Structure of the atmosphere

  • Joseph Caniou
Chapter

Abstract

Under normal environmental conditions, the electromagnetic radiation emitted by radiating sources only reaches a receptor after having passed through the atmosphere. But note that the presence of this material medium is not required for propagation: unlike waves whose natures are different such as mechanical vibrational waves or thermal waves, and whose existence is tied to the temporary modification of local properties of the material support, electromagnetic energy is capable of progression through a vacuum. Moreover its progression there is excellent since the route through a vacuum is effected without losses whilst a path through matter, whether gaseous, liquid or solid, is accompanied by degradations whose origin depend upon the physical state and the composition of the medium.

Keywords

Modulation Transfer Function Optical Beam Spherical Wave Turbulent Atmosphere Turbulent Medium 
These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in to check access

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Bibliography

  1. Coulman, C.E. et al. (1988) Outer scale of turbulence appropriate to modeling refractive-index profiles. Appl. Opt., 27, pp. 155–60.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  2. CRC Handbook of chemistry and physics (1991) 72nd edn, (ed. D.R. Lide), CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.Google Scholar
  3. Crittenden, E.C. et al. (1978) Effects of turbulence on imaging through the atmosphere. Proc. SPIE, 142, pp. 130–4.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  4. Farrow, J.B., Gibson, A.F (1970) Influence of the atmosphere on optical systems. Opt. Acta, 17, pp. 317–36.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  5. Fried, D.L. (1966) Optical resolution through a randomly inhomogeneous medium for very long and very short exposures. J. Opt. Soc. Am., 56 (10), p. 1372.MathSciNetCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  6. Fried, D.L., Seidman, J.B. (1967) Laser beam scintillation in the atmosphere. J. Opt. Soc. Am., 57 (2), pp. 181–5.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  7. Gebhardt, F.G. (1980) Development of turbulence effects models, Science Applications Inc., Ann Arbor, MI.Google Scholar
  8. Hill, R.J. et al. (1980) Refractive index and absorption fluctuations in the infrared caused by temperature, humidity and pressure fluctuations, J. Opt. Soc. Am., 70 (10), pp. 1192–1205.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  9. Hufnagel, R.E., Stanley, N.R. (1964) Modulation transfer function associated with image transmission through turbulent media. J. Opt. Soc. Am., 54 (1), pp. 52–61.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  10. Ishimaru, A. (1978) Wave propagation and scattering in random media, Vol. 2, Academic Press, New York.Google Scholar
  11. Kerr, J.R., Dunphy, J.R. (1973) Experimental effects on finite transmitter apertures on scintillations. J. Opt. Soc. Am., 63 (1).Google Scholar
  12. Kolmogorov, A. (1961) Turbulence, classic papers on statistical theory, (eds S. K. Friendlander and L. Topper), Interscience Publishers, New York.Google Scholar
  13. Kraichnan, R.H. (1974) On Kolmogorov’s inertial-range theories. J. Fluid Mech., 62, pp. 305–30.MathSciNetMATHCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  14. Lawrence, R.S. (1976) A review of the optical effects of the clear turbulent atmosphere. Proc. SPIE, 75, pp. 2–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  15. McCartney, E.J. (1976) Optics of the Atmosphere, JohnWiley & Sons, New York.Google Scholar
  16. Middleton, W.E.K. (1952) Vision through the Atmosphere, University of Toronto Press, Buffalo, NY.Google Scholar
  17. Monin, A.S., Yaglom, A.M. (1975) Statistical fluid mechanics. Vol. 2: Mechanics of turbulence, The MIT Press, Cambridge, MA.Google Scholar
  18. Peck, E.R., Reeder, K. (1972) Dispersion of air. J. Opt. Soc. Am., 62 (8).Google Scholar
  19. Richardson, M. B. (1981) A general algorithm for the calculation of laser beam spreading, ASL—TR-0116, US Army Atmospheric Sciences Laboratory, White Sands Missile Range, NM.Google Scholar
  20. Smith, F.G. (ed.) (1993) The infrared and electro-optical systems handbook. Vol. 2: Atmospheric propagation of radiation, Environmental Research Institute of Michigan (ERIM), Ann Arbor, MI. and SPIE Optical Engineering Press, Bellingham, WA.Google Scholar
  21. Smith, L., Hilgeman, L.T. (1981) High resolution lower atmospheric transmission prediction over long paths. Proc. SPIE, 277.Google Scholar
  22. Strohbehn, J.W. (1968) Line-of-sight wave propagation through the turbulent atmosphere. Proc. IEEE, 56 (8), pp. 1301–18.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  23. Strohbehn, J.W. (1971) Optical propagation through the turbulent atmosphere. Prog. Opt., 9, pp. 73–122.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  24. Tatarski, V. I. (1961) Wave propagation in a turbulent medium, McGraw—Hill, New York.MATHGoogle Scholar
  25. Weichel, H. (1985) Atmospheric propagation of laser beams. Proc. SPIE, 547, pp. 1–15.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  26. Young, A.T. (1970) Aperture filtering and saturation of scintillation. J. Opt. Soc. Am., 60 (2), 248–50.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Copyright information

© Springer Science+Business Media New York 1999

Authors and Affiliations

  • Joseph Caniou
    • 1
  1. 1.Centre d’Electronique de l’Armement (CELAR)DGABruzFrance

Personalised recommendations