Cognitive Assessment pp 137-154 | Cite as
Evaluating Students’ Errors on Cognitive Tasks: Applications of Polytomous Item Response Theory and Log-Linear Modeling
Abstract
The adage, “We learn from our mistakes,” is a familiar one. Most of us recognize that some of our most meaningful learning experiences have come about as a result of saying or doing the wrong thing. The value of mistakes, however, is dependent upon our ability to recognize them as such and to gather information from them that points us in a more positive direction. The errors that students make in classrooms can also be instructive if we acknowledge that mistakes typically arise from thoughtful, albeit misguided or incomplete, processing and if there is a systematic way to identify these mistakes and to unlock the diagnostic information they hold (Alexander, 1989; Alexander, Pate, Kulikowich, Farrell, & Wright, 1989).
Keywords
Item Response Theory Error Pattern Item Response Theory Model Human Biology Educational MeasurementPreview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
- Alexander, P. A. (1989). Categorizing learner responses on domain-specific analogy tests: A case for error analysis. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association, San Francisco.Google Scholar
- Alexander, P. A. (1992). Domain knowledge: Evolving themes and emerging concerns. Educational Psychologist, 27, 33–51.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Alexander, P. A., & Judy, J. E. (1988). The interaction of domain-specific and strategic knowledge in academic performance. Review of Educational Research, 58, 375–404.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Alexander, P. A., Pate, P. E., Kulikowich, J. M., Farrell, D. M., & Wright, N. L. (1989). Domain-specific and strategic knowledge: Effects of training on students of differing ages or competence levels. Learning and Individual Differences, 1, 283–325.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Alexander, P. A., Willson, V. L., White, C. S., & Fuqua, J. D. (1987). Analogical reasoning in young children. Journal of Educational Psychology, 26, 401–408.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Ashlock, R. B. (1986). Error patterns in computation: A semi-programmed approach. Columbus, OH: Merrill.Google Scholar
- Baker, E. L., & Herman, J. L. (1983). Task structure design: Beyond linkage. Journal of Educational Measurement, 20, 149–164.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Bishop, Y. M. M., Fienberg, S. E., & Holland, P. W. (1975). Discrete multivariate analysis: Theory and practice. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
- Birenbaum, M., & Tatsuoka, K. K. (1983). The effect of a scoring system based on the algorithm underlying the students’ response patterns on the dimensionality of achievement test data of the problem solving type. Journal of Educational Measurement, 20, 17–26.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Bock, R. D. (1972). Estimating item parameters and latent proficiency when the responses are scored in two or more nominal categories. Psychometrika, 37, 29–51.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Brown, J. S., & Burton, R. (1978). Diagnostic models for procedural bugs in basic mathematical skills. Cognitive Science, 2, 155–192.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Brown, J. S., & VanLehn, K. (1980). Repair theory: A generative theory of bugs in procedural skills. Cognitive Science, 4, 379–426.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Carey, S. (1985). Are children fundamentally different kinds of thinkers and learners than adults? In S. F. Chipman, J. W. Segal, and R. Glaser (Eds.), Thinking and learning skills (Vol. 2: pp. 485–517 ). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.Google Scholar
- Chi, M. T. H. (1985). Interactive roles of knowledge and strategies in the development of organized sorting and recall. In S. F. Chipman, J. W. Segal, and R. Glaser (Eds.), Thinking and learning skills (Vol. 2: pp. 457–484 ). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.Google Scholar
- Clement, J. (1982). Students’ preconceptions in introductory mechanics. American Journal of Physics, 50, 66–71.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Embretson, S. E. (1984). A general latent trait model for response processes. Psychometrika, 49, 175–186.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Embretson, S. E. (1985). Multicomponent latent trait models for test design. In S. E. Embretson (Ed.), Test design: Developments in psychology and psychometrics (pp. 195218 ). Orlando, FL: Academic Press.Google Scholar
- Ericsson, K. A., & Simon, H. A. (1980). Verbal reports as data. Psychological Review, 87, 215–251.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Garner, R. (1987). Metacognition and reading comprehension. Norwood, NJ: Ablex. Garner, R., Alexander, P. A., Gillingham, M. G., Kulikowich, J. M., & Brown, R. (1991).Google Scholar
- Interest and learning from text. American Educational Research Journal, 28,643–659.Google Scholar
- Geboyts, R. J., & Claxton-Oldfield, S. P. (1989). Errors in the quantification of uncertainty: A product of heuristics or minimal probability knowledge base? Applied Cognitive Psychology, 3, 157–170.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Green, B. F., Crone, C. R., & Folk, V. G. (1989). A method of studying differential distractor functioning. Journal of Educational Measurement, 26, 147–160.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Gronlund, N. E., & Linn, R. L. (1990). Measurement and evaluation in teaching. New York: Macmillan.Google Scholar
- Guttman, L., & Schlesinger, I. M. (1967). Systematic construction of distractors for ability and achievement test items. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 27, 569–580.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Hambleton, R. K., & Cook, L. L. (1977). Latent trait models and their use in the analysis of educational test data. Journal of Educational Measurement, 14, 75–96.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Hambleton, R. K., Roberts, D., & Traub, R. E. (1970). A comparison of the reliability and validity of two methods for assessing partial knowledge on a multiple-choice test. Journal of Educational Measurement, 7, 75–82.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Judy, J. E., Alexander, P. A., Kulikowich, J. M., & Willson, V. L. (1988). Effects of two instructional approaches and peer tutoring on gifted and nongifted sixth graders’ analogy performance. Reading Research Quarterly, 23, 236–256.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Kulikowich, J. M. (1990). Application of latent trait and multidimensional scaling models to cognitive domain-specific tests. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Texas AandM University, College Station, TX.Google Scholar
- Kulikowich, J. M., & Alexander, P. A. (1990). Application of a General Euclidean Model to analyze hierarchically-constructed achievement tests. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association, Boston.Google Scholar
- Linn, R. L. (1990). Has item response theory increased the validity of achievement test scores? Applied Measurement in Education, 3, 115–141.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Masters, G. N. (1982). A Rasch model for partial credit scoring. Psychometrika, 47, 149174.Google Scholar
- Matz, M. (1982). A process model for high school algebra errors. In D. Sleeman and J. S. Brown (Eds.), Intelligent tutoring systems. London: Academic.Google Scholar
- Mislevy, R. J., Yamamoto, K., & Anacker, S. (1991). Toward a test theory for assessing student understanding. (Tech. Rep. No. RR–91–32–0NR). Princeton, NJ: Educational Testing Service.Google Scholar
- Pate, P. E., Alexander, P. A., & Kulikowich, J. M. (1989). Assessing the effects of training social studies content and analogical reasoning processes on sixth-graders’ domain-specific and strategic knowledge. In D. B. Strahan (Ed.), Middle school research: Selected studies 1989 (pp. 19–29 ). Columbus, OH: Research Committee of the National Middle School Association.Google Scholar
- Payne, S. J., & Squibb, H. R. (1990). Algebra mal-rules and cognitive accounts of error. Cognitive Science, 14, 445–481.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Rasch, G. (1960). Probabilistic models for some intelligence and attainment tests. Copenhagen: Danmarks Paedagogiske Institut.Google Scholar
- Resnick, L. B. (1989). Treating mathematics as an ill-structured discipline. In R. I. Charles and E. A. Silver (Eds.), The teaching and assessing of mathematical problem solving (pp. 32–60 ). Reston, VA: National Council of Teachers of Mathematics.Google Scholar
- Samejima, F. (1969). Estimation of latent ability using a response pattern of graded scores. Psychometrika Monograph Supplement No. 17.Google Scholar
- Sax, G. (1989). Principles of educational and psychological measurement and evaluation. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.Google Scholar
- Sheehan, K., & Mislevy, R. J. (1990). Integrating cognitive and psychometric models to measure document literary. Journal of Educational Measurement, 27, 255–272.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Smith, R. (1987). Assessing partial knowledge in vocabulary. Journal of Educational Measurement, 13, 130–141.Google Scholar
- Snow, R. E., & Mandinach, E. B. (1991). Integrating assessment and instruction: A research and development agenda. (Tech. Rep. No. RR-91–8). Princeton, NJ: Educational Testing Service.Google Scholar
- Tatsuoka, K. K. (1983). Rule space: An approach for dealing with misconceptions based on Item Response Theory. Journal of Educational Measurement, 20, 345–354.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Tatsuoka, K. K., & Tatsuoka, M. M. (1983). Spotting erroneous rules of operation by the individual consistency index. Journal of Educational Measurement, 3, 221–230.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Tatsuoka, K. K., & Tatsuoka, M. M. (1987). Bug distributions and statistical pattern classification. Psychometrika, 52, 193–206.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Thissen, D. (1976). Information in wrong responses to the Ravens Progressive Matrices. Journal of Educational Measurement, 13, 201–214.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Thissen, D., & Steinberg, L. (1984). A response model for multiple choice items. Psychometrika, 49, 501–519.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Thissen, D., Steinberg, L., & Fitzpatrick, A. R. (1989). Multiple-choice models: The dis-tractors are also part of the item. Journal of Educational Measurement, 26, 161–176.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- White, R. T. (1985). Interview protocols and dimensions of cognitive structure. In L. H. T. West and A. L. Pines (Eds.), Cognitive structure and conceptual change (pp. 51–59 ). New York: Academic Press.Google Scholar
- Whitely, S. E. (1980). Multicomponent latent trait models for ability tests. Psychometrika, 45, 479–494.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Wilson, M. R. (1989). Saltus: A psychometric model of discontinuity in cognitive development. Psychological Bulletin, 105, 276–289.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Wright, B. D., & Stone, M. H. (1979). Best test design. Chicago: MESA.Google Scholar