Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Metals in Everyday Life

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Metal Allergy

Abstract

The most common and perhaps the most important route of exposure to allergenic metals in modern humans is via everyday consumer objects, such as jewelry, clothing, leather, and technological devices. Nickel, cobalt, chromium and gold, especially, are ubiquitous in daily-use objects. Nickel release from jewelry is common and ear piercing remains the most important risk factor for the development of nickel contact allergy. Cobalt and chromium are frequently found in leather products and gold is commonly used in jewelry. There is abundant clinical evidence of allergic contact dermatitis from metals released from daily-use objects and many exposure studies have been performed seeking to better characterize which allergenic metals are released from which products. Exposure to allergenic metals via technological devices such as mobile phones, laptops, and tablets is likely growing. The pediatric population in particular seems at risk for metal allergic contact dermatitis from daily-use objects. Metal exposure via daily-use objects is frequent and clinicians should be aware of the ways these items can elicit metal allergic contact dermatitis.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Hamann D, Hamann CR, Thyssen JP. The impact of common metal allergens in daily devices. Current Opinion in Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2013;13:525.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Uter W, Rämsch C, Aberer W, Ayala F, Balato A, Beliauskiene A, et al. The European baseline series in 10 European countries, 2005/2006--results of the European surveillance system on contact allergies (ESSCA). Contact Dermatitis. 2009;61:31–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Thyssen JP, Linneberg A, Menne T, Duus JJ. The epidemiology of contact allergy in the general population - prevalence and main findings. Contact Dermatitis. 2007;57:287–99.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Menne T, Solgaard P. Temperature-dependent nickel release from nickel alloys. Contact Dermatitis. 1979;5:82–4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Fischer T, Fregert S, Gruvberger B, Rystedt I. Nickel release from ear piercing kits and earrings. Contact Dermatitis. 1984;10:39–41.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Jensen P, Jellesen MS, Moller P, Frankild S, Johansen JD, Menne T, et al. Nickel allergy and dermatitis following use of a laptop computer. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2012;67:e170–1.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Jensen P, Jellesen MS, Moller P, Johansen JD, Liden C, Menne T, et al. Nickel may be released from laptop computers. Contact Dermatitis. 2012;67:384–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Hamann D, Thyssen JP, Hamann CR, Hamann C, Menné T, Johansen JD, et al. Jewellery: alloy composition and release of nickel, cobalt and lead assessed with the EU synthetic sweat method. Contact Dermatitis. 2015;73:231–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Thyssen JP, Skare L, Lundgren L, Menné T, Johansen JD, Maibach HI, et al. Sensitivity and specificity of the nickel spot (dimethylglyoxime) test. Contact Dermatitis. 2010;62:279–88.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Thyssen JP, Menné T, Johansen JD, Lidén C, Julander A, Møller P, et al. A spot test for detection of cobalt release - early experience and findings. Contact Dermatitis. 2010;63:63–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Bregnbak D, Johansen JD, Hamann D, Hamann CR, Hamann C, Spiewak R, et al. Assessment of chromium(VI) release from 848 jewellery items by use of a diphenylcarbazide spot test. Contact Dermatitis. 2016;75:115–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Hamann D, Hamann CR, Kishi P, Menné T, Johansen JD, Thyssen JP. Leather contains cobalt and poses a risk of allergic contact dermatitis: cobalt indicator solution and X-ray florescence spectrometry as screening tests. Dermatitis. 2016;27:202.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Hamann C, Boonchai W, Wen L, Sakanashi E, Chu C, Hamann K, et al. Spectrometric analysis of mercury content in 549 skin-lightening products: is mercury toxicity a hidden global health hazard? J Am Acad Dermatol. 2013;70:281–7.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Calnan CD, Wells GC. Suspender dermatitis and nickel sensitivity. Br Med J. 1956;1:1265–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  15. Lain ES. Nickel dermatitis: a new source. J Am Med Assoc. 1931;96:771–2.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Cheong SH, Choi YW, Choi HY, Byun JY. Nickel and cobalt release from jewellery and metal clothing items in Korea. Contact Dermatitis. 2014;70:11–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Hamann C, Hamann D, Hamann Q, Hamann C, Boonchai W, Li L, et al. Assessment of nickel release from earrings randomly purchased in China and Thailand using the dimethylglyoxime test. Contact Dermatitis. 2010;62:232–40.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Thyssen JP, Menné T, Johansen JD. Nickel release from inexpensive jewelry and hair clasps purchased in an EU country - are consumers sufficiently protected from nickel exposure? Sci Total Environ. 2009;407:5315–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Thyssen J, Menné T, Lidén C, White I, White J, Spiewak R, et al. Excessive nickel release from earrings purchased from independent shops and street markets - a field study from Warsaw and London. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2010;25:1021–6.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Cormia FE, Stewart SG. Nickel dermatitis: a report of eleven cases. Can Med Assoc J. 1935;32:270–2.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  21. Thyssen JP, Jellesen MS, Menné T, Lidén C, Julander A, Møller P, et al. Cobalt release from inexpensive jewellery: has the use of cobalt replaced nickel following regulatory intervention? Contact Dermatitis. 2010;63:70–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Hamann CR, Hamann D, Hamann C. Holes in known nickel exposure?: metal content and release of body modification jewelry. Dermatitis. 2013;24(4):13.

    Google Scholar 

  23. Pazzaglia M, Vincenzi C, Montanari A, Tosti A. Sensitization to nickel from an umbilical ring. Contact Dermatitis. 1998;38:345.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Sommer S, Wilkinson SM. Allergic contact dermatitis caused by a nickel-containing headband. Contact Dermatitis. 2001;44:178.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Starace M, Militello G, Pazzaglia M, Vincenzi C, Tosti A. Allergic contact dermatitis to nickel in a hair clasp. Contact Dermatitis. 2007;56:290.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Edman B. Sites of contact dermatitis in relationship to particular allergens. Contact Dermatitis. 1985;13:129–35.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Warshaw EM, Kingsley-Loso JL, DeKoven JG, Belsito DV, Zug KA, Zirwas MJ, et al. Body piercing and metal allergic contact sensitivity: north American contact dermatitis group data from 2007 to 2010. Dermatitis. 2014;25:255–64.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Meijer C, Bredberg M, Fischer T, Widström L. Ear piercing, and nickel and cobalt sensitization, in 520 young Swedish men doing compulsory military service. Contact Dermatitis. 1995;32:147–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Fors R, Stenberg B, Stenlund H, Persson M. Nickel allergy in relation to piercing and orthodontic appliances - a population study. Contact Dermatitis. 2012;67:342–50.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Kerosuo H, Kullaa A, Kerosuo E, Kanerva L, Hensten-Pettersen A. Nickel allergy in adolescents in relation to orthodontic treatment and piercing of ears. Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop. 1996;109:148–54.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Ehrlich A, Kucenic M, Belsito DV. Role of body piercing in the induction of metal allergies. Am J Contact Dermat. 2001;12:151–5.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Biesterbos J, Lidén C, van der Valk P. Nickel on the Dutch market: 10 years after entry into force of the EU nickel directive. Contact Dermatitis. 2011;65:115–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Biesterbos J, Yazar K, Lidén C. Nickel on the Swedish market: follow-up 10 years after entry into force of the EU nickel directive. Contact Dermatitis. 2010;63:333–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Thyssen JP, Maibach HI. Nickel release from earrings purchased in the United States: the San Francisco earring study. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2008;58:1000–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Midander K, Kettelarij J, Julander A, Liden C. Nickel release from white gold. Contact Dermatitis. 2014;71:109–11.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Wolf R, Marcos B, Orion E, Matz H. Myths and misconceptions: not all that glitters under the watch is gold (nickel) dermatitis. Skinmed. 2004;3:344.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Fischer T, Fregert S, Gruvberger B, Rystedt I. Contact sensitivity to nickel in white gold. Contact Dermatitis. 1984;10:23–4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Bocca B, Forte G, Senofonte O, Violante N, Paoletti L, De Berardis B, et al. A pilot study on the content and the release of Ni and other allergenic metals from cheap earrings available on the Italian market. Sci Total Environ. 2007;388:24–34.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Jensen CS, Lisby S, Baadsgaard O, Byrialsen K, Menne T. Release of nickel ions from stainless steel alloys used in dental braces and their patch test reactivity in nickel-sensitive individuals. Contact Dermatitis. 2003;48:300–4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Walsh G, Mitchell JW. Free surface nickel in CE-marked and non-CE-marked spectacle frames. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt. 2002;22:166–71.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Foster PD, Ball FI. Sources of nickel eczema: report of two examples and review of the pertinent literature. Arch Dermatol Syphilol. 1935;31:461–9.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Sun CC. Allergic contact dermatitis of the face from contact with nickel and ammoniated mercury in spectacle frames and skin-lightening creams. Contact Dermatitis. 1987;17:306–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Suhonen R, Kanerva L. Allergic contact dermatitis caused by palladium on titanium spectacle frames. Contact Dermatitis. 2001;44:257–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Elston DM. Photo quiz. Contact nickel dermatitis. Cutis. 2001;67(106):53–4.

    Google Scholar 

  45. Zug K, Kornik R, Belsito D, DeLeo V, Fowler J, Maibach HI, et al. Patch-testing north American lip dermatitis patients: data from the north American contact dermatitis group, 2001 to 2004. Dermatitis. 2008;19:202–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Rietschel RL, Warshaw EM, Sasseville D, Fowler JF Jr, DeLeo VA, Belsito DV, et al. Common contact allergens associated with eyelid dermatitis: data from the north American contact dermatitis group 2003-2004 study period. Dermatitis. 2007;18:78–81.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Fregert S, Rorsman H. Allergy to chromium, nickel and cobalt. Acta Derm Venereol. 1966;46:144–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Bonnevie P, Stutz ME. Aetiologie und pathogenese der Ekzemkrankheiten. Copenhagen: Nyt Nordisk Forlag, A. Busck; 1939.

    Google Scholar 

  49. Hamann C, Hamann D, Hamann KK, Thyssen JP. Cobalt release from inexpensive earrings from Thailand and China. Contact Dermatitis. 2011;64:238–40.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Hindsén M, Persson L, Gruvberger B. Allergic contact dermatitis from cobalt in jewellery. Contact Dermatitis. 2005;53:350–1.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Hamann D, Hamann C, Li L, Xiang H, Hamann K, Maibach H, et al. The Sino-American belt study: nickel and cobalt exposure, epidemiology, and clinical considerations. Dermatitis. 2012;23:117.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Boonchai W, Maneeprasopchoke P, Suiwongsa B, Kasemsarn P. Assessment of nickel and cobalt release from jewelry from a non-nickel directive country. Dermatitis. 2015;26:44–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Uter W, Schmid M, Schmidt O, Bock C, Wolter J. Cobalt release from earrings and piercing jewellery - analytical results of a German survey. Contact Dermatitis. 2014;70:369–75.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Dotterud LK, Falk ES. Metal allergy in north Norwegian schoolchildren and its relationship with ear piercing and atopy. Contact Dermatitis. 1994;31:308–13.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Bregnbak D, Johansen JD, Jellesen MS, Zachariae C, Menne T, Thyssen JP. Chromium allergy and dermatitis: prevalence and main findings. Contact Dermatitis. 2015;73:261–80.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Bregnbak D, Thyssen JP, Jellesen MS, Zachariae C, Johansen JD. Experimental skin deposition of chromium on the hands following handling of samples of leather and metal. Contact Dermatitis. 2016;75:89–95.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Merchant B. Gold, the noble metal and the paradoxes of its toxicology. Biologicals. 1998;26:49–59.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Liden C, Nordenadler M, Skare L. Metal release from gold-containing jewelry materials: no gold release detected. Contact Dermatitis. 1998;39:281–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Svedman C, Gruvberger B, Dahlin J, Persson L, Moller H, Bruze M. Evaluation of a method for detecting metal release from gold; cysteine enhances release. Acta Derm Venereol. 2013;93:577–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Björk A, Svedman C, Bruze M. The finding of gold on skin after gold exposure. Congress of the European Society of Contact Dermatitis: Contact Dermatitis. 2016;75(S1):65.

    Google Scholar 

  61. Ekqvist S, Svedman C, Lundh T, Möller H, Björk J, Bruze M. A correlation found between gold concentration in blood and patch test reactions in patients with coronary stents. Contact Dermatitis. 2008;59:137–42.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Ahnlide I, Björkner B, Bruze M, Möller H. Exposure to metallic gold in patients with contact allergy to gold sodium thiosulfate. Contact Dermatitis. 2000;43:344–50.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. McDaniel LM, Couch SM. Allergic eyelid dermatitis as the sole manifestation of gold hypersensitivity. Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg. 2017;33:e80.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Nedorost S, Wagman A. Positive patch-test reactions to gold: patients’ perception of relevance and the role of titanium dioxide in cosmetics. Dermatitis. 2005;16:67–70; quiz 55-6.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Fowler J Jr, Taylor J, Storrs F, Sherertz E, Rietschel R, Pratt M, et al. Gold allergy in North America. Am J Contact Dermat. 2001;12:3–5.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Sperber BR, Allee J, Elenitsas R, James WD. Papular dermatitis and a persistent patch test reaction to gold sodium thiosulfate. Contact Dermatitis. 2003;48:204–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Mehta V, Balachandran C. Persistent nodular contact dermatitis to gold: case report of two cases. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol. 2010;76:397–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Durosaro O, el-Azhary RA. A 10-year retrospective study on palladium sensitivity. Dermatitis. 2009;20:208–13.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Faurschou A, Menné T, Johansen JD, Thyssen JP. Metal allergen of the 21st century-a review on exposure, epidemiology and clinical manifestations of palladium allergy. Contact Dermatitis. 2011;64:185–95.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Muris J, Feilzer AJ, Rustemeyer T, Kleverlaan CJ. Palladium allergy prevalence is underestimated because of an inadequate test allergen. Contact Dermatitis. 2011;65:62.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Thyssen JP, Johansen JD, Jellesen MS, Menne T. Provocation test with metallic palladium in a palladium-allergic patient. Contact Dermatitis. 2011;65:304–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Goossens A, De Swerdt A, De Coninck K, Snauwaert JE, Dedeurwaerder M, De Bonte M. Allergic contact granuloma due to palladium following ear piercing. Contact Dermatitis. 2006;55:338–41.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Tillman C, Engfeldt M, Hindsén M, Bruze M. Usage test with palladium-coated earrings in patients with contact allergy to palladium and nickel. Contact Dermatitis. 2013;69:288.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Gawkrodger DJ, Lewis FM, Shah M. Contact sensitivity to nickel and other metals in jewelry reactors. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2000;43:31–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Bircher AJ, Stern WB. Allergic contact dermatitis from “titanium” spectacle frames. Contact Dermatitis. 2001;45:244–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Cavelier C, Foussereau J, Massin M. Nickel allergy: analysis of metal clothing objects and patch testing to metal samples. Contact Dermatitis. 1985;12:65–75.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Pönkä A, Ekman A. Insensitivity of the routine dimethylglyoxime test for detecting release of nickel from earrings. Sci Total Environ. 1998;224:161–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Lidén C, Johnsson S. Nickel on the Swedish market before the nickel directive. Contact Dermatitis. 2001;44:7–12.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Lidén C, Norberg K. Nickel on the Swedish market. Follow-up after implementation of the nickel directive. Contact Dermatitis. 2005;52:29–35.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Kim YY, Kim M-Y, Park YM, Kim HO, Koh CS, Lee HK. Evaluating the nickel content in metal alloys and the threshold for nickel-induced allergic contact dermatitis. J Korean Med Sci. 2008;23:315–9.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  81. Thyssen JP, Menné T, Johansen JD. Identification of metallic items that caused nickel dermatitis in Danish patients. Contact Dermatitis. 2010;63:151–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. Krecisz B, Chomiczewska D, Palczynski C, Kiec-Swierczynska M. Contact allergy to metals in adolescents: nickel release from metal accessories 7 years after the implementation of the EU nickel directive in Poland. Contact Dermatitis. 2012;67:270–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. Bregnbak D, Johansen JD, Jellesen MS, Zachariae C, Thyssen JP. Chromium(VI) release from leather and metals can be detected with a diphenylcarbazide spot test. Contact Dermatitis. 2015;73:281–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  84. European Committee for Standardisation (CEN). Bodypiercing post assemblies Reference test method for determination of nickel content by flame atomic absorption spectrometry EN 1810; 1998.

    Google Scholar 

  85. European Committee for Standardisation (CEN). Reference test method for release of nickel from products intended to come into direct and prolonged contact with the skin EN 1811; 1998.

    Google Scholar 

  86. Ikarashi Y, Tsuchiya T, Nakamura A. Detection of contact sensitivity of metal salts using the murine local lymph node assay. Toxicol Lett. 1992;62:53–61.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  87. Karlberg AT, Boman A, Wahlberg JE. Copper--a rare sensitizer. Contact Dermatitis. 1983;9:134–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  88. van Joost T, van Everdingen JJ. Sensitization to cobalt associated with nickel allergy: clinical and statistical studies. Acta Derm Venereol. 1982;62:525–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  89. Walker-Smith PK, Keith DJ, Kennedy CT, Sansom JE. Allergic contact dermatitis caused by copper. Contact Dermatitis. 2016;75:186–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  90. Rongioletti F, Rivara G, Rebora A. Contact dermatitis to a copper-containing intra-uterine device. Contact Dermatitis. 1985;13:343.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  91. Dry J, Leynadier F, Bennani A, Piquet P, Salat J. Intrauterine copper contraceptive devices and allergy to copper and nickel. Ann Allergy. 1978;41:194.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  92. Frentz G, Teilum D. Cutaneous eruptions and intrauterine contraceptive copper device. Acta Derm Venereol. 1980;60:69–71.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  93. Purello D’Ambrosio F, Ricciardi L, Isola S, Gangemi S, Cilia M, Levanti C, et al. Systemic contact dermatitis to copper-containing IUD. Allergy. 1996;51:658–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  94. Epstein S. Cross-sensitivity between nickel and copper; with remarks on cross-sensitivity between nickel, cobalt and chromates. J Invest Dermatol. 1955;25:269–74.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  95. Pistoor FH, Kapsenberg ML, Bos JD, Meinardi MM, von Blomberg ME, Scheper RJ. Cross-reactivity of human nickel-reactive T-lymphocyte clones with copper and palladium. J Invest Dermatol. 1995;105:92–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  96. Group(IETEG) IETE. In: Guertin J, Jacobs J, Avakian C, editors. Chromium(VI) handbook. 1st ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press; 2004.

    Google Scholar 

  97. Gaidau C. Applicative chemistry of tanning metallic heterocomplexes: understanding of leather tanning. Sharjah: Bentham Science Publishers; 2013.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  98. Aslan A. Determination of heavy metal toxicity of finished leather solid waste. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol. 2009;82:633–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  99. Hansen MB, Johansen JD, Menne T. Chromium allergy: significance of both Cr(III) and Cr(VI). Contact Dermatitis. 2003;49:206–12.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  100. Hansen MB, Menne T, Johansen JD. Cr(III) and Cr(VI) in leather and elicitation of eczema. Contact Dermatitis. 2006;54:278–82.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  101. Fisher AA. Some practical aspects of the diagnosis and management of shoe dermatitis. AMA Arch Derm. 1959;79:267–74.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  102. Fuck WF, Gutterres M, Marcílio NR, Bordingnon S. The influence of chromium supplied by tanning and wet finishing processes on the formation of Cr(vi) in leather. Braz J Chem Eng. 2011;28:221–8.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  103. Başaran B, Ulaş M, Bitlisli BO. Distribution of Cr (III) and Cr (VI) in chrome tanned leather. Indian J ChemTechnol. 2008;15:511–4.

    Google Scholar 

  104. Prevodnik A. Report: Bad shoes stink – product survey focusing on certain hazardous chemicals in leather shoes. Swedish Society for Nature Conservation(Naturskyddsföreningen); 2009.

    Google Scholar 

  105. Hauber C, Germann H-P. Investigations on a possible formation and avoidance of chromate in leather. World Leather. 1999;12:73–80.

    Google Scholar 

  106. Okoh S, Adeyemo D, Onoja R, Arabi S. Determination of some trace elements in leather. International Journal of Applied Science and Technology 2013;3:101–5.

    Google Scholar 

  107. Hedberg YS, Liden C. Chromium(III) and chromium(VI) release from leather during 8 months of simulated use. Contact Dermatitis. 2016;75:82–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  108. Fregert S, Gruvberger B. Chromium in industrial leather gloves. Contact Dermatitis. 1979;5:189.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  109. Rydin S. Investigation of the content of Cr(VI) and Cr(III) in leather products on the Danish market. Copenhagen: Danish Environmental Protection Agency; 2002.

    Google Scholar 

  110. Nygren O, Wahlberg JE. Speciation of chromium in tanned leather gloves and relapse of chromium allergy from tanned leather samples. Analyst. 1998;123:935–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  111. Thyssen JP, Strandesen M, Poulsen PB, Menné T, Johansen JD. Chromium in leather footwear-risk assessment of chromium allergy and dermatitis. Contact Dermatitis. 2012;66:279.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  112. Zeiner M, Rezic I, Ujevic D, Steffan I. Determination of total chromium in tanned leather samples used in car industry. Coll Antropol. 2011;35:89–92.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  113. Thyssen JP, Jensen P, Carlsen BC, Engkilde K, Menne T, Johansen JD. The prevalence of chromium allergy in Denmark is currently increasing as a result of leather exposure. Br J Dermatol. 2009;161:1288–93.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  114. Morris GE. Chrome dermatitis: a study of the chemistry of shoe leather with particular reference to basic chromic sulfate. AMA Arch Derm. 1958;78:612–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  115. Bory R, Lecocq J. Eczema caused by chromium-treated leather. Archives des maladies professionnelles de medecine du travail et de securite sociale. 1953;14:144–6.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  116. Morris GE. The serendipity involved in finding the cause of shoe-leather dermatitis. Conn Med. 1959;23:714–6.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  117. Farkas J. Chronic shoe dermatitis from chromium tanned leather. Contact Dermatitis. 1982;8:140.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  118. Cahill J, Nixon R. Localized recurrence of chromate dermatitis. Contact Dermatitis. 2004;51:214.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  119. Corazza M, Lauriola MM, Mantovani L, Virgili A. Allergic contact dermatitis due to orthopedic shoes and a prosthesis for an amputated foot. Contact Dermatitis. 2006;55:115–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  120. Adams DW, Marshall-Battle MR. Shoe contact dermatitis: a case report of an acute severe reaction to potassium dichromate. Foot (Edinb). 2012;22:141–5.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  121. Angelini G, Vena GA, Meneghini CL. Shoe contact dermatitis. Contact Dermatitis. 1980;6:279–83.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  122. Bajaj AK, Gupta SC, Chatterjee AK, Singh KG. Shoe dermatitis in India. Contact Dermatitis. 1988;19:372–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  123. Olumide Y. Contact dermatitis in Nigeria. (IV). Dermatitis of the feet. Contact Dermatitis. 1987;17:142–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  124. Nardelli A, Taveirne M, Drieghe J, Carbonez A, Degreef H, Goossens A. The relation between the localization of foot dermatitis and the causative allergens in shoes: a 13-year retrospective study. Contact Dermatitis. 2005;53:201–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  125. Hedberg YS, Liden C, Lindberg M. Chromium dermatitis in a metal worker due to leather gloves and alkaline coolant. Acta Derm Venereol. 2016;96:104–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  126. Lim JH, Kim HS, Park YM, Lee JY, Kim HO. A case of chromium contact dermatitis due to exposure from a golf glove. Ann Dermatol. 2010;22:63–5.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  127. Duarte I. Oral presentation: contact allergic dermatitis in an olympic gymnastic athlete. American contact dermatitis academy annual meeting. New Orelans, Louisiana; 2011. p. 181.

    Google Scholar 

  128. Brockendahl H. Chromium determination and chromium content in dyed clothing material; a contribution to the significance of dyed clothing materials for the frequency of chromium allergy. Dermatol Wochenschr. 1954;130:987–91.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  129. Darne S, Horne HL. Leather suite dermatitis. Br J Dermatol. 2008;159:262–4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  130. Patel TG, Kleyn CE, King CM, Wilson NJ. Chromate allergy from contact with leather furnishings. Contact Dermatitis. 2006;54:171–2.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  131. Thyssen JP, Johansen JD, Jellesen MS, Møller P, Sloth JJ, Zachariae C, et al. Consumer leather exposure: an unrecognized cause of cobalt sensitization. Contact Dermatitis. 2013;69:276–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  132. Zeiner M, Rezi I, Steffan I. Analytical methods for the determination of heavy metals in the textile industry. Kem Ind. 2007;56:587–59.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  133. Thyssen J. ESCD invited speaker focus session: Epidemiology of metal sensitivity. Contact dermatitis. Manchester: Blackwell; 2016. p. 33.

    Google Scholar 

  134. Kanerva L, Jolanki R, Estlander T, Alanko K, Savela A. Incidence rates of occupational allergic contact dermatitis caused by metals. Am J Contact Dermat. 2000;11:155–60.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  135. Rui F, Bovenzi M, Prodi A, Fortina AB, Romano I, Peserico A, et al. Nickel, cobalt and chromate sensitization and occupation. Contact Dermatitis. 2010;62:225–31.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  136. Bregnbak D, Thyssen JP, Zachariae C, Menne T, Johansen JD. Association between cobalt allergy and dermatitis caused by leather articles--a questionnaire study. Contact Dermatitis. 2015;72:106–14.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  137. Stern AH, Bagdon RE, Hazen RE, Marzulli FN. Risk assessment of the allergic dermatitis potential of environmental exposure to hexavalent chromium. J Toxicol Environ Health. 1993;40:613–41.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  138. Allenby CF, Basketter DA. Minimum eliciting patch test concentrations of cobalt. Contact Dermatitis. 1989;20:185–90.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  139. Rezić I, Zeiner M, Steffan I. Determination of 28 selected elements in textiles by axially viewed inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry. Talanta. 2011;83:865–71.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  140. Rybicki E, Święch T, Leśniewska E, Albińska J, Szynkowska M, Paryjczak T, et al. Changes in hazardous substances in cotton after mechanical and chemical treatments of textiles. Fibres Text East Eur. 2004;12:67–73.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  141. Rezić I, Steffan I. ICP-OES determination of metals present in textile materials. Microchem J. 2007;85:46–51.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  142. Freeman H, Sokolowska-Gajda J, Reife A. Synthesizing premetallized acid dyes based on environmental considerations. Text Chem Color. 1995;27:13.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  143. Peterkin GA. Textile dermatitis in men. Arch Dermatol Syphilol. 1948;58:249–64.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  144. Fregert S, Gruvberger B, Goransson K, Norman S. Allergic contact dermatitis from chromate in military textiles. Contact Dermatitis. 1978;4:223–4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  145. Olumide Y. Contact dermatitis in Nigeria. (III). Dermatitis of the neck. Contact Dermatitis. 1987;17:139–41.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  146. Yoo HD, Lee MH, Choi JM, Haw CR. An analysis of chrome in brassieres. Korean J Dermatol. 1994;32:620–5.

    Google Scholar 

  147. Laing ME, Hackett CB, Murphy GM. Unusual allergen in nurse uniform trousers. Contact Dermatitis. 2005;52:293.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  148. Ebner H. Contact chromate allergy as a cause of eczema due to clothing. Dermatologica. 1967;135:355–61.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  149. Lazarov A. Textile dermatitis in patients with contact sensitization in Israel: a 4-year prospective study. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2004;18:531–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  150. Marzario B, Burrows D, Skotnicki S. Contact dermatitis to personal sporting equipment in youth. J Cutan Med Surg. 2016;20:323–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  151. Pratt M, Taraska V. Disperse blue dyes 106 and 124 are common causes of textile dermatitis and should serve as screening allergens for this condition. Am J Contact Dermat. 2000;11:30–41.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  152. Marcussen PV. The rise in incidence of nickel sensitivity. Br J Dermatol. 1959;71:97–101.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  153. Schneider R. Contribution to the garter eczema. Z Haut Geschlechtskr. 1955;19:133–7.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  154. Nater JP. Garter eczema. Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd. 1957;101:1530–2.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  155. Simons RD. Results of a study on epidermophytosis and eczema due to shoe linings, and of eczema caused by contact with rubber, leather, plastics and metals in underwear. Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd. 1952;96:2182–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  156. Brandrup F, Larsen FS. Nickel dermatitis provoked by buttons in blue jeans. Contact Dermatitis. 1979;5:148–50.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  157. Larsen FS, Brandrup F. Nickel release from metallic buttons in blue jeans. Contact Dermatitis. 1980;6:298–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  158. Rencic A, Cohen BA. Prominent pruritic periumbilical papules: A diagnostic sign in pediatric atopic dermatitis. Pediatr Dermatol. 1999;16:436–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  159. Prose NS, Krafchik B. Periumbilical contact dermatitis. Pediatr Dermatol. 2000;17:490.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  160. Kuwahara RT, Skinner R. Prominent pruritic periumbilical papules. Pediatr Dermatol. 2000;17:421.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  161. Lynfield YL. Prominent pruritic periumbilical papules. Pediatr Dermatol. 2000;17:490.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  162. Rothstein MS. Prominent pruritic periumbilical papules. Pediatr Dermatol. 2000;17:420; author reply 1.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  163. Silverberg NB, Licht J, Friedler S, Sethi S, Laude TA. Nickel contact hypersensitivity in children. Pediatr Dermatol. 2002;19:110–3.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  164. Cohen PR, Cardullo AC, Ruszkowski AM, DeLeo VA. Allergic contact dermatitis to nickel in children with atopic dermatitis. Ann Allergy. 1990;65:73–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  165. Cerveny KA Jr, Brodell RT. Blue jean button dermatitis. Nickel allergy presenting as a periumbilical rash. Postgrad Med. 2002;112:79–80, 3.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  166. Seehusen DA, Earwood JS. Itchy rash near the navel. J Fam Pract. 2007;56:123–5.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  167. Bruckner AL, Weston WL, Morelli JG. Does sensitization to contact allergens begin in infancy? Pediatrics. 2000;105:e3.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  168. Tuchman M, Silverberg JI, Jacob SE, Silverberg N. Nickel contact dermatitis in children. Clin Dermatol. 2015;33:320–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  169. Suneja T, Flanagan KH, Glaser DA. Blue-jean button nickel: prevalence and prevention of its release from buttons. Dermatitis. 2007;18:208–11.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  170. Byer TT, Morrell DS. Periumbilical allergic contact dermatitis: blue jeans or belt buckles? Pediatr Dermatol. 2004;21:223–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  171. Kwon ES, Myung KB, Cheong SH. Nickel and cobalt release from belt buckles purchased in Korea. Korean J Dermatol. 2016;54:438–43.

    Google Scholar 

  172. Boonchai W, Iamtharachai P, Sunthonpalin P. Prevalence of allergic contact dermatitis in Thailand. Dermatitis. 2008;19:142–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  173. Goldenberg A, Admani S, Pelletier JL, Jacob SE. Belt buckles-increasing awareness of nickel exposure in children: a case report. Pediatrics. 2015;136:e691–3.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  174. Dou X, Liu LL, Zhu XJ. Nickel-elicited systemic contact dermatitis. Contact Dermatitis. 2003;48:126–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  175. Goon ATJ, Goh CL. Metal allergy in Singapore. Contact Dermatitis. 2005;52:130–2.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  176. Mason J, English JC 3rd. Nickel dermatitis. J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol. 2012;25:410–1.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  177. Niedziela M, Bluvshteyn-Walker S. Autoimmune thyroid disease and allergic contact dermatitis: two immune-related pathologies in the same patient. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab. 2012;25:31–2.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  178. Silverberg NB. The “jewelry addict”: allergic contact dermatitis from repetitive multiple children’s jewelry exposures. Pediatr Dermatol. 2016;33:e103–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  179. Luo J, Bercovitch L. Cellphone contact dermatitis with nickel allergy. CMAJ. 2008;178:23–4.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  180. Roberts H, Tate B. Nickel allergy presenting as mobile phone contact dermatitis. Australas J Dermatol. 2010;51:23–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  181. Lee DY, Yang JM. Preauricular eczema: a sign of cellular phone dermatitis. Clin Exp Dermatol. 2010;35:201–2.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  182. Özkaya E. Bilateral symmetrical contact dermatitis on the face and outer thighs from the simultaneous use of two mobile phones. Dermatitis. 2011;22:116.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  183. Usatine RP, Riojas M. Diagnosis and management of contact dermatitis. Am Fam Physician. 2010;82:249–55.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  184. Goossens A, Bedert R, Zimerson E. Allergic contact dermatitis caused by nickel and cobalt in green plastic shoes. Contact Dermatitis. 2001;45:172.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  185. Koch P, Nickolaus G. Allergic contact dermatitis and mercury exanthem due to mercury chloride in plastic boots. Contact Dermatitis. 1996;34:405–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  186. Calnan CD. Nickel sensitivity in women. Int Arch Allergy Appl Immunol. 1957;11:73–80.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  187. Kim SY, Kim MJ, Kim YR, Lee YW, Choe YB, Ahn KJ. A case of allergic contact dermatitis to nickel of metal clothing item. Korean J Dermatol. 2015;53:815–6.

    Google Scholar 

  188. Jacob SE. Underwire brassieres are a source of nickel exposure. Pediatr Dermatol. 2014;31:e60.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  189. Hegyi E, Gasparik J. The nickel content of metallic threads in an Indian shawl. Contact Dermatitis. 1989;21:107.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  190. Woods A, Ostlere L. Nickel allergy and allergic contact dermatitis to embroidered Indian clothing. Br J Dermatol. 2010;163:89.

    Google Scholar 

  191. Ringborg E, Liden C, Julander A. Nickel on the market: a baseline survey of articles in ‘prolonged contact’ with skin. Contact Dermatitis. 2016;75:77–81.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  192. Heim KE, McKean BA. Children’s clothing fasteners as a potential source of exposure to releasable nickel ions. Contact Dermatitis. 2009;60:100–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  193. Richardson C, Hamann CR, Hamann D, Thyssen JP. Mobile phone dermatitis in children and adults: a review of the literature. Pediatr Allergy Immunol Pulmonol. 2014;27:60–9.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  194. Center PR. Mobile fact sheet. 2017.

    Google Scholar 

  195. Pazzaglia M, Lucente P, Vincenzi C, Tosti A. Contact dermatitis from nickel in mobile phones. Contact Dermatitis. 2000;42:362.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  196. Seishima M, Oyama Z, Yamamura M. Cellular phone dermatitis. Arch Dermatol. 2002;138:272–3.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  197. Seishima M, Oyama Z, Oda M. Cellular phone dermatitis with chromate allergy. Dermatology. 2003;207:48–50.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  198. Wohrl S, Jandl T, Stingl G, Kinaciyan T. Mobile telephone as new source for nickel dermatitis. Contact Dermatitis. 2007;56:113.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  199. Thyssen JP, Johansen JD, Zachariae C, Menne T. The outcome of dimethylglyoxime testing in a sample of cell phones in Denmark. Contact Dermatitis. 2008;59:38–42.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  200. Madhukara J, Kumaran MS, Abraham A. Cell phone dermatitis. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol. 2008;74:500–1.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  201. Moennich JN, Zirwas M, Jacob SE. Nickel-induced facial dermatitis: adolescents beware of the cell phone. Cutis. 2009;84:199–200.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  202. Berk DR, Bayliss SJ. Cellular phone and cellular phone accessory dermatitis due to nickel allergy: report of five cases. Pediatr Dermatol. 2011;28:327–31.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  203. Tan S, Nixon R. Allergic contact dermatitis caused by chromium in a mobile phone. Contact Dermatitis. 2011;65:246–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  204. Kim BJ, Li K, Woo SM, Cho WI, Cho SY, Kim MN, et al. Clinical observation of cellular phone dermatitis in Korea. Korean J Dermatol. 2006;44:35–9.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  205. Livideanu C, Giordano-Labadie F, Paul C. Cellular phone addiction and allergic contact dermatitis to nickel. Contact Dermatitis. 2007;57:130–1.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  206. Suárez A, Chimento S, Tosti A. Unusual localization of cell phone dermatitis. Dermatitis. 2011;22:277–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  207. Dannepond C, Armingaud P. Eczéma des seins: penser au téléphone portable. Ann Dermatol Venereol. 2012;139:142–3.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  208. Guarneri F, Guarneri C, Patrizia Cannavò S. An unusual case of cell phone dermatitis. Contact Dermatitis. 2010;62:117.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  209. Kluger N, Raison-Peyron N, Guillot B. Contact dermatitis to nickel related to cellular phone use. Presse Med. 2009;38:1694–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  210. Thyssen JP, Menné T, Lidén C, Julander A, Jensen P, Jakobsen SS, et al. Cobalt release from implants and consumer items and characteristics of cobalt sensitized patients with dermatitis. Contact Dermatitis. 2012;66:113–22.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  211. Aquino M, Mucci T, Chong M, Lorton MD, Fonacier L. Mobile phones: potential sources of nickel and cobalt exposure for metal allergic patients. Pediatr Allergy Immunol Pulmonol. 2013;26:181–6.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  212. Pors J, Damgaard M, Bondgaard I. Kortlægning afmigration af nikkel fra mobiltelefoner [Assessment of nickelrelease from mobile phones]. Ministry of Environment and Food of Denmark: Environmental Protection Agency; 2009.

    Google Scholar 

  213. Danish EPA. Mobile phones comply with nickel rules. Ministry of Environment and Food of Denmark: Environmental Protection Agency; 2009.

    Google Scholar 

  214. Jensen P, Johansen JD, Zachariae C, Menné T, Thyssen JP. Excessive nickel release from mobile phones--a persistent cause of nickel allergy and dermatitis. Contact Dermatitis. 2011;65:354–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  215. Hamann D, Hamann C, Richardson C. Metal allergen release from US mobile devices is frequent. 25th annual meeting of the american contact dermatitis society. Denver, CO: Dermatitis; 2015. p. e10.

    Google Scholar 

  216. Thyssen JP, Johansen JD. Mobile phones are now covered by the European Union nickel directive. Contact Dermatitis. 2009;61:56–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  217. Jensen P, Johansen UB, Johansen JD, Thyssen JP. Nickel may be released from iPhone((R)) 5. Contact Dermatitis. 2013;68:255–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  218. Jacob SE, Admani S. Allergic contact dermatitis to a laptop computer in a child. Pediatr Dermatol. 2014;31:345–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  219. Midander K, Hurtig A, Borg Tornberg A, Julander A. Allergy risks with laptop computers - nickel and cobalt release. Contact Dermatitis. 2016;74:353–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  220. Wintzen M, Van Zuuren EJ. Computer-related skin diseases. Contact Dermatitis. 2003;48:241–3.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  221. Jacob SE, Admani S. iPad--increasing nickel exposure in children. Pediatrics. 2014;134:e580–2.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  222. Jacob SE. Xbox--a source of nickel exposure in children. Pediatr Dermatol. 2014;31:115–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  223. Hawkins SD, Feldman SR. Contact urticaria caused by the Apple Watch–A case report. J Dermatol Dermatol Surg. 2016;21:84.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  224. Belloni Fortina A, Romano I, Peserico A, Eichenfield LF. Contact sensitization in very young children. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2011;65:772–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  225. DeKoven JG, Warshaw EM, Belsito DV, Sasseville D, Maibach HI, Taylor JS, et al. North American contact dermatitis group patch test results 2013-2014. Dermatitis. 2017;28:33–46.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  226. Belloni Fortina A, Fontana E, Peserico A. Contact sensitization in children: a retrospective study of 2,614 children from a single center. Pediatr Dermatol. 2016;33:399–404.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  227. Diepgen TL, Ofenloch RF, Bruze M, Bertuccio P, Cazzaniga S, Coenraads PJ, et al. Prevalence of contact allergy in the general population in different European regions. Br J Dermatol. 2016;174:319–29.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  228. Hsu JW, Jacob SE. Children’s toys as potential sources of nickel exposure. Dermatitis. 2009;20:349–50.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  229. Thyssen JP. Children toys as a cause of nickel allergy should be explored. Dermatitis. 2010;21:182.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  230. Jensen P, Hamann D, Hamann CR, Jellesen MS, Jacob SE, Thyssen JP. Nickel and cobalt release from children’s toys purchased in Denmark and the United States. Dermatitis. 2014;25:356–65.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  231. Guney M, Zagury GJ. Contamination by ten harmful elements in toys and children’s jewelry bought on the north American market. Environ Sci Technol. 2013;47:5921–30.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  232. Charehsaz M, Guven D, Bakanoglu A, Celik H, Ceyhan R, Erol DD, et al. Lead, cadmium, arsenic, and nickel content of toy samples marketed in Turkey. Turk J Pharm Sci. 2014;11:263–8.

    Google Scholar 

  233. Corazza M, Baldo F, Pagnoni A, Miscioscia R, Virgili A. Measurement of nickel, cobalt and chromium in toy make-up by atomic absorption spectroscopy. Acta Derm Venereol. 2009;89:130–3.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  234. Hamann DJ, Jacob SE. An unusual presentation of nickel-associated “school chair sign”. Pediatr Dermatol. 2014;31:e59.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  235. Samimi SS, Siegfried E, Belsito DV. A diagnostic pearl: the school chair sign. Cutis. 2004;74:27–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  236. Hunt RD, Feldstein SI, Krakowski AC. Itching to learn: school chair allergic contact dermatitis on the posterior thighs. J Clin Aesthet Dermatol. 2014;7:48–9.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  237. Volkman KK, Inda MJ, Reichl PG, Zacharisen MC. Adverse reactions to orthodontic appliances in nickel-allergic patients. Allergy Asthma Proc. 2007;28:480–4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  238. Jacob SE, Herro EM. School-issued musical instruments: a significant source of nickel exposure. Dermatitis. 2010;21:332–3.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark

    Carsten R. Hamann

  2. Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Dermatology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA

    Dathan Hamann

Authors
  1. Carsten R. Hamann
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Dathan Hamann
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Dermatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Redwood City, CA, USA

    Jennifer K Chen

  2. Department of Dermatology and Allergy Herlev and Gentofte Hospital University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark

    Jacob P. Thyssen

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2018 Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Hamann, C.R., Hamann, D. (2018). Metals in Everyday Life. In: Chen, J., Thyssen, J. (eds) Metal Allergy. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-58503-1_13

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-58503-1_13

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-58502-4

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-58503-1

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation