Social Psychiatry across Cultures pp 119-133 | Cite as
Urban/Rural Differences in the Structure and Consequences of Social Support
Abstract
Perhaps no pattern in psychiatric epidemiology has received as much attention as the inverse relationship between socioeconomic variables such as poverty and unemployment, and mental disorder. Nevertheless, the relationship between economic and psychological distress can scarcely be described as invariant; the extensive literature on social support makes it clear that an individual’s coping resources modify the relationship between negative economic events and mental health. Curiously, researchers on coping and support have not made a sustained effort to identify cultural or structural variables that may further impact the association between economic and social resources and psychological well-being.
Keywords
Mental Health Social Support Rural Resident Economic Hardship Community SizePreview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
- Bachrach, L. L. (1981). Human services in rural areas: An analytic review (Human Services Monograph Series No. 22). Rockville, MD: Project SHARE.Google Scholar
- Barrett, J. (1987). Mending a broken heartland: Community response to the farm crisis. Alexandria, VA: Capital Publications.Google Scholar
- Beeson, P. G., & Johnson, D. R. (1987). A panel study of change (1981-1986) in rural mental health status: Effects of the rural crisis. Paper presented at the National Conference on Mental Health Statistics, Denver, Colorado.Google Scholar
- Cohen, S., & McKay, G. (1984). Social support, stress and the buffering hypothesis: A theoretical analysis. In A. Baum, S. E. Taylor, & J. E. Singer (Eds.), Handbook of psychology and health (Vol. 4, pp. 253–267). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.Google Scholar
- Cohen, S., Mermelstein, R., Karmarck, T., & Hoberman, H. (1985). Measuring the functional components of social support. In I. Sarason & B. Sarason (Eds.), Social support: Theory, research and applications. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Martinus Nijhoff.Google Scholar
- Garfinkel, B. D., Hoberman, H., Parsons, J., & Wallker, J. (1986). The prevalence of depression and suicide attempts in rural Minnesota youth. Preliminary Report. Unpublished manuscript.Google Scholar
- Hartig, P., & Ertl, C. (1986). Nebraska’s public sector mental health outpatient services: A utilization study. Nebraska Department of Public Institutions, Office of Planning, Lincoln, NE. Unpublished report.Google Scholar
- Heffernan, W. D., & Heffernan, J. B. (1985). Testimony prepared for a Hearing of the Joint Economic Committee of the Congress of the United States. Washington, DC., September 17.Google Scholar
- Hoyt, D. R., & Redmond, C. (1989). Depression among the rural elderly. Paper presented at the Annual Meetings of the Midwest Sociological Society, St. Louis, Missouri.Google Scholar
- Jöreskog, K. G., & Sorborn, D. (1988). LISREL 7: A guide to the program and applications. Chicago: SPSS.Google Scholar
- Keller, P. A., & Murray, J. D. (1982). Rural mental health: An overview of the issues. In P. A. Keller & J. D. Murray (Eds.), Handbook of rural community mental health. New York: Human Sciences.Google Scholar
- Mermelstein, H., & Sundet, P. A. (1986). Rural community mental health centers’ response to the farm crisis. Human Services in the Rural Environment, 10, 21–26.Google Scholar
- Pearlin, L. I., Menaghan, E. G., Lieberman, M. A., & Mullan, J. T. (1981). The stress process. The Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 22, 337–356.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Ross, C. E., & Mirowski, J. (1989). Explaining the social patterns of depression: Control and problem-solving—or support and talking? Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 30, 206–219.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Schulman, M. D., & Armstrong, P. S. (1989). The farm crisis: An analysis of social psychological distress among North Carolina farm operators. American Journal of Community Psychology, 17, 423–441.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Schwab, J. J., Bell, R. A., Warheit, G. J., & Schwab, R. B. (1979). Social order and mental health. New York: Brunner/Mazel.Google Scholar
- Smith, K. W., & Sasaki, M. S. (1979). Decreasing multicollinearity: A method for models with multiplicative functions. Sociological Methods and Research, 8, 35–56.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Tausig, M. (1982). Measuring life events. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 23, 52–64.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Wagenfeld, M., & Ozarin, L. (1982). Serving the under served through rural mental health programs. In H. C. Schulberg & M. Killea (Eds.), The modern practice of community mental health. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.Google Scholar
- Warheit, G. J., Bell, R. A., Schwab, J. J., & Buhl, J. (1986). An epidemiological assessment of mental health problems in the southeastern United States. In M. Weissman, J. K. Myers, & C. Ross (Eds.), Community surveys of psychiatric disorders. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.Google Scholar
- Weissman, M. M., Myers, J. K., & Ross, C. (1986). Community studies in psychiatric epidemiology: An introduction. In M. Weissman, J. Myers, & C. Ross (Eds.), Community surveys of psychiatric disorders. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.Google Scholar
- Wethington, E., & Kessler, R. C. (1986). Perceived support, received support, and adjustment to stressful life events. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 27, 78–89.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Wright, S. E., & Rosenblatt, P. C. (1987). Isolation and farm loss: Why neighbors may not be supportive. Family Relations, 36, 391–395.CrossRefGoogle Scholar