordin C (1985) Extremely rapid hydroxylation of debrisoquine: a case report with implication for treatment with nortripyline and other cyclic antidepressants. Ther Drug Monit 7:478–480CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
- 47.Bertilsson L, Dahl M, Sjoqvist F, Aberg-Wistedt A, Humble M, Johansson I, Lundqvist E, Ingelman-Sundberg M (1993) Molecular basis for rational mega prescribing in ultra rapid hydroxylators of debrisoquine. Lancet 341:63CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
- 48.Ingelman-Sundberg M, Sim SC, Gomez A, Rodriguez-Antona C (2007) Influence of cytochrome P450 polymorphisms on drug therapies: pharmacogenetic, pharmacoepigenetic and clinical aspects. Pharmacol Ther 116:496–526CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
- 49.Sajantila A, Palo JU, Ojanpera I, Davis C, Budowle B (2010) Pharmacogenetics in medico-legal context. Forensic Sci Int 203:44–52CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
- 50.Kaneko A, Lum JK, Yaviong L, Takahashi N, Ishizaki T, Bertilsson L, Kobayakawa T, Bjorkman A (1999) High and variable frequencies of CYP2C19 mutations: medical consequences of poor drug metabolism in Vanuatu and other Pacific islands. Pharmacogenetics 9:581–590CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
- 51.Kirchheiner J, Grundemann D, Schomig E (2006) Contribution of allelic variations in transporters to the phenotype of drug response’. J Psychopharmacol 20(4):27–32CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
- 52.Wong SHY (2008) Pharmacogenomics for forensic toxicology in enabling personalized medicine. In: Bogusz MJ (ed) Forensic Science. Elsevier, Handbook of Analytical Separations, pp 745–761CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 53.Lehmann H, Ryan E (1956) The familial incidence of low pseudocholinesterase level. Lancet 271:124CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
- 54.SOFT/AAFS Forensic Laboratory Guidelines. (2006) Society of Forensic Toxicologists (SOFT)/American Academy of Forensic Sciences (AAFS)Google Scholar
- 55.Plueckhahn VD, Cordner SM (1991) Ethics, Legal Medicine & Forensic Pathology Carlton, Victoria, Melbourne University Press,Google Scholar