Advertisement

Identification and Management of Bile Duct Injuries and Post-Operative Strictures

  • Arthur RichardsonEmail author
Chapter
First Online:

Abstract

  • Bile duct injury continues to occur at an unacceptable rate following laparoscopic cholecystectomy.

  • Early recognition and management in a multi-disciplinary HPB service will produce the best results.

  • In those cases of bile duct transection requiring operative intervention, Hepp-Couinaud hepatico-jejunostomy will produce the best results.

  • Mortality of a major bile duct transection requiring operative intervention is significantly greater compared to a routine laparoscopic cholecystectomy.

  • The long term health consequences of a bile duct injury may be significant.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in to check access.

References

  1. 1.
    Perissat J, Collet DR, Belliard R. Gallstones: laparoscopic treatment, intracorporeal lithotripsy followed by cholecystostomy or cholecystectomy—a personal technique. Endoscopy. 1989;21(Suppl 1):373–4.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  2. 2.
    Dubois F, Icard P, Berthelot G, Levard H. Coelioscopic cholecystectomy. Preliminary report of 36 cases. Ann Surg. 1990;211(1):60–2.PubMedPubMedCentralGoogle Scholar
  3. 3.
    Reddick EJ, Olsen DO. Laparoscopic laser cholecystectomy. A comparison with mini-lap cholecystectomy. Surg Endosc. 1989;3(3):131–3.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  4. 4.
    Deziel DJ, Millikan KW, Economou SG, Doolas A, Ko ST, Airan MC. Complications of laparoscopic cholecystectomy: a national survey of 4,292 hospitals and an analysis of 77,604 cases. Am J Surg. 1993;165(1):9–14.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  5. 5.
    Lee VS, Chari RS, Cucchiaro G, Meyers WC. Complications of laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Am J Surg. 1993;165(4):527–32.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  6. 6.
    Richardson AJ, Brancatisano R, Avramovic J, Roney W, Little JM. Injuries to the bile duct resulting from laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Aust N Z J Surg. 1993;63(9):684–9.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  7. 7.
    Adamsen S, Hansen OH, Funch-Jensen P, Schulze S, Stage JG, Wara P. Bile duct injury during laparoscopic cholecystectomy: a prospective nationwide series. J Am Coll Surg. 1997;184(6):571–8.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  8. 8.
    Flum DR, Cheadle A, Prela C, Dellinger EP, Chan L. Bile duct injury during cholecystectomy and survival in medicare beneficiaries. JAMA. 2003;290(16):2168–73.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  9. 9.
    Cagir B, Rangraj M, Maffuci L, Herz BL. The learning curve for laparoscopic cholecystectomy. J Laparoendosc Surg. 1994;4(6):419–27.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  10. 10.
    Moore MJ, Bennett CL. The learning curve for laparoscopic cholecystectomy. The Southern Surgeons Club. Am J Surg. 1995;170(1):55–9.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  11. 11.
    Voitk AJ, Tsao SG, Ignatius S. The tail of the learning curve for laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Am J Surg. 2001;182(3):250–3.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  12. 12.
    Hobbs MS, Mai Q, Knuiman MW, Fletcher DR, Ridout SC. Surgeon experience and trends in intraoperative complications in laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Br J Surg. 2006;93(7):844–53.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  13. 13.
    Archer SB, Brown DW, Smith CD, Branum GD, Hunter JG. Bile duct injury during laparoscopic cholecystectomy: results of a national survey. Ann Surg. 2001;234(4):549–58; discussion 58–9.PubMedPubMedCentralGoogle Scholar
  14. 14.
    Francoeur JR, Wiseman K, Buczkowski AK, Chung SW, Scudamore CH. Surgeons’ anonymous response after bile duct injury during cholecystectomy. Am J Surg. 2003;185(5):468–75.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  15. 15.
    Connor S, Garden OJ. Bile duct injury in the era of laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Br J Surg. 2006;93(2):158–68.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  16. 16.
    Morgenstern L, McGrath MF, Carroll BJ, Paz-Partlow M, Berci G. Continuing hazards of the learning curve in laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Am Surg. 1995;61(10):914–8.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  17. 17.
    Richardson MC, Bell G, Fullarton GM. Incidence and nature of bile duct injuries following laparoscopic cholecystectomy: an audit of 5913 cases. West of Scotland Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy Audit Group. Br J Surg. 1996;83(10):1356–60.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  18. 18.
    MacFadyen BV Jr, Vecchio R, Ricardo AE, Mathis CR. Bile duct injury after laparoscopic cholecystectomy. The United States experience. Surg Endosc. 1998;12(4):315–21.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  19. 19.
    Waage A, Nilsson M. Iatrogenic bile duct injury: a population-based study of 152 776 cholecystectomies in the Swedish Inpatient Registry. Arch Surg. 2006;141(12):1207–13.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  20. 20.
    Rystedt J, Lindell G, Montgomery A. Bile Duct Injuries Associated With 55,134 Cholecystectomies: Treatment and Outcome from a National Perspective. World J Surg. 2016;40:73–80.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  21. 21.
    Karvonen J, Salminen P, Gronroos JM. Bile duct injuries during open and laparoscopic cholecystectomy in the laparoscopic era: alarming trends. Surg Endosc. 2011;25(9):2906–10.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  22. 22.
    Harboe KM, Bardram L. The quality of cholecystectomy in Denmark: outcome and risk factors for 20,307 patients from the national database. Surg Endosc. 2011;25(5):1630–41.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  23. 23.
    Chuang KI, Corley D, Postlethwaite DA, Merchant M, Harris HW. Does increased experience with laparoscopic cholecystectomy yield more complex bile duct injuries? Am J Surg. 2012;203(4):480–7.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  24. 24.
    Worth PJ, Kaur T, Diggs BS, Sheppard BC, Hunter JG, Dolan JP. Major bile duct injury requiring operative reconstruction after laparoscopic cholecystectomy: a follow-on study. Surg Endosc. 2015;30(5):1839–46.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  25. 25.
    Joseph M, Phillips MR, Farrell TM, Rupp CC. Single incision laparoscopic cholecystectomy is associated with a higher bile duct injury rate: a review and a word of caution. Ann Surg. 2012;256(1):1–6.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  26. 26.
    Strasberg SM. Single incision laparoscopic cholecystectomy and the introduction of innovative surgical procedures. Ann Surg. 2012;256(1):7–9.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  27. 27.
    Cheah SW, Yuan S, Mackay S, Grigg M. Single incision laparoscopic cholecystectomy is associated with a higher bile duct injury rate: a review and word of caution. Ann Surg. 2015;261(2):e54.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  28. 28.
    Khan MH, Howard TJ, Fogel EL, Sherman S, McHenry L, Watkins JL, et al. Frequency of biliary complications after laparoscopic cholecystectomy detected by ERCP: experience at a large tertiary referral center. Gastrointest Endosc. 2007;65(2):247–52.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  29. 29.
    Walsh RM, Henderson JM, Vogt DP, Mayes JT, Grundfest-Broniatowski S, Gagner M, et al. Trends in bile duct injuries from laparoscopic cholecystectomy. J Gastrointest Surg. 1998;2(5):458–62.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  30. 30.
    Windsor JA, Pong J. Laparoscopic biliary injury: more than a learning curve problem. Aust N Z J Surg. 1998;68(3):186–9.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  31. 31.
    Sedlack JD. The utilization of six sigma and statistical process control techniques in surgical quality improvement. J Healthc Qual. 2010;32(6):18–26.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  32. 32.
    Pyzdek T. The Six Sigma handbook. 2nd ed. New York, NY: McGraw Hill and Co.; 2003.Google Scholar
  33. 33.
    Bismuth H. In: Blumgart LH, editor. Postoperative strictures of the bile ducts. New York, NY: Churchill-Livingstone; 1982.Google Scholar
  34. 34.
    Bismuth H, Majno PE. Biliary strictures: classification based on the principles of surgical treatment. World J Surg. 2001;25(10):1241–4.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  35. 35.
    McMahon AJ, Fullarton G, Baxter JN, O’Dwyer PJ. Bile duct injury and bile leakage in laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Br J Surg. 1995;82(3):307–13.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  36. 36.
    Csendes A, Navarrete C, Burdiles P, Yarmuch J. Treatment of common bile duct injuries during laparoscopic cholecystectomy: endoscopic and surgical management. World J Surg. 2001;25(10):1346–51.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  37. 37.
    Stewart L, Robinson TN, Lee CM, Liu K, Whang K, Way LW. Right hepatic artery injury associated with laparoscopic bile duct injury: incidence, mechanism, and consequences. J Gastrointest Surg. 2004;8(5):523–30; discussion 30–1.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  38. 38.
    Bergman JJ, van den Brink GR, Rauws EA, de Wit L, Obertop H, Huibregtse K, et al. Treatment of bile duct lesions after laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Gut. 1996;38(1):141–7.PubMedPubMedCentralGoogle Scholar
  39. 39.
    Neuhaus P, Schmidt SC, Hintze RE, Adler A, Veltzke W, Raakow R, et al. Classification and treatment of bile duct injuries after laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Chirurg. 2000;71(2):166–73.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  40. 40.
    Lau WY, Lai EC. Classification of iatrogenic bile duct injury. Hepatobiliary Pancreat Dis Int. 2007;6(5):459–63.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  41. 41.
    Strasberg SM, Hertl M, Soper NJ. An analysis of the problem of biliary injury during laparoscopic cholecystectomy. J Am Coll Surg. 1995;180(1):101–25.Google Scholar
  42. 42.
    Mercado MA, Dominguez I. Classification and management of bile duct injuries. World J Gastrointest Surg. 2011;3(4):43–8.PubMedPubMedCentralGoogle Scholar
  43. 43.
    Bektas H, Schrem H, Winny M, Klempnauer J. Surgical treatment and outcome of iatrogenic bile duct lesions after cholecystectomy and the impact of different clinical classification systems. Br J Surg. 2007;94(9):1119–27.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  44. 44.
    Fingerhut A, Dziri C, Garden OJ, Gouma D, Millat B, Neugebauer E, et al. ATOM, the all-inclusive, nominal EAES classification of bile duct injuries during cholecystectomy. Surg Endosc. 2013;27(12):4608–19.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  45. 45.
    Krahenbuhl L, Sclabas G, Wente MN, Schafer M, Schlumpf R, Buchler MW. Incidence, risk factors, and prevention of biliary tract injuries during laparoscopic cholecystectomy in Switzerland. World J Surg. 2001;25(10):1325–30.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  46. 46.
    Olsen D. Bile duct injuries during laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Surg Endosc. 1997;11(2):133–8.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  47. 47.
    Way LW, Stewart L, Gantert W, Liu K, Lee CM, Whang K, et al. Causes and prevention of laparoscopic bile duct injuries: analysis of 252 cases from a human factors and cognitive psychology perspective. Ann Surg. 2003;237(4):460–9.PubMedPubMedCentralGoogle Scholar
  48. 48.
    Dekker SW, Hugh TB. Laparoscopic bile duct injury: understanding the psychology and heuristics of the error. ANZ J Surg. 2008;78(12):1109–14.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  49. 49.
    Hugh TB. New strategies to prevent laparoscopic bile duct injury—surgeons can learn from pilots. Surgery. 2002;132(5):826–35.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  50. 50.
    Strasberg SM. Biliary injury in laparoscopic surgery: part 1. Processes used in determination of standard of care in misidentification injuries. J Am Coll Surg. 2005;201(4):598–603.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  51. 51.
    National Institutes of Health Consensus Development conference statement on gallstones and laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Am J Surg. 1993;165(4):390–8.Google Scholar
  52. 52.
    Troidl H. Disasters of endoscopic surgery and how to avoid them: error analysis. World J Surg. 1999;23(8):846–55.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  53. 53.
    Strasberg SM, Brunt LM. Rationale and use of the critical view of safety in laparoscopic cholecystectomy. J Am Coll Surg. 2010;211(1):132–8.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  54. 54.
    Buddingh KT, Nieuwenhuijs VB. The critical view of safety and routine intraoperative cholangiography complement each other as safety measures during cholecystectomy. J Gastrointest Surg. 2011;15(6):1069–70. author reply 71PubMedPubMedCentralGoogle Scholar
  55. 55.
    Buddingh KT, Nieuwenhuijs VB, van Buuren L, Hulscher JB, de Jong JS, van Dam GM. Intraoperative assessment of biliary anatomy for prevention of bile duct injury: a review of current and future patient safety interventions. Surg Endosc. 2011;25(8):2449–61.PubMedPubMedCentralGoogle Scholar
  56. 56.
    Buddingh KT, Morks AN, ten Cate Hoedemaker HO, Blaauw CB, van Dam GM, Ploeg RJ, et al. Documenting correct assessment of biliary anatomy during laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Surg Endosc. 2012;26(1):79–85.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  57. 57.
    Eikermann M, Siegel R, Broeders I, Dziri C, Fingerhut A, Gutt C, et al. Prevention and treatment of bile duct injuries during laparoscopic cholecystectomy: the clinical practice guidelines of the European Association for Endoscopic Surgery (EAES). Surg Endosc. 2012;26(11):3003–39.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  58. 58.
    Haynes AB, Weiser TG, Berry WR, Lipsitz SR, Breizat AH, Dellinger EP, et al. A surgical safety checklist to reduce morbidity and mortality in a global population. N Engl J Med. 2009;360(5):491–9.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  59. 59.
    Connor SJ, Perry W, Nathanson L, Hugh TB, Hugh TJ. Using a standardized method for laparoscopic cholecystectomy to create a concept operation-specific checklist. HPB (Oxford). 2014;16(5):422–9.Google Scholar
  60. 60.
    Giger U, Ouaissi M, Schmitz SF, Krahenbuhl S, Krahenbuhl L. Bile duct injury and use of cholangiography during laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Br J Surg. 2011;98(3):391–6.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  61. 61.
    Daly SC, Deziel DJ, Li X, Thaqi M, Millikan KW, Myers JA, et al. Current practices in biliary surgery: do we practice what we teach? Surg Endosc. 2016;30(8):3345–50.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  62. 62.
    Ragulin-Coyne E, Witkowski ER, Chau Z, Ng SC, Santry HP, Callery MP, et al. Is routine intraoperative cholangiogram necessary in the twenty-first century? A national view. J Gastrointest Surg. 2013;17(3):434–42.PubMedPubMedCentralGoogle Scholar
  63. 63.
    Massarweh NN, Flum DR. Role of intraoperative cholangiography in avoiding bile duct injury. J Am Coll Surg. 2007;204(4):656–64.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  64. 64.
    Ford JA, Soop M, Du J, Loveday BP, Rodgers M. Systematic review of intraoperative cholangiography in cholecystectomy. Br J Surg. 2012;99(2):160–7.Google Scholar
  65. 65.
    Flum DR, Dellinger EP, Cheadle A, Chan L, Koepsell T. Intraoperative cholangiography and risk of common bile duct injury during cholecystectomy. JAMA. 2003;289(13):1639–44.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  66. 66.
    Flum DR, Koepsell T, Heagerty P, Sinanan M, Dellinger EP. Common bile duct injury during laparoscopic cholecystectomy and the use of intraoperative cholangiography: adverse outcome or preventable error? Arch Surg. 2001;136(11):1287–92.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  67. 67.
    Fletcher DR, Hobbs MS, Tan P, Valinsky LJ, Hockey RL, Pikora TJ, et al. Complications of cholecystectomy: risks of the laparoscopic approach and protective effects of operative cholangiography: a population-based study. Ann Surg. 1999;229(4):449–57.PubMedPubMedCentralGoogle Scholar
  68. 68.
    Ludwig K, Bernhardt J, Steffen H, Lorenz D. Contribution of intraoperative cholangiography to incidence and outcome of common bile duct injuries during laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Surg Endosc. 2002;16(7):1098–104.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  69. 69.
    Tornqvist B, Stromberg C, Persson G, Nilsson M. Effect of intended intraoperative cholangiography and early detection of bile duct injury on survival after cholecystectomy: population based cohort study. BMJ. 2012;345:e6457.PubMedPubMedCentralGoogle Scholar
  70. 70.
    Alvarez FA, de Santibanes M, Palavecino M, Sanchez Claria R, Mazza O, Arbues G, et al. Impact of routine intraoperative cholangiography during laparoscopic cholecystectomy on bile duct injury. Br J Surg. 2014;101(6):677–84.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  71. 71.
    Pekolj J, Alvarez FA, Palavecino M, Sanchez Claria R, Mazza O, de Santibanes E. Intraoperative management and repair of bile duct injuries sustained during 10,123 laparoscopic cholecystectomies in a high-volume referral center. J Am Coll Surg. 2013;216(5):894–901.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  72. 72.
    Nickkholgh A, Soltaniyekta S, Kalbasi H. Routine versus selective intraoperative cholangiography during laparoscopic cholecystectomy: a survey of 2,130 patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Surg Endosc. 2006;20(6):868–74.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  73. 73.
    Sandha GS, Bourke MJ, Haber GB, Kortan PP. Endoscopic therapy for bile leak based on a new classification: results in 207 patients. Gastrointest Endosc. 2004;60(4):567–74.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  74. 74.
    Kaffes AJ, Hourigan L, De Luca N, Byth K, Williams SJ, Bourke MJ. Impact of endoscopic intervention in 100 patients with suspected postcholecystectomy bile leak. Gastrointest Endosc. 2005;61(2):269–75.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  75. 75.
    Carr-Locke AD. Biliary stenting alone versus biliary stenting plus sphincterotomy for the treatment of post-laparoscopic cholecystectomy bile leaks. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2006;18(10):1053–5.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  76. 76.
    Kapoor VK. Management of bile duct injuries: a practical approach. Am Surg. 2009;75(12):1157–60.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  77. 77.
    Taourel P, Bret PM, Reinhold C, Barkun AN, Atri M. Anatomic variants of the biliary tree: diagnosis with MR cholangiopancreatography. Radiology. 1996;199(2):521–7.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  78. 78.
    Puente SG, Bannura GC. Radiological anatomy of the biliary tract: variations and congenital abnormalities. World J Surg. 1983;7(2):271–6.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  79. 79.
    Meyers WC, Peterseim DS, Pappas TN, Schauer PR, Eubanks S, Murray E, et al. Low insertion of hepatic segmental duct VII-VIII is an important cause of major biliary injury or misdiagnosis. Am J Surg. 1996;171(1):187–91.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  80. 80.
    Lillemoe KD, Petrofski JA, Choti MA, Venbrux AC, Cameron JL. Isolated right segmental hepatic duct injury: a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge. J Gastrointest Surg. 2000;4(2):168–77.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  81. 81.
    Christensen RA, van Sonnenberg E, Nemcek AA Jr, D’Agostino HB. Inadvertent ligation of the aberrant right hepatic duct at cholecystectomy: radiologic diagnosis and therapy. Radiology. 1992;183(2):549–53.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  82. 82.
    Hwang S, Lee SG, Lee YJ, Ha TY, Ko GY, Song GW. Delayed-onset isolated injury of the right posterior segment duct after laparoscopic cholecystectomy: a report of hepatic segmental atrophy induction. Surg Laparosc Endosc Percutan Tech. 2007;17(3):203–5.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  83. 83.
    Colovic RB. Isolated segmental, sectoral and right hepatic bile duct injuries. World J Gastroenterol. 2009;15(12):1415–9.PubMedPubMedCentralGoogle Scholar
  84. 84.
    Perera MT, Monaco A, Silva MA, Bramhall SR, Mayer AD, Buckels JA, et al. Laparoscopic posterior sectoral bile duct injury: the emerging role of nonoperative management with improved long-term results after delayed diagnosis. Surg Endosc. 2011;25(8):2684–91.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  85. 85.
    Babel N, Sakpal SV, Paragi P, Wellen J, Feldman S, Chamberlain RS. Iatrogenic bile duct injury associated with anomalies of the right hepatic sectoral ducts: a misunderstood and underappreciated problem. HPB Surg. 2009;2009:153269.PubMedPubMedCentralGoogle Scholar
  86. 86.
    Perini RF, Uflacker R, Cunningham JT, Selby JB, Adams D. Isolated right segmental hepatic duct injury following laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol. 2005;28(2):185–95.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  87. 87.
    Stewart L, Way LW. Bile duct injuries during laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Factors that influence the results of treatment. Arch Surg. 1995;130(10):1123–8; discussion 9.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  88. 88.
    Ishiko T, Egawa H, Kasahara M, Nakamura T, Oike F, Kaihara S, et al. Duct-to-duct biliary reconstruction in living donor liver transplantation utilizing right lobe graft. Ann Surg. 2002;236(2):235–40.PubMedPubMedCentralGoogle Scholar
  89. 89.
    Yamamoto S, Sato Y, Oya H, Nakatsuka H, Kobayashi T, Hara Y, et al. Risk factors and prevention of biliary anastomotic complications in adult living donor liver transplantation. World J Gastroenterol. 2007;13(31):4236–41.PubMedPubMedCentralGoogle Scholar
  90. 90.
    Jablonska B, Lampe P, Olakowski M, Gorka Z, Lekstan A, Gruszka T. Hepaticojejunostomy vs. end-to-end biliary reconstructions in the treatment of iatrogenic bile duct injuries. J Gastrointest Surg. 2009;13(6):1084–93.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  91. 91.
    Jablonska B, Olakowski M, Lampe P, Gorka Z, Buldak L. Quality-of-life assessment in the treatment of iatrogenic bile duct injuries: hepaticojejunostomy versus end-to-end biliary reconstructions. ANZ J Surg. 2012;82(12):923–7.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  92. 92.
    Gazzaniga GM, Filauro M, Mori L. Surgical treatment of iatrogenic lesions of the proximal common bile duct. World J Surg. 2001;25(10):1254–9.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  93. 93.
    Strasberg SM, Helton WS. An analytical review of vasculobiliary injury in laparoscopic and open cholecystectomy. HPB (Oxford). 2011;13(1):1–14.Google Scholar
  94. 94.
    Jablonska B. End-to-end ductal anastomosis in biliary reconstruction: indications and limitations. Can J Surg. 2014;57(4):271–7.PubMedPubMedCentralGoogle Scholar
  95. 95.
    Mirza DF, Narsimhan KL, Ferraz Neto BH, Mayer AD, McMaster P, Buckels JA. Bile duct injury following laparoscopic cholecystectomy: referral pattern and management. Br J Surg. 1997;84(6):786–90.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  96. 96.
    Sicklick JK, Camp MS, Lillemoe KD, Melton GB, Yeo CJ, Campbell KA, et al. Surgical management of bile duct injuries sustained during laparoscopic cholecystectomy: perioperative results in 200 patients. Ann Surg. 2005;241(5):786–92; discussion 93–5.PubMedPubMedCentralGoogle Scholar
  97. 97.
    Perera MT, Silva MA, Hegab B, Muralidharan V, Bramhall SR, Mayer AD, et al. Specialist early and immediate repair of post-laparoscopic cholecystectomy bile duct injuries is associated with an improved long-term outcome. Ann Surg. 2011;253(3):553–60.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  98. 98.
    Silva MA, Coldham C, Mayer AD, Bramhall SR, Buckels JA, Mirza DF. Specialist outreach service for on-table repair of iatrogenic bile duct injuries—a new kind of ‘travelling surgeon’. Ann R Coll Surg Engl. 2008;90(3):243–6.PubMedPubMedCentralGoogle Scholar
  99. 99.
    Brittain RS, Marchioro TL, Hermann G, Waddell WR, Starzl TE. Accidental hepatic artery ligation in humans. Am J Surg. 1964;107:822–32.PubMedPubMedCentralGoogle Scholar
  100. 100.
    Davidoff AM, Pappas TN, Murray EA, Hilleren DJ, Johnson RD, Baker ME, et al. Mechanisms of major biliary injury during laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Ann Surg. 1992;215(3):196–202.PubMedPubMedCentralGoogle Scholar
  101. 101.
    Halasz NA. Cholecystectomy and hepatic artery injuries. Arch Surg. 1991;126(2):137–8.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  102. 102.
    Chapman WC, Halevy A, Blumgart LH, Benjamin IS. Postcholecystectomy bile duct strictures. Management and outcome in 130 patients. Arch Surg. 1995;130(6):597–602; discussion 602–4.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  103. 103.
    Li J, Frilling A, Nadalin S, Paul A, Malago M, Broelsch CE. Management of concomitant hepatic artery injury in patients with iatrogenic major bile duct injury after laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Br J Surg. 2008;95(4):460–5.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  104. 104.
    Alves A, Farges O, Nicolet J, Watrin T, Sauvanet A, Belghiti J. Incidence and consequence of an hepatic artery injury in patients with postcholecystectomy bile duct strictures. Ann Surg. 2003;238(1):93–6.PubMedPubMedCentralGoogle Scholar
  105. 105.
    Redman HC, Reuter SR. Arterial collaterals in the liver hilus. Radiology. 1970;94(3):575–9.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  106. 106.
    Stapleton GN, Hickman R, Terblanche J. Blood supply of the right and left hepatic ducts. Br J Surg. 1998;85(2):202–7.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  107. 107.
    Vellar ID. The blood supply of the biliary ductal system and its relevance to vasculobiliary injuries following cholecystectomy. Aust N Z J Surg. 1999;69(11):816–20.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  108. 108.
    de Santibanes E, Palavecino M, Ardiles V, Pekolj J. Bile duct injuries: management of late complications. Surg Endosc. 2006;20(11):1648–53.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  109. 109.
    Buell JF, Cronin DC, Funaki B, Koffron A, Yoshida A, Lo A, et al. Devastating and fatal complications associated with combined vascular and bile duct injuries during cholecystectomy. Arch Surg. 2002;137(6):703–8; discussion 8–10.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  110. 110.
    Slater K, Strong RW, Wall DR, Lynch SV. Iatrogenic bile duct injury: the scourge of laparoscopic cholecystectomy. ANZ J Surg. 2002;72(2):83–8.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  111. 111.
    Gupta N, Solomon H, Fairchild R, Kaminski DL. Management and outcome of patients with combined bile duct and hepatic artery injuries. Arch Surg. 1998;133(2):176–81.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  112. 112.
    Koffron A, Ferrario M, Parsons W, Nemcek A, Saker M, Abecassis M. Failed primary management of iatrogenic biliary injury: incidence and significance of concomitant hepatic arterial disruption. Surgery. 2001;130(4):722–8; discussion 8–31.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  113. 113.
    Schmidt SC, Settmacher U, Langrehr JM, Neuhaus P. Management and outcome of patients with combined bile duct and hepatic arterial injuries after laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Surgery. 2004;135(6):613–8.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  114. 114.
    Strasberg SM, Gouma DJ. ‘Extreme’ vasculobiliary injuries: association with fundus-down cholecystectomy in severely inflamed gallbladders. HPB (Oxford). 2012;14(1):1–8.Google Scholar
  115. 115.
    Bilge O, Bozkiran S, Ozden I, Tekant Y, Acarli K, Alper A, et al. The effect of concomitant vascular disruption in patients with iatrogenic biliary injuries. Langenbeck’s Arch Surg. 2003;388(4):265–9.Google Scholar
  116. 116.
    Gouma DJ, Obertop H. Management of bile duct injuries: treatment and long-term results. Dig Surg. 2002;19(2):117–22.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  117. 117.
    Goykhman Y, Kory I, Small R, Kessler A, Klausner JM, Nakache R, et al. Long-term outcome and risk factors of failure after bile duct injury repair. J Gastrointest Surg. 2008;12(8):1412–7.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  118. 118.
    Stewart L, Way LW. Laparoscopic bile duct injuries: timing of surgical repair does not influence success rate. A multivariate analysis of factors influencing surgical outcomes. HPB (Oxford). 2009;11(6):516–22.Google Scholar
  119. 119.
    Thomson BN, Parks RW, Madhavan KK, Wigmore SJ, Garden OJ. Early specialist repair of biliary injury. Br J Surg. 2006;93(2):216–20.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  120. 120.
    Chaudhary A, Chandra A, Negi SS, Sachdev A. Reoperative surgery for postcholecystectomy bile duct injuries. Dig Surg. 2002;19(1):22–7.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  121. 121.
    de Reuver PR, Grossmann I, Busch OR, Obertop H, van Gulik TM, Gouma DJ. Referral pattern and timing of repair are risk factors for complications after reconstructive surgery for bile duct injury. Ann Surg. 2007;245(5):763–70.PubMedPubMedCentralGoogle Scholar
  122. 122.
    Walsh RM, Henderson JM, Vogt DP, Brown N. Long-term outcome of biliary reconstruction for bile duct injuries from laparoscopic cholecystectomies. Surgery. 2007;142(4):450–6; discussion 6–7.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  123. 123.
    Felekouras E, Petrou A, Neofytou K, Moris D, Dimitrokallis N, Bramis K, et al. Early or delayed intervention for bile duct injuries following laparoscopic cholecystectomy? A dilemma looking for an answer. Gastroenterol Res Pract. 2015;2015:104235.PubMedPubMedCentralGoogle Scholar
  124. 124.
    Schmidt SC, Langrehr JM, Hintze RE, Neuhaus P. Long-term results and risk factors influencing outcome of major bile duct injuries following cholecystectomy. Br J Surg. 2005;92(1):76–82.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  125. 125.
    Lillemoe KD, Martin SA, Cameron JL, Yeo CJ, Talamini MA, Kaushal S, et al. Major bile duct injuries during laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Follow-up after combined surgical and radiologic management. Ann Surg. 1997;225(5):459–68; discussion 68–71.PubMedPubMedCentralGoogle Scholar
  126. 126.
    Blumgart LH, Kelley CJ, Benjamin IS. Benign bile duct stricture following cholecystectomy: critical factors in management. Br J Surg. 1984;71(11):836–43.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  127. 127.
    Parekh NR, Steiger E. Percentage of weight loss as a predictor of surgical risk: from the time of Hiram Studley to today. Nutr Clin Pract. 2004;19(5):471–6.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  128. 128.
    Aahlin EK, Trano G, Johns N, Horn A, Soreide JA, Fearon KC, et al. Risk factors, complications and survival after upper abdominal surgery: a prospective cohort study. BMC Surg. 2015;15:83.PubMedPubMedCentralGoogle Scholar
  129. 129.
    Kamiya S, Nagino M, Kanazawa H, Komatsu S, Mayumi T, Takagi K, et al. The value of bile replacement during external biliary drainage: an analysis of intestinal permeability, integrity, and microflora. Ann Surg. 2004;239(4):510–7.PubMedPubMedCentralGoogle Scholar
  130. 130.
    Wexler MJ, Smith R. Jejunal mucosal graft: a sutureless technic for repair of high bile duct strictures. Am J Surg. 1975;129(2):204–11.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  131. 131.
    Winslow ER, Fialkowski EA, Linehan DC, Hawkins WG, Picus DD, Strasberg SM. “Sideways”: results of repair of biliary injuries using a policy of side-to-side hepatico-jejunostomy. Ann Surg. 2009;249(3):426–34.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  132. 132.
    Hepp J, Couinaud C. Approach to and use of the left hepatic duct in reparation of the common bile duct. Presse Med. 1956;64(41):947–8.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  133. 133.
    Hepp J. Hepaticojejunostomy using the left biliary trunk for iatrogenic biliary lesions: the French connection. World J Surg. 1985;9(3):507–11.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  134. 134.
    Couinaud C. Exposure of the left hepatic duct through the hilum or in the umbilical of the liver: anatomic limitations. Surgery. 1989;105(1):21–7.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  135. 135.
    Mercado MA, Orozco H, de la Garza L, Lopez-Martinez LM, Contreras A, Guillen-Navarro E. Biliary duct injury: partial segment IV resection for intrahepatic reconstruction of biliary lesions. Arch Surg. 1999;134(9):1008–10.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  136. 136.
    Mercado MA, Chan C, Orozco H, Villalta JM, Barajas-Olivas A, Erana J, et al. Long-term evaluation of biliary reconstruction after partial resection of segments IV and V in iatrogenic injuries. J Gastrointest Surg. 2006;10(1):77–82.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  137. 137.
    Mercado MA, Chan C, Orozco H, Hinojosa CA, Podgaetz E, Ramos-Gallardo G, et al. Prognostic implications of preserved bile duct confluence after iatrogenic injury. Hepato-Gastroenterology. 2005;52(61):40–4.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  138. 138.
    Mercado MA, Vilatoba M, Contreras A, Leal-Leyte P, Cervantes-Alvarez E, Arriola JC, et al. Iatrogenic bile duct injury with loss of confluence. World J Gastrointest Surg. 2015;7(10):254–60.PubMedPubMedCentralGoogle Scholar
  139. 139.
    Thomson BN, Parks RW, Madhavan KK, Garden OJ. Liver resection and transplantation in the management of iatrogenic biliary injury. World J Surg. 2007;31(12):2363–9.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  140. 140.
    Laurent A, Sauvanet A, Farges O, Watrin T, Rivkine E, Belghiti J. Major hepatectomy for the treatment of complex bile duct injury. Ann Surg. 2008;248(1):77–83.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  141. 141.
    Truant S, Boleslawski E, Lebuffe G, Sergent G, Pruvot FR. Hepatic resection for post-cholecystectomy bile duct injuries: a literature review. HPB (Oxford). 2010;12(5):334–41.Google Scholar
  142. 142.
    Li J, Frilling A, Nadalin S, Broelsch CE, Malago M. Timing and risk factors of hepatectomy in the management of complications following laparoscopic cholecystectomy. J Gastrointest Surg. 2012;16(4):815–20.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  143. 143.
    Pekolj J, Yanzon A, Dietrich A, Del Valle G, Ardiles V, de Santibanes E. Major liver resection as definitive treatment in post-cholecystectomy common bile duct injuries. World J Surg. 2015;39(5):1216–23.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  144. 144.
    de Reuver PR, Rauws EA, Vermeulen M, Dijkgraaf MG, Gouma DJ, Bruno MJ. Endoscopic treatment of post-surgical bile duct injuries: long term outcome and predictors of success. Gut. 2007;56(11):1599–605.PubMedPubMedCentralGoogle Scholar
  145. 145.
    Vitale GC, Tran TC, Davis BR, Vitale M, Vitale D, Larson G. Endoscopic management of postcholecystectomy bile duct strictures. J Am Coll Surg. 2008;206(5):918–23; discussion 24–5.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  146. 146.
    Weber A, Prinz C, Gerngross C, Ludwig L, Huber W, Neu B, et al. Long-term outcome of endoscopic and/or percutaneous transhepatic therapy in patients with biliary stricture after orthotopic liver transplantation. J Gastroenterol. 2009;44(12):1195–202.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  147. 147.
    Weber A, Feussner H, Winkelmann F, Siewert JR, Schmid RM, Prinz C. Long-term outcome of endoscopic therapy in patients with bile duct injury after cholecystectomy. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2009;24(5):762–9.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  148. 148.
    Abdel-Raouf A, Hamdy E, El-Hanafy E, El-Ebidy G. Endoscopic management of postoperative bile duct injuries: a single center experience. Saudi J Gastroenterol. 2010;16(1):19–24.PubMedPubMedCentralGoogle Scholar
  149. 149.
    Brunet M, Blouin Y, Mosimann F. Biliary strictures after cholecystectomy: long term results of a novative endoscopic treatment. Hepato-Gastroenterology. 2014;61(136):2203–8.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  150. 150.
    Costamagna G, Pandolfi M, Mutignani M, Spada C, Perri V. Long-term results of endoscopic management of postoperative bile duct strictures with increasing numbers of stents. Gastrointest Endosc. 2001;54(2):162–8.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  151. 151.
    Kuzela L, Oltman M, Sutka J, Hrcka R, Novotna T, Vavrecka A. Prospective follow-up of patients with bile duct strictures secondary to laparoscopic cholecystectomy, treated endoscopically with multiple stents. Hepato-Gastroenterology. 2005;52(65):1357–61.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  152. 152.
    Lawrence C, Romagnuolo J, Payne KM, Hawes RH, Cotton PB. Low symptomatic premature stent occlusion of multiple plastic stents for benign biliary strictures: comparing standard and prolonged stent change intervals. Gastrointest Endosc. 2010;72(3):558–63.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  153. 153.
    Poley JW, Cahen DL, Metselaar HJ, van Buuren HR, Kazemier G, van Eijck CH, et al. A prospective group sequential study evaluating a new type of fully covered self-expandable metal stent for the treatment of benign biliary strictures (with video). Gastrointest Endosc. 2012;75(4):783–9.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  154. 154.
    Tarantino I, Mangiavillano B, Di Mitri R, Barresi L, Mocciaro F, Granata A, et al. Fully covered self-expandable metallic stents in benign biliary strictures: a multicenter study on efficacy and safety. Endoscopy. 2012;44(10):923–7.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  155. 155.
    Bergman JJ, Burgemeister L, Bruno MJ, Rauws EA, Gouma DJ, Tytgat GN, et al. Long-term follow-up after biliary stent placement for postoperative bile duct stenosis. Gastrointest Endosc. 2001;54(2):154–61.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  156. 156.
    Costamagna G, Shah SK, Tringali A. Current management of postoperative complications and benign biliary strictures. Gastrointest Endosc Clin N Am. 2003;13(4):635–48. ixPubMedGoogle Scholar
  157. 157.
    Fischer CP, Fahy BN, Aloia TA, Bass BL, Gaber AO, Ghobrial RM. Timing of referral impacts surgical outcomes in patients undergoing repair of bile duct injuries. HPB (Oxford). 2009;11(1):32–7.PubMedCentralGoogle Scholar
  158. 158.
    Sulpice L, Garnier S, Rayar M, Meunier B, Boudjema K. Biliary cirrhosis and sepsis are two risk factors of failure after surgical repair of major bile duct injury post-laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Langenbeck’s Arch Surg. 2014;399(5):601–8.Google Scholar
  159. 159.
    Pottakkat B, Vijayahari R, Prakash A, Singh RK, Behari A, Kumar A, et al. Factors predicting failure following high bilio-enteric anastomosis for post-cholecystectomy benign biliary strictures. J Gastrointest Surg. 2010;14(9):1389–94.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  160. 160.
    Bottger T, Junginger T. Long-term results after surgical treatment of iatrogenic injury of the bile ducts. Eur J Surg. 1991;157(8):477–80.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  161. 161.
    Ruemmele P, Hofstaedter F, Gelbmann CM. Secondary sclerosing cholangitis. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2009;6(5):287–95.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  162. 162.
    Johnson SR, Koehler A, Pennington LK, Hanto DW. Long-term results of surgical repair of bile duct injuries following laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Surgery. 2000;128(4):668–77.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  163. 163.
    Nordin A, Halme L, Makisalo H, Isoniemi H, Hockerstedt K. Management and outcome of major bile duct injuries after laparoscopic cholecystectomy: from therapeutic endoscopy to liver transplantation. Liver Transpl. 2002;8(11):1036–43.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  164. 164.
    Ibrarullah M, Sikora SS, Agarwal DK, Kapoor VK, Kaushik SP. ‘Latent’ portal hypertension in benign biliary obstruction. HPB Surg. 1996;9(3):149–52.PubMedPubMedCentralGoogle Scholar
  165. 165.
    Negi SS, Sakhuja P, Malhotra V, Chaudhary A. Factors predicting advanced hepatic fibrosis in patients with postcholecystectomy bile duct strictures. Arch Surg. 2004;139(3):299–303.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  166. 166.
    Barbier L, Souche R, Slim K, Ah-Soune P. Long-term consequences of bile duct injury after cholecystectomy. J Visc Surg. 2014;151(4):269–79.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  167. 167.
    Christophi C, Dudley F, McInnes IE. Surgical treatment of biliary stricture with portal hypertension using veno-venous bypass. Aust N Z J Surg. 1991;61(4):316–8.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  168. 168.
    de Santibanes E, Ardiles V, Gadano A, Palavecino M, Pekolj J, Ciardullo M. Liver transplantation: the last measure in the treatment of bile duct injuries. World J Surg. 2008;32(8):1714–21.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  169. 169.
    Ragins AI, Shan J, Thom DH, Subak LL, Brown JS, Van Den Eeden SK. Effects of urinary incontinence, comorbidity and race on quality of life outcomes in women. J Urol. 2008;179(2):651–5; discussion 5.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  170. 170.
    Hogan AM, Hoti E, Winter DC, Ridgway PF, Maguire D, Geoghegan JG, et al. Quality of life after iatrogenic bile duct injury: a case control study. Ann Surg. 2009;249(2):292–5.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  171. 171.
    Robinson TN, Stiegmann GV, Durham JD, Johnson SI, Wachs ME, Serra AD, et al. Management of major bile duct injury associated with laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Surg Endosc. 2001;15(12):1381–5.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  172. 172.
    Boerma D, Rauws EA, Keulemans YC, Bergman JJ, Obertop H, Huibregtse K, et al. Impaired quality of life 5 years after bile duct injury during laparoscopic cholecystectomy: a prospective analysis. Ann Surg. 2001;234(6):750–7.PubMedPubMedCentralGoogle Scholar
  173. 173.
    Moore DE, Feurer ID, Holzman MD, Wudel LJ, Strickland C, Gorden DL, et al. Long-term detrimental effect of bile duct injury on health-related quality of life. Arch Surg. 2004;139(5):476–81; discussion 81–2.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  174. 174.
    Dominguez-Rosado I, Mercado MA, Kauffman C, Ramirez-del Val F, Elnecave-Olaiz A, Zamora-Valdes D. Quality of life in bile duct injury: 1-, 5-, and 10-year outcomes after surgical repair. J Gastrointest Surg. 2014;18(12):2089–94.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  175. 175.
    Melton GB, Lillemoe KD, Cameron JL, Sauter PA, Coleman J, Yeo CJ. Major bile duct injuries associated with laparoscopic cholecystectomy: effect of surgical repair on quality of life. Ann Surg. 2002;235(6):888–95.PubMedPubMedCentralGoogle Scholar
  176. 176.
    de Reuver PR, Sprangers MA, Gouma DJ. Quality of life in bile duct injury patients. Ann Surg. 2007;246(1):161–3.PubMedPubMedCentralGoogle Scholar
  177. 177.
    de Reuver PR, Sprangers MA, Rauws EA, Lameris JS, Busch OR, van Gulik TM, et al. Impact of bile duct injury after laparoscopic cholecystectomy on quality of life: a longitudinal study after multidisciplinary treatment. Endoscopy. 2008;40(8):637–43.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  178. 178.
    Landman MP, Feurer ID, Moore DE, Zaydfudim V, Pinson CW. The long-term effect of bile duct injuries on health-related quality of life: a meta-analysis. HPB (Oxford). 2013;15(4):252–9.Google Scholar
  179. 179.
    Ejaz A, Spolverato G, Kim Y, Dodson R, Sicklick JK, Pitt HA, et al. Long-term health-related quality of life after iatrogenic bile duct injury repair. J Am Coll Surg. 2014;219(5):923–32. e10PubMedGoogle Scholar
  180. 180.
    Kern KA. Medicolegal analysis of bile duct injury during open cholecystectomy and abdominal surgery. Am J Surg. 1994;168(3):217–22.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  181. 181.
    Chandler JG, Voyles CR, Floore TL, Bartholomew LA. Litigious consequences of open and laparoscopic biliary surgical mishaps. J Gastrointest Surg. 1997;1(2):138–45; discussion 45.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  182. 182.
    Alkhaffaf B, Decadt B. 15 years of litigation following laparoscopic cholecystectomy in England. Ann Surg. 2010;251(4):682–5.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  183. 183.
    Perera MT, Silva MA, Shah AJ, Hardstaff R, Bramhall SR, Issac J, et al. Risk factors for litigation following major transectional bile duct injury sustained at laparoscopic cholecystectomy. World J Surg. 2010;34(11):2635–41.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  184. 184.
    Goldman RL. The reliability of peer assessments of quality of care. JAMA. 1992;267(7):958–60.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  185. 185.
    Andrew LB. Expert witness testimony: the ethics of being a medical expert witness. Emerg Med Clin North Am. 2006;24(3):715–31.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  186. 186.
    Localio AR, Lawthers AG, Brennan TA, Laird NM, Hebert LE, Peterson LM, et al. Relation between malpractice claims and adverse events due to negligence. Results of the Harvard Medical Practice Study III. N Engl J Med. 1991;325(4):245–51.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  187. 187.
    Hugh TB, Tracy GD. Hindsight bias in medicolegal expert reports. Med J Aust. 2002;176(6):277–8.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  188. 188.
    de Reuver PR, Dijkgraaf MG, Gevers SK, Gouma DJ, Group BS. Poor agreement among expert witnesses in bile duct injury malpractice litigation: an expert panel survey. Ann Surg. 2008;248(5):815–20.PubMedGoogle Scholar

Copyright information

© Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature 2018

Authors and Affiliations

  1. 1.Department of Upper Gastrointestinal SurgeryWestmead HospitalWestmeadAustralia
  2. 2.University of SydneySydneyAustralia

Personalised recommendations

Cite chapter