Microalbuminuria and Cardiovascular Disease
Chapter
Abstract
Classical risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality, such as cholesterol, blood pressure and smoking operate both in diabetic and non -diabetic subjects. However the absolute risk of cardiovascular death for men with diabetes, principally Type 2 diabetes, is up to three times higher and is progressively greater with each additional risk factor than in non-diabetic men [81]. Similarly the CVD mortality in a cohort of subjects with type 1 diabetes mellitus rises significantly in both men and women after the age of 30 reaching a two-fold excess, compared with non — diabetic subjects from the Framingham study [46].
Keywords
Coronary Heart Disease Diabetic Nephropathy Essential Hypertension Diabetic Subject Autonomic Neuropathy
These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
- 1.Abraira, C, J. Colwell, F. Nuttall, C.T. Sawin, W. Henderson, J.P. Comstock, N.V. Emanuele, S.R. Levin, I. Pacold, and H.S. Lee. “Cardiovascular events and correlates in the Veterans Affairs Diabetes Feasibility Trial. Veterans Affairs Cooperative Study on Glycemic Control and Complications in Type II Diabetes.” Archives of Internal Medicine 157(1997): 181–188.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 2.Agewall, S., B. Persson, O. Samuelsson, S. Ljungman, H. Herlitz, Fagerberg, and B. “Microalbuminuria in treated hypertensive men at high risk of coronary disease. The Risk Factor Intervention Study Group.” Journal of Hypertension 11(1993):461–469.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 3.Allawi, J. and R.J. Jarrett. “Microalbuminuria and cardiovascular risk factors in type 2 diabetes mellitus.” Diabetic Medicine 7(1990): 115–118.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 4.Microalbuminuria Collaborative Study Group United Kingdom “Risk factors for development of microalbuminuria in insulin dependent diabetic patients: a cohort study.” BMJ 306(1993a): 1235–1239.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 5.The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial Research Group. “The effect of intensive treatment of diabetes on the development and progression of long-term complications in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.” New England Journal of Medicine 329(1993b):977–986.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 6.The EUCLID Study Group. “Randomised placebo-controlled trial of lisinopril in normotensive patients with insulin-dependent diabetes and normoalbuminuria or microalbuminuria.” Lancet 349(1997):1787–1792.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 7.Bianchi, S., R. Bigazzi, G. Baldari, and V.M. Campese. “Microalbuminuria in patients with essential hypertension. Effects of an angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor and of a calcium channel blocker.” American Journal of Hypertension 4(1991):291–296.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- 8.Bianchi, S., R. Bigazzi, G. Baldari, and V.M. Campese. “Microalbuminuria in patients with essential hypertension: effects of several antihypertensive drugs.” American Journal of Medicine 93(1992):525–528.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 9.Bianchi, S., R. Bigazzi, G. Baldari, G. Sgherri, and V.M Campese. “Diurnal variations of blood pressure and microalbuminuria in essential hypertension.” American Journal of Hypertension 7(1994a):23–29.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- 10.Bianchi, S., R. Bigazzi, C. Valtriani, I. Chiapponi, G. Sgherri, G. Baldari, A. Natali, E. Ferrannini, and V.M. Campese. “Elevated serum insulin levels in patients with essential hypertension and microalbuminuria.” Hypertension 23(1994b):681–687.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 11.Bianchi, S., R. Bigazzi, A. Quinones Galvan, E. Muscelli, G. Baldari, N. Pecori, D. Ciociaro, E. Ferrannini, and A. Natali. “Insulin resistance in microalbummuric hypertension. Sites and mechanisms.” Hypertension 26(1995):789–795.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 12.Bigazzi, R., S. Bianchi, V.M Campese, and G. Baldari. “Prevalence of microalbuminuria in a large population of patients with mild to moderate essential hypertension.” Nephron 61(1992):94–97.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 13.Bigazzi, R., S. Bianchi, D. Baldari, G. Sgherri, G. Baldari, and V.M. Campese. “Microalbuminuria in salt-sensitive patients. A marker for renal and cardiovascular risk factors.” Hypertension 23(1994): 195–199.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 14.Bigazzi, R., S. Bianchi, R. Nenci, D. Baldari, G. Baldari, and V.M. Campese. “Increased thickness of the carotid artery in patients with essential hypertension and microalbuminuria.” Journal of Human Hypertension 9 (1995):827–833.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- 15.Bigazzi, R., S. Bianchi, G. Baldari, and V.M. Campese. “Clustering of cardiovascular risk factors in salt-sensitive patients with essential hypertension: role of insulin.” American Journal of Hypertension 9(1996):24–32.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 16.Bigazzi, R. and S. Bianchi. “Microalbuminuria as a marker of cardiovascular and renal disease in essential hypertension.” Nephrology, Dialysis, Transplantation 10 Suppl 6(1995): 10–14.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 17.Borch-Johnsen, K. and S. Kreiner. “Proteinuria: value as predictor of cardiovascular mortality in insulin dependent diabetes mellitus.” British Medical Journal Clinical Research Ed 294(1987):1651–1654.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 18.Cerasola, G., S. Cottone, G. Mule, E. Nardi, M.T. Mangano, G. Andronico, A Contomo, M. Li Vecchi, P. Galione, F. Renda, G. Piazza, V. Volpe, Lisi, A, L. Ferrara, N. Panepinto, and R. Riccobene. “Microalbuminuria, renal dysfunction and cardiovascular complication in essential hypertension.” Jouma/ of Hypertension 14(1996):915–920.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 19.Chaturvedi, N., J.M. Stephenson, and J.H. Fuller. “The relationship between smoking and microvascular complications in the EURODIAB IDDM Complications Study.” Diabeteland, OD. Jorgensen, and C.E. Mogensen. “Microalbuminuria as predictor of increased mortality in elderly people.” BMJ 300 (1990):297–300.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 20.Damsgaard, E.M., A. Froland, O.D. Jorgensen, and CE. Mogensen. “Eight to nine year mortality in known non-insulin dependent diabetics and controls.” Kidney International 41 (1992):731–735.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 21.Damsgaard, E.M. and CE. Mogensen. “Microalbuminuria in elderly hyperglycaemic patients and controls.” Diabetic Medicine 3(1986):430–435.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 22.Deckert, T., B. Feldt-Rasmussen, K. Borch-Johnsen, T. Jensen, and A. Kofoed-Enevoldsen. “Albuminuria reflects widespread vascular damage. The Steno hypothesis.” Diabetologia 32(1989):219–226.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 23.Dineen, S. and H. Gerstein. “Microalbuminuria and mortality in NIDDM: a systematic overview of the literature.” Diabetes 44(1995):458(Abstract)Google Scholar
- 24.Earle, K. and Viberti G.C. “Familial, hemodynamic and metabolic factors in the predisposition to diabetic kidney disease.” Kidney International 45(1994):434–437.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 25.Earle, K.A, J. Walker, C. Hill, and Viberti G.C. “Familial clustering of cardiovascular disease in patients with insulin-dependent diabetes and nephropathy.” New England Journal of Medicine 326(1992):673–677.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 26.Earle, K.A., M. Mattock, A. Morocutti, D. Aravanitis, and G.C. Viberti. “Lipoprotein(a) and atherosclerotic disease in insulin-dependent diabetic patients with declining glomerular filtration rate [letter].” Diabetic Medicine 13(1996a): 1071–1072.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 27.Earle, K. A, M. Mishra, A Morocutti, D. Barnes, E. Stephens, J. Chambers, and G.C. Viberti. “Microalbuminuria as a marker of silent myocardial ischaemia in IDDM patients.” Diabetologia 39(1996b):854–856.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- 28.Erley, C.M. and T. Risler. “Microalbuminuria in primary hypertension: is it a marker of glomerular damage?” Nephrology, Dialysis, Transplantation 9(1994): 1713–1715.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- 29.Fauvel, J.P., A. Hadj-Aissa, M Laville, G. Fadat, M. Labeeuw, P. Zech, and N. Pozet. “Microalbuminuria in normotensives with genetic risk of hypertension [letter].” Nepanscapillary Escape of albumin in Type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetic patients with microalbuminuria.” Diabetologia 29(1986):282–286.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 30.Gatling, W., S. Tufail, M.A. Mullee, T.A. Westaoott, and R.D. Hill. “Mortality rates in diabetic patients from a community-based population compared to local age/sex matched controls.” Diabetic Medicine 14(1997):316–320.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 31.Gerber, L.M., C. Shmukler, and M.H. Alderman. “Differences in urinary albumin excretion rate between normotensive and hypertensive, white and nonwhite subjects.” Archives of Internal Medicine 152 (1992):373–377.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 32.Groop, P.H., Viberti G.C., T.G. Elliott, R. Friedman, A. Mackie, C. Ehnholm, M. Jauhiainen, and M.R. Taskinen. “Lipoprotein(a) in type 1 diabetic patients with renal disease.” Diabetic Medicine 11(1994):961–967.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 33.Gruden, G., P. Cavallo-Perin, M. Bazzan, S. Stella, V. Vuolo, and G. Pagano. “PAI-1 and Factor VII activity are higher in IDDM patients with microalbuminuria.” Diabetes 43(1994a):426–429.(Abstract)PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 34.Gruden, G., M. Veglio, P. Cavallo-Perin, C. Olivetti, A. Mormile, Cassader, M, and G. Pagano. “Lipoprotein(a) in non-insulin-dependent diabetic patients with normo- and microalbuminuria.” Hormone & Metabolic Research 26(1994b):489–490.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 35.Grunfeld, B., E. Perelstein, R. Simsolo, M Gimenez, and J.C. Romero. “Renal functional reserve and microalbuminuria in offspring of hypertensive parents.” Hypertension 15(1990):257–261.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 36.Haffner, S.M, M.P. Stern, M.K. Gruber, H.P. Hazuda, B.D. Mitchell Patterson, and JK. “Microalbuminuria. Potential marker for increased cardiovascular risk factors in nondiabetic subjects?” Arteriosclerosis 10(1990):727–731.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 37.Haneda, M, R. Kikkawa, M. Togawa, D. Koya, N. Kajiwara, T. Uzu, and Y. Shigeta. “High blood pressure is a risk factor for the development of microalbuminuria in Japanese subjects with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.” Journal of Diabetes & its Complications 6(1992):181–185.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 38.Jarrett, R.J., Viberti G.C., A. Argyropoulos, R.D. Hill, U. mortality in non-insulin-dependent diabetics.” Diabetic Medicine 1(1984):17–19.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 39.Jensen, J.S., K. Borch-Johnsen, G. Jensen, and B. Feldt-Rasmussen. “Microalbuminuria reflects a generalized transvascular albumin leakiness in clinically healthy subjects.” Clinical Science 88(1995):629–633.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- 40.Jensen, T., E.A. Richter, B. Feldt-Rasmussen, H. Kelbaek, and T. Deckert. “Impaired aerobic work capacity in insulin dependent diabetics with increased urinary albumin excretion.” British Medical Journal Clinical Research Ed. 296(1988a):1352–1354.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 41.Jensen, T., S. Stender, and T. Deckert. “Abnormalities in plasmas concentrations of lipoproteins and fibrinogen in type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetic patients with increased urinary albumin excretion.” Diabetologia 31(1988b): 142–145.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 42.Jensen, T., J. Bjerre-Knudsen, B. Feldt-Rasmussen, and T. Deckert. “Features of endothelial dysfunction in early diabetic nephropathy.” Lancer l(1989):461–463.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 43.Jones, S.L., C.F. Close, MB. Mattock, R. J. Jarrett, H. Keen, and Viberti G.C. “Plasma lipid and coagulation factor concentrations in insulin dependent diabetics with microalbuminuria.” BM/ 298(1989):487–490.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 44.Kapelrud, H., H.J. Bangstad, K. Dahl-Jorgensen, K. Berg, and K.F. Hanssen. “Serum Lp(a) lipoprotein concentrations in insulin dependent diabetic patients with microalbuminuria.” BM/ 303(1991):675–678.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 45.Knowler, W.C., R.G. Nelson, and D.J. Pettitt. Diabetes, hypertension and kidney disease in the Pima Indians. In: The Kidney and Hypertension in Diabetes Mellitus. Edited by Mogensen, C. Boston, Dordrecht, London: Kluwer Academic, 1997, p.53.Google Scholar
- 46.Krolewski, A.S., E.J. Kosinski, J.H. Warram, O.S. Leland, E.J. Busick, A.C. Asmal, L.I. Rand, A.R. Christlieb, R.F. Bradley, and CR. Kahn. “Magnitude and determinants of coronary artery disease in juvenile-onset, insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.” American Journal of Cardiology 59(1987):750–755.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 47.Kuusisto, J., L. Mykkanen, K. Pyorala, and M. Laakso. “Hyperinsulinemic microalbuminuria. A new risk indicator for coronary heart disease.” Circulation 91(1995):831–837.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 48.Lahdenpera, S., P.H. Groop, M Tilly-Kiesi, T. Kuusi, T.G. Elliott, Viberti G.C., GC, and M.R. Taskinen. “LDL subclasses in IDDM patients: relation to diabetic nephropathy.” Diabetologia 37(1994):681–688.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 49.Lewis, E. J., L.G. Hunsicker, R.P. Bain, and R.D. Rohde. On behalf of The Collaborative Study Group. “The effect of angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibition on diabetic nephropathy.” New England Journal of Medicine 329(1993): 1456–1462.Google Scholar
- 50.Ljungman, S. “Microalbuminuria in essential hypertension.” American Journal of Hypertension 3(1990):956–960.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- 51.Lopes de Faria, J.B., S.L. Jones, F. Macdonald, J. Chambers, and M.B. Mattock. “Sodium-lithium countertransport activity and insulin resistance in normotensive IDDM patients.” Diabetes 41(1992):610–615.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 52.Macleod, J.M., J. Lutale, and S.M. Marshall. “Albumin excretion and vascular deaths in NIDDM.” Diabetologia 38 (1995):610–616.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 53.Mattock, M., D.J. Barnes, Viberti G.C., H. Keen, D. Burt, J. Hughes, A.P. Fitzgerald, B. Sandhu, and P.G. Jackson. “Microalbuminuria and coronary heart disease in non — insulin dependent diabetes mellitus: an incidence study.” Submited for Publication (1998)(Abstract)Google Scholar
- 54.Mattock, MB., H. Keen, Viberti G.C., M.R. el-Gohari, T.J. Murrells, G.S. Scott, J.R. Wing, and P.G. Jackson. “Coronary heart disease and urinary albumin excretion rate in type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetic patients.” Diabetologia 31(1988):82–87.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 55.Mattock, M.B., N.J. Morrish, Viberti G.C., H. Keen, A.P. Fitzgerald, and G. Jackson. “Prospective study of microalbuminuria as predictor of mortality in NIDDM.” Diabetes 41 (1992):736–741.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 56.Messent, J.W., T.G. Elliott, R.D. Hill, R.J. Jarrett, H. Keen, and Viberti G.C. “Prognostic significance of microalbuminuria in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: a twenty-three year follow-up study.” Kidney International 41(1992):836–839.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 57.Mogensen, CE. “Microalbuminuria predicts clinical proteinuria and early mortality in maturity-onset diabetes.” New England Journal of Medicine 310(1984):356–360.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 58.Mogensen, CE., W.F. Keane, P.H. Bennett, G. Jerums, H.H. Parving, P. Passa, M.W. Steffes, G.E. Striker, and Viberti G.C. “Prevention of diabetic renal disease with special reference to microalbuminuria.” Lancet 346(1995): 1080–1084.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 59.Nannipieri, M., L. Rizzo, A. Rapuano, A. Pilo, G. Penno, and R. Navalesi. “Increased transcapillary escape rate of albumin in microalbuminuric type II diabetic patients.” Diabetes Care 18(1995):l-9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 60.Neil, A., M. Hawkins, M. Potok, M. Thorogood, D. Cohen, and J. Mann. “A prospective population-based study of microalbuminuria as a predictor of mortality in NIDDM.” Diabetes Care 16(1993):996–1003.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 61.Ng, L.L., C Dudley, J. Bomford, and D. Hawley. “Leucocyte intracellular pH and Na+/H+ antiport activity in human hypertension.” Journal of Hypertension 7(1989):471–475.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 62.Ng, L.L., J.E. Davies, M. Siczkowski, F.P. Sweeney, P.A. Quinn, B. Krolewski, and A.S. Krolewski. “Abnormal Na+/H+ antiporter phenotype and turnover of immortalized lymphoblasts from type 1 diabetic patients with nephropathy.” Journal of Clinical Investigation 93(1994):2750–2757.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 63.Nielsen, F.S., A.I. Voldsgaard, MA. Gall, P. Rossing, E. Hommel, P. Andersen, and H.H. Parving. “Apolipoprotein(a) and cardiovascular disease in type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetic patients with and without diabetic nephropathy.” Diabetologia 36(1993):438–444.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 64.Parving, H.H., CE. Mogensen, H.A. Jensen, and P.E. Evrin. “Increased urinary albumin-excretion rate in benign essential hypertension.” Lancet 1(1974): 1190–1192.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 65.Parving, H.H., P. Jacobsen, K. Rossing, U.M Smidt, E. Hommel, and P. Rossing. “Benefits of long-term antihypertensive treatment on prognosis in diabetic nephropathy.” Kidney International 49(1996): 1778–1782.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 66.Pedrinelli, R., V.D. Bello, G. Catapano, L. Talarico, F. Materazzi, Santoro, G, C. Giusti, F. Mosca, E. Melillo, and M. Ferrari. “Microalbuminuria is a marker of left ventricular hypertrophy but not hyperinsulinemia in nondiabetic atherosclerotic patients.” Arteriosclerosis & Thrombosis 13(1993):900–906.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 67.Pedrinelli, R., O. Giampietro, F. Carmassi, E. Melillo, G. Dell’Omo, G. Catapano, E. Matteucci, L. Talarico, M. Morale, F. De Negri, and et al. “Microalbuminuria and endothelial dysfunction in essential hypertension.” Lancet 344(1994):14–18.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 68.Pontremoli, R., V. Cheli, A. Sofia, A. Tirotta, M. Ravera, C. Nicolella, N. Ruello, C. Tomolillo, G.C. Antonucci, D. Bessarione, and et al. “Prevalence of micro- and macroalbuminuria and their relationship with other cardiovascular risk factors in essential hypertension.” Nephrology, Dialysis, Transplantation 10 Suppl 6(1995):6–9.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 69.Pyorala, K., T.R. Pedersen, J. Kjekshus, O. Faergeman, A.G. Olsson, and G. Thorgeirsson. “Cholesterol lowering with simvastatin improves prognosis of diabetic patients with coronary heart disease. A subgroup analysis of the Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study (4S).” Diabetes Care 20(1997):614–620.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 70.Redon, X, M.A. Gomez-Sanchez, E. Baldo, M.C. Casai, M.L. Fernandez, Miralles, A, C. Gomez-Pajuelo, XL. Rodicio, and L.M. Ruilope. “Micro-albuminuria is correlated with left ventricular hypertrophy in male hypertensive patients.” Journal of Hypertension — Supplement 9(1991):S148–9.Google Scholar
- 71.Rossing, P., P. Hougaard, K. Borch- Johnsen, and H.H. Parving, “Predictors of mortality in insulin dependent diabetes: 10 year observational follow up study.” BM/ 313(1996):779–784.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 72.Rosskopf, D., R. Dusing, and W. Siffert. “Membrane sodium-proton exchange and primary hypertension.” Hypertension 21(1993):607–617.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 73.Ruilope, L.M., J.M. Alcazar, E. Hernandez, M. Praga, V. Lahera, and XL. Rodicio. “Long-term influences of antihypertensive therapy on microalbuminuria in essential hypertension.” Kidney International Supplement 45(1994):S171–3.Google Scholar
- 74.Ruilope, L.M. and XL. Rodicio. “Clinical relevance of proteinuria and microalbuminuria.” Current Opinion in Nephrology & Hypertension 2(1993):962–967.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 75.Ruilope, L.M. and XL. Rodicio. “Hypertension, atherosclerosis and microalbuminuria in ELSA. European Lacidipine Study of Atherosclerosis.” Blood Pressure Supplement. 4(1996): 48–52.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- 76.Sampson, M.J., J.B. Chambers, D.C. Sprigings, and P.L. Drury. “Regression of left ventricular hypertrophy with 1 year of treatment in type 1 diabetic patients with early.” Diabetic Medicine 8(1991):106–110.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 77.Sawicki, P.T. “Mortality in diabetic nephropathy: the importance of the QT interval.” Nephrology, Dialysis, Transplantation 11(1996):1514–1515.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 78.Schmitz, A. and M. Vaeth. “Microalbuminuria: a major risk factor in non insulin dependent diabetes. A 10 year follow up study of 503 patients.” Diabetic Medicine 5(1988): 126–134.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 79.Semplicini, A, M. Canessa, M.G. Mozzato, G. Ceolotto, M. Marzola, F. Buzzaccarini, P. Casolino, and A.C. Pessina. “Red blood cell Na+/H+ and Li+/Na+ exchange in patients with essential hypertension.” American Journal of Hypertension 2(1989):903–908.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- 80.Spring M.W., A. Raptis, X Chambers, and Viberti G.C. “Left ventricular structure and fonction are associated with microalbuminuria independently of blood pressure m Type II diabetes.” Diabetes 46(1997): 109A-A0426.(Abstract)Google Scholar
- 81.Stamler, X, O. Vaccaro, XD. Neaton, and D. Wentworth. “Diabetes, other risk factors, and 12-yr cardiovascular mortality for men screened in the Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial.” Diabetes Care 16(1993):434–444.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 82.Stehouwer, CD., H.R. Fischer, A.W. van Kuijk, B.C. Polak, and A.J. Donker. “Endothelial dysfunction precedes development of microalbuminuria in IDDM.” Diabetes 44(1995): 561–564.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 83.Steiner, G. “The dyslipoproteinemias of diabetes.” Atherosclerosis 110 Suppl(1994):S27–33. Titov, V.N., A.V. Tarasov, R.I. Sokolova, E.I. Volkova, and G.G. Arabidze. “A comparison of selective microproteinuria with histomorphology of the kidneys in patients with arterial hypertension.” Laboratomoe Delo (1989):43–48.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 84.Uusitupa, M.I., L.K. Niskanen, O. Siitonen, E. Voutilainen, and K. Pyorala. “Ten-year cardiovascular mortality in relation to risk factors and abnormalities in lipoprotein composition in type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetic and non-diabetic subjects.” Diabetologia 36(1993):1175–1184.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 85.Viberti G.C., R.D. Hill, R.J. Jarrett, A. Argyropoulos, U. Mahmud, and H. Keen. “Microalbuminuria as a predictor of clinical nephropathy in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.” Lancet 1(1982):1430–1432.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 86.Viberti G.C. “Outcome variables in the assessment of progression of diabetic kidney disease.” Kidney International — Supplement 45(1994):S121–4.Google Scholar
- 87.Winocour, P.H., J.O. Harland, J.P. Millar, M.F. Laker, and K.G. Alberti. “Microalbuminuria and associated cardiovascular risk factors in the community.” Atherosclerosis 93(1992):71–81.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 88.Wirta, O., A. Pastemack, J. Mustonen, and P. Laippala. “Renal and cardiovascular predictors of 9-year total and sudden cardiac mortality in non -insulin dependent diabetic subjects.” Nephrology, Dialysis, Transplantation 12(1997):2612–2617.(Abstract)PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 89.Yip, X, M.B. Mattock, A Morocutti, ML Sethi, R. Trevisan, and Viberti G.C. “Insulin resistance in insulin-dependent diabetic patients with microalbuminuria.” Lancet 342(kson. “Microalbuminuria as predictor of vascular disease in non-diabetic subjects. Islington Diabetes Survey.” Lancet 2(1988):530–533.Google Scholar
- 90.Yudkin JS, Forrest RD, Jackson CA 1988. Microalbuminuria as a predictor of vascular disease in non-diabetic subjects. Islington Diabetes Survey. Lancet ii: 530–533.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 91.Damsgaard EM, Frøland A, Jørgensen OD, Mogensen CE, 1990. Microalbuminuria as a predictor of increased mortality in elderly people. BMJ 300: 297–300.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Copyright information
© Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht 1998